Memory (Hove, England)[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Mechanisms of unfamiliar face recognition in children: when and how executive functioning matters.
Bruer KC, Schick K
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41351282 · Publisher ↗
Unfamiliar face recognition is a critical ability that can have significant implications, such as in legal or security contexts. Despite this, little is known about the cognitive skills that support children's ability to...
Unfamiliar face recognition is a critical ability that can have significant implications, such as in legal or security contexts. Despite this, little is known about the cognitive skills that support children's ability to accurately recognise and report unfamiliar faces and how these change with age. This research examined whether executive functioning (EF), including working memory, cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and updating, predicts school-aged children's performance on two face recognition tasks: an old/new recognition task (Experiment 1; = 113) and a lineup identification task (Experiment 2; = 121). While EF was not strongly related to recognition accuracy in either task, it was associated with children's response bias, indicating that EF supports regulation of decision thresholds rather than memory strength. Age predicted modest improvements in discriminability, but these effects were not explained by EF, indicating that other developmental factors, such as metacognition or social understanding, may also play a role. Together, these findings suggest that EF contributes more to how children regulate and apply memory decisions than to how accurately they encode or retrieve unfamiliar faces.
A Polish adaptation of the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART): toward a reliable and valid measure of individual differences in autobiographical memory.
Barzykowski K, Ilczuk E, Öner S … +2 more , Chwiłka P, Wereszczyński M
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41319056 · Publisher ↗
Although previous research has extensively examined the characteristics of specific autobiographical memories, few tools have been available to assess how individuals recall their personal past in general. To address thi...
Although previous research has extensively examined the characteristics of specific autobiographical memories, few tools have been available to assess how individuals recall their personal past in general. To address this gap, we adapted into Polish the Autobiographical Recollection Test (ART), a self-report instrument originally designed to capture general autobiographical remembering across seven components: vividness, narrative coherence, reliving, rehearsal, scene construction, visual imagery, and life story relevance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factorial validity of the Polish version, demonstrating adequate psychometric properties. The Polish adaptation also showed expected correlations with another self-report measure of autobiographical memory ability (Survey of Autobiographical Memory, SAM), supporting its convergent validity. Furthermore, both the full and brief versions of ART showed significant associations with scores on the Involuntary Autobiographical Memory Inventory (IAMI). These findings provide robust support for the Polish adaptation of ART as a reliable tool for assessing the subjective qualities of autobiographical memory, with potential applications in research on diverse populations.
A critical review of methodological quality in functional neuroimaging studies on dissociative identity disorder.
Schlesselmann A, Pijnenborg M, Wessel I … +2 more , de Vries V, Huntjens R
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41313262 · Publisher ↗
: Dissociative identity disorder remains contested. The debate hinges on whether memories carry over between identity states and whether those states are truly distinct, but most evidence rests on self report rather than...
: Dissociative identity disorder remains contested. The debate hinges on whether memories carry over between identity states and whether those states are truly distinct, but most evidence rests on self report rather than direct memory tests. Neuroimaging has been advanced as an indirect, non self-report approach by scanning individuals with DID in different identity states and comparing them with simulators or other groups. : To evaluate how studies that scan people with DID in more than one identity state inform the core memory claims of DID, by assessing their methodological quality. : Systematically reviewing studies from the past 40 years, quality was assessed using GRADE criteria and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. : Of the nine studies reviewed, many lacked specific aims and only one stated clear hypotheses throughout. The results further indicated several concerns related to diagnostic comorbidity, and absence of clinical comparisons, reverse inference, and post hoc reasoning. : On current evidence, functional imaging across identity states does not support firm claims about identity fragmentation or inter identity amnesia, nor does it decide between trauma based and sociocognitive accounts. Methodological refinement and direct tests of memory transfer are needed for progress.
Age-related differences and commonalities in remembering earliest memories: a comparison of young and older adults.
Ece B, Gülgöz S
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41309255 · Publisher ↗
We investigated age-related differences and commonalities in earliest memories, focusing on retrieval speed, recollection type (remember vs. know), retrieval type (direct vs. generative), age at the time of the event, an...
