Eye And Brain[JOURNAL]
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183 papers
Mitochondrial disorders and the eye.
Van Bergen NJ, Chakrabarti R, O'Neill EC … +2 more , Crowston JG, Trounce IA
Eye Brain · 2011 · PMID 28539774 · Full text
The clinical significance of disturbed mitochondrial function in the eye has emerged since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation was described in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunctio...
The clinical significance of disturbed mitochondrial function in the eye has emerged since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation was described in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. The spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction has become apparent through increased understanding of the contribution of nuclear and somatic mtDNA mutations to mitochondrial dynamics and function. Common ophthalmic manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and ophthalmoplegia. The majority of patients with ocular manifestations of mitochondrial disease also have variable central and peripheral nervous system involvement. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been associated with age-related retinal disease including macular degeneration and glaucoma. Therefore, therapeutic targets directed at promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function offer a potential to both preserve retinal function and attenuate neurodegenerative processes.
Editorial.
Wong-Riley M
Eye Brain · 2011 · PMID 28539773 · Full text
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VGLUT2 mRNA and protein expression in the visual thalamus and midbrain of prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti).
Balaram P, Takahata T, Kaas JH
Eye Brain · 2011 Mar · PMID 22984342 · Full text
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) control the storage and presynaptic release of glutamate in the central nervous system, and are involved in the majority of glutamatergic transmission in the brain. Two VGLUT iso...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) control the storage and presynaptic release of glutamate in the central nervous system, and are involved in the majority of glutamatergic transmission in the brain. Two VGLUT isoforms, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are known to characterize complementary distributions of glutamatergic neurons in the rodent brain, which suggests that they are each responsible for unique circuits of excitatory transmission. In rodents, VGLUT2 is primarily utilized in thalamocortical circuits, and is strongly expressed in the primary sensory nuclei, including