We investigated age-related differences and commonalities in earliest memories, focusing on retrieval speed, recollection type (remember vs. know), retrieval type (direct vs. generative), age at the time of the event, and phenomenological characteristics. The sample consisted of 131 adults: 68 young adults (48.5% males; = 20.29, = 1.53) and 63 older adults (47.6% males; = 68.43, = 4.11). They reported their earliest memories, estimated their age at the time, indicated recollection and retrieval types, and rated event characteristics (e.g., importance, vividness). Results showed that older adults were significantly more likely to classify their memories as and retrieved, whereas young adults had a more balanced distribution of the classifications. retrieved memories were accessed more rapidly than retrieved ones, and young adults demonstrated shorter retrieval latencies than older adults. Additionally, older adults dated their earliest memories to later age and rated them as significantly more vivid, emotionally intense, and personally meaningful. Recollection type was not associated with retrieval latency but linked to higher vividness and confidence. Overall, our findings demonstrate potential age-related shifts in the retrieval and subjective evaluation of earliest autobiographical memories.
How Dutch legal professionals assess statement credibility: evidence from a survey and an analysis of 518 court rulings on sexual abuse.
Verschuere B, Kleinberg B, van Kolfschooten M … +2 more , Bolhoven L, Rassin E
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41308177 · Publisher ↗
In sexual abuse cases, the witness statement plays a fundamental role. This brings about the complex task for judges to evaluate the statement on its credibility. In Study 1, we polled 79 Dutch legal professionals about...
In sexual abuse cases, the witness statement plays a fundamental role. This brings about the complex task for judges to evaluate the statement on its credibility. In Study 1, we polled 79 Dutch legal professionals about the criteria they rely on to evaluate the credibility of a statement. Most criteria mentioned pertained to the content of the statement, specifically consistency (66%), accuracy (66%), and detailedness (53%). Twenty-eight percent mentioned all three criteria. The way the statement is presented was also mentioned (non-verbal behaviour: 14%, emotion; 13%; authentic impression: 11%). In Study 2, we analyzed 518 Dutch court rulings on sexual assault on the criteria used in credibility assessment. The most often used criteria were again consistency (80.1%), detailedness (65%), and accuracy (31%), with 13% relying on all three criteria. Authentic impression (23%), emotionality during the statement (13%), and signs of trauma (9.5%) were also regularly used. In conclusion, legal professionals rely heavily on content criteria (Consistency, Accuracy, and Detailedness) - but not in a systematic way. Highly contested criteria (i.e., emotion, trauma, nonverbal behaviour, authentic impression) are also regularly used. Judicial decision-making may benefit from relying exclusively on validated indicators and doing so in a more systematic manner.
Trained but still tricked: source sensitisation training fails to reduce false memory reports.
Bücken CA, Riesthuis P, Caon G … +2 more , Cucu A, Otgaar H
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41242760 · Publisher ↗
False autobiographical memories can have serious implications in legal settings, where the case outcomes may hinge entirely on memory-based eyewitness testimony. This study investigated whether a sensitisation memory tra...
False autobiographical memories can have serious implications in legal settings, where the case outcomes may hinge entirely on memory-based eyewitness testimony. This study investigated whether a sensitisation memory training could reduce false autobiographical memory reports. We employed a blind implantation method in which participants ( = 294) indicated whether various childhood events had happened to them. Participants were then told they had confirmed five events - one of which was false - and were asked to rate their memory and belief. In session two, 15% (44/294) of participants reported a false belief and an additional 3.4% (10/294) a false memory, meaning that a total of 18.4% made a false report. Before session three, participants were randomly assigned to receive either the memory training or a distractor task, then repeated the false memory procedure. Contrary to our expectations, the training did not reduce false reports. Instead, false beliefs (SMT: 20.4%, 28/137, Control: 22.3%, 31/139) and false memories (SMT: 5.1%, 7/137, Control: 2.9% 4/139) increased in session three. The findings suggest false memories elicited in the blind implantation paradigm might be particularly resistant to correction.
Who believes in repressed memories? The roles of gender, age, and education in a national sample of United States adults.
Grady RB, Miller QC, London K … +1 more , Loftus EF
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41236821 · Publisher ↗
Public belief in repressed memories remains widespread, yet little is known about the demographic predictors of this belief. We examined beliefs about the repression, permanence, and reliability of memory in a nationally...
Public belief in repressed memories remains widespread, yet little is known about the demographic predictors of this belief. We examined beliefs about the repression, permanence, and reliability of memory in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 1,545). Nearly all participants (94%) expressed belief in unconscious repressed memory. Belief in repression was high across all groups, with the highest rates among women without a college education. Age patterns varied by construct: Generation Z reported the strongest endorsement of repression, permanence beliefs increased steadily with age, and reliability beliefs followed a nonlinear trajectory with dips among younger adults and rebounds in midlife. These findings confirm that memory misconceptions remain pervasive and are structured by gender, age, and education. Because nearly all demographic subgroups still show very high endorsement, these misconceptions pose serious challenges for legal, clinical, and public education contexts.
Involuntary remembering in everyday life: the possible roles of concurrent activities and thoughts.
Mace JH, Clevinger AM
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41231516 · Publisher ↗
Studies have shown that involuntary autobiographical memories often have identifiable cues, which are rooted in a variety of experiences. Studies have also suggested that one's activities and thoughts may also sometimes...
Studies have shown that involuntary autobiographical memories often have identifiable cues, which are rooted in a variety of experiences. Studies have also suggested that one's activities and thoughts may also sometimes be related to these memories. Here, we examined a relatively large diary sample of involuntary memories ( = 123), where participants were asked to record their activities and thoughts along with their involuntary memories, and to decide if these activities and thoughts were related to these memories. The results showed that nearly two-thirds of the recorded involuntary memories were reported to be related to the activities and/or thoughts that coincided with them. Further, independent judges determined that activities and thoughts frequently overlapped conceptually with the memories, resulting in high inter-rater reliability estimates between the judges and the participants. We argue that the results suggest that activities and thoughts may have a priming role in the elicitation of involuntary memories.
Investigating the colour bizarreness effect in long-term memory.
Macias C, Persaud K
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41202146 · Publisher ↗
Past research has found substantial evidence of enhanced memory for objects and events that are highly incongruent with individuals' prior expectations. This well-known bizarreness effect, was recently extended into the...
Past research has found substantial evidence of enhanced memory for objects and events that are highly incongruent with individuals' prior expectations. This well-known bizarreness effect, was recently extended into the domain of colour, revealing enhanced memory for objects paired with expectation-incongruent colours (or bizarre - e.g., blue carrot) relative to expectation-congruent colours (e.g., orange carrots; Morita & Kambara, 2022). Colour bizarreness effects in object memory: Evidence from a recall test and eye tracking.. In two experiments, we explored whether the enhanced memory for bizarre, expectation-incongruent objects includes object- memory and whether this feature memory persists long-term. Using a 4-Alternative recognition task, we assessed memory for object colours as a function of expectation-congruence immediately following study and three days later. Results of Study 1 revealed no significant difference in recognition memory for bizarre compared to expectation-congruent colours, and no enhanced memory for bizarre colours in long-term memory. In Study 2, we found that an encoding task requiring participants to activate their prior expectations during study did not promote greater retention of bizarre object features. Instead, the results across both studies revealed a long-term memory advantage for expectation-congruent items. These findings highlight conditions where the enhanced memory for bizarre information is limited, providing an interesting challenge to current mechanistic accounts of memory for expectation-related information.
How prior knowledge and statement truth affect retrieval experiences over time.
Pillai RM, Arshad S, Fazio LK
Memory · 2026 Jan · PMID 41195859 · Publisher ↗
When retrieving information, people often shift over time from "Remembering" high levels of detail about a study episode to simply "Knowing" the information absent such detail. This "Remember-Know" shift is well-document...
When retrieving information, people often shift over time from "Remembering" high levels of detail about a study episode to simply "Knowing" the information absent such detail. This "Remember-Know" shift is well-documented for true information, and recent work suggests that this effect exists, but is attenuated, for false information. One explanation for this difference is that true information is better represented in people's prior knowledge, supporting retention of this content as "Known" over time. In this registered report we tested this hypothesis by measuring people's reported retrieval experiences (e.g., "Remembering" or "Knowing") for true and false information at two levels of anticipated prior knowledge. While we replicate the "Remember-Know" shift, we do not find that it differs by anticipated prior knowledge. We also examine the relation between retrieval experiences and the production of encountered information, as well as the impact of repeated testing on retrieval experiences.
Collaborative review enhances note-taking, especially after a longer delay, but does not boost test performance.
Wei Y, Meade ML, Soderstrom NC
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41111477 · Publisher ↗
The present study replicated and extended prior research by comparing the effects of reviewing notes in groups vs. reviewing notes individually on individual final test performance. We also examined the potential interac...
The present study replicated and extended prior research by comparing the effects of reviewing notes in groups vs. reviewing notes individually on individual final test performance. We also examined the potential interaction between reviewing delay and reviewing methods. Finally, students completed a questionnaire, the results of which reveal how students perceive the effectiveness of group vs. individual reviewing methods. In this experiment, students watched and took notes on two lectures. Following a short or long delay, students reviewed their notes either individually or in a group and were allowed to update their notes during these sessions. After the reviewing phase, students completed a final test for each lecture. We found that individuals added more idea units to their notes after reviewing notes in a group, and this beneficial effect was greater after a longer delay compared to a shorter delay. However, more new idea units did not translate into better cued recall performance. Our findings suggest that reviewing notes in a group helps individuals add more overlooked idea units in their notes, but more factors should be considered when studying the relationship between reviewing notes in a group and final test performance.
The soundtrack of memory: the effect of music on emotional memory in Alzheimer's disease and older adults.
Moltrasio J, Rubinstein W
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41105815 · Publisher ↗
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired emotional memory, though findings are mixed. Music has been shown to enhance or decrease memory. Few studies applied music immediately after encoding in both AD and ol...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired emotional memory, though findings are mixed. Music has been shown to enhance or decrease memory. Few studies applied music immediately after encoding in both AD and older adults. The aim of this study is to analyze emotional memory and the effect of music listening on emotional memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease and older adults. Ninety-three patients with AD and ninety-three older adults with low educational levels participated. They viewed positive, negative and neutral pictures, followed by three minutes of either emotionally arousing music, relaxing music, or white noise. Participants then recalled and recognised the pictures. One week later, the recall and recognition tasks were repeated. Participants remembered emotional pictures better than neutral pictures. Emotionally arousing music increased delayed recall in older adults and decreased delayed false recognition in AD. Relaxing music decreased recognition of negative pictures. Emotional memory was relatively spared in AD patients, despite previous findings. Emotionally arousing music enhanced memory in AD patients and older adults, while relaxing music decreased memory for negative stimuli. The results are novel considering the characteristics of the sample (low educational levels), and support the use of emotional stimuli and music-based interventions in these populations.
The relationship between open-air memory and social functions of autobiographical memory in individuals with autistic traits.
Yamamoto K, Matsushima M
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41105810 · Publisher ↗
It has been reported that autobiographical memories have a social function that promotes conversation by using past events as conversation materials for non-autistic people. Autistic people and those with high autistic t...
It has been reported that autobiographical memories have a social function that promotes conversation by using past events as conversation materials for non-autistic people. Autistic people and those with high autistic traits who were not diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) used social functions less frequently than those without autism. Thus, this study seeks to answer the question of whether autistic people and those with high levels of autistic traits who were not diagnosed with ASD and who use the social function of autobiographical memory less frequently do so because they have diminished open-air memory. To achieve this, university students who were not diagnosed with ASD were divided into high and low groups based on the number of autistic traits; open-air and laboratory encoding were conducted. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between memory performance and the social functions of autobiographical memory. The results showed that the performance of open-air encoding was better than that of laboratory encoding, regardless of the group. There was no significant correlation between performance in open-air encoding and the social function of the autobiographical memory. These findings emphasise the importance of actual experience in memory formation, even in an increasingly digitalised world.
Generating drawings enhances the drawing effect relative to replicating drawings.
Namias JM, Huff MJ
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41021707 · Publisher ↗
Producing images of to-be-remembered words via drawing often improves memory for the word relative to a control in which the word is written or read silently, a pattern dubbed the . Most drawing effect studies have utili...
Producing images of to-be-remembered words via drawing often improves memory for the word relative to a control in which the word is written or read silently, a pattern dubbed the . Most drawing effect studies have utilised words as memory stimuli, which while promising, limit the external validity where information is often presented in visual and verbal modalities. The present study sought to address this gap by using word-image stimuli, and comparing drawing when individuals replicate a provided image or generate a different image than the one provided. Relative to a writing control task, replicate-drawing and generate-drawing tasks were compared in both mixed - and pure-list designs in free recall. A drawing effect was found in both designs and this effect was more robust when drawings were generated than replicated. Drawing effects were also larger in a mixed - than pure-list design which reflected a mixed-list drawing benefit (higher recall for mixed-list drawing than pure-list drawing) and a mixed-list writing cost (lower recall for mixed-list writing than pure-list writing). Collectively, generating drawings at study appears to be a more powerful memory technique than replicating drawings and both produce a design effect.
Autobiographical memory in children: relation to neural white matter.
Litwin J, Hill K, Foley JM … +4 more , Tani N, Cohen SS, Newcombe NS, Olson IR
Memory · 2025 Oct · PMID 41004681 · Publisher ↗
Autobiographical memory involves the integration of self-referential memory into a coherent narrative of life experiences. Recently, several studies of healthy adults and older adults with neurodegenerative disorders hav...
Autobiographical memory involves the integration of self-referential memory into a coherent narrative of life experiences. Recently, several studies of healthy adults and older adults with neurodegenerative disorders have utilised diffusion imaging to construct a network of cortical regions that support autobiographical memory. We extend this work to an age range, 4 to 7 years, when autobiographical memory is still developing. We correlated the recall of autobiographical events with limbic white matter tracts that have been previously implicated in episodic and autobiographical recall, i.e., the uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle. While there was no evidence for a link between the uncinate and autobiographical memory, we found a strong association between cingulum microstructure (fractional anisotropy; FA) and the number of autobiographical details provided. No relation was found between limbic tract microstructure and other measures of episodic recall. These findings extend work in adult samples, suggesting that the cingulum bundle may contribute in a meaningful way to autobiographical memory across a wide age range.
Does the cross-race effect persist for repeatedly viewed faces?
Marsh BU, Reisberg D, Pezdek K … +1 more , Shao T
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41004672 · Publisher ↗
People are more accurate at recognising individuals from their own race than those who come from other racial groups, the Cross-Race Effect (CRE). We explored whether this effect was still evident for faces that had been...
People are more accurate at recognising individuals from their own race than those who come from other racial groups, the Cross-Race Effect (CRE). We explored whether this effect was still evident for faces that had been seen multiple times. Black and White participants viewed five blocks of Black and White faces presented in a continuous series with 30 target faces presented in the first block. In Blocks 2-5, target faces were repeated and intermixed with new faces. The impact of this familiarisation was markedly different for hits or false alarms. For instance, the false alarm rate data, as well as the data, showed a CRE across all 5 blocks, and repetition had no reliable effect on the magnitude of the CRE. In contrast, the hit rate data showed no CRE at all. Consistent with prior findings, though, our CRE pattern was asymmetric - plainly evident with White participants, but not Black participants. Overall, our results suggest that in the realm of face recognition, hits and false alarms are responsive to different mechanisms and are dissociable in contexts such as ours. These results have important implications for identifications and misidentifications of familiar same- and cross-race faces in the real world.
Memory in motion: how real-life event features influence the tempo of episodic recall.
Colson C, D'Argembeau A
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 41004238 · Publisher ↗
How do people mentally replay real-life events, and what shapes the time it takes to remember them? In this study, we investigated the temporal compression of memories by examining how long it takes participants to recal...
How do people mentally replay real-life events, and what shapes the time it takes to remember them? In this study, we investigated the temporal compression of memories by examining how long it takes participants to recall everyday events they recorded using wearable cameras. While remembering duration increased with the actual length of events, this relationship was nonlinear: recall duration rose steeply for events lasting up to ∼10 min, then plateaued, suggesting scale-invariant retrieval beyond this threshold. Crucially, various event characteristics also influenced remembering duration, with events that were more unusual, unpredictable, emotionally positive, socially engaging, or marked by greater change showing less temporal compression. These effects were not explained by retrieval difficulty, but rather reflected the richness of memory representations, including greater detail and stronger sense of reliving. Together, these findings suggest that memory compression depends not only on the event's actual duration, but also on how it was subjectively experienced and structured in memory. By linking event features to the tempo of recall, this study offers novel insight into the dynamics of episodic memory and the mechanisms that shape how we mentally replay real-life experiences.
Testing order effects in autobiographical memory research.
Sotgiu I, Consonni S, Marengo D
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 40998588 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to test whether changing the administration order of instruments assessing autobiographical memory has an effect on the responses that participants give when filling in these instruments. We employed a b...
This study aimed to test whether changing the administration order of instruments assessing autobiographical memory has an effect on the responses that participants give when filling in these instruments. We employed a between-subjects experimental design involving two groups of undergraduates: participants in the "narrative-first group" ( = 149) recounted an autobiographical event in writing and then completed questionnaires assessing memory phenomenology and event centrality; participants in the "questionnaire-first group" ( = 152) carried out the same tasks but in reverse order. Results showed no significant group differences in autobiographical memory measures derived from questionnaires or in narrative organisation. However, compared with participants in the narrative-first group, participants in the questionnaire-first group formulated longer narratives with a greater number of memory details, while producing a lower percentage of words indicating affective processes. Implications of our findings, study limitations, and future research directions are discussed.
With the power of the inner eyes: the late positive potential during mental time travel through positive and negative experiences. An event-related potential study.
Pillny M, Härpfer K, Carsten HP … +2 more , Lincoln TM, Riesel A
Memory · 2025 Oct · PMID 40976682 · Publisher ↗
Mental time travel involves mental imagery to recollect past experiences and envision future events, eliciting anticipatory emotional responses that motivate goal-directed behaviour. However, the temporal dynamics of neu...
Mental time travel involves mental imagery to recollect past experiences and envision future events, eliciting anticipatory emotional responses that motivate goal-directed behaviour. However, the temporal dynamics of neural, physiological, and affective processing of mental time travel remain elusive. This study examined late positive potential (LPP), skin conductance responses (SCR), and behavioural affect ratings in response to mental time travel. Forty-eight participants (52% female) viewed 16 neutral, positive, and negative stimuli from the International Affective Picture System ("encoding task"). Participants then vividly imagined the stimuli ("recall task") and imagined a scenario involving the presented stimuli as if it might occur after leaving the lab ("prospection task"). Results showed enhanced LPP amplitudes when recalling negative and prospecting positive experiences, alongside elevated self-reported affect and arousal during these emotional recall and prospection tasks. These findings suggest that mental time travel through emotionally salient events is associated with increased LPP amplitudes akin to the processing of immediate experiences. This might reflect a neural mechanism of anticipatory affective responses to mental representations.
Working memory capacity is related to eyewitness identification accuracy, but selective attention and need for cognition are not.
Töredi D, Mansour JK, Jones SE … +2 more , Skelton F, McIntyre A
Memory · 2025 Nov · PMID 40957407 · Publisher ↗
Individual differences in working memory capacity, selective attention, and need for cognition were investigated as postdictors-variables indicating the likelihood that an identification is accurate-using same-race and c...
Individual differences in working memory capacity, selective attention, and need for cognition were investigated as postdictors-variables indicating the likelihood that an identification is accurate-using same-race and cross-race lineups. We also explored whether these variables improve predictions of identification accuracy when considering confidence and response time. White participants ( = 274) completed individual differences measures, watched four mock-crime videos (2 Asian targets, 2 White targets), made lineup decisions, and rated their confidence. Working memory capacity predicted identification accuracy and target-present accuracy but not target-absent accuracy. A regression model with confidence, response time, and working memory capacity explained more variance than a model with confidence and response time alone, indicating that working memory capacity tells us more about identification accuracy than extant reflector variables about identification accuracy.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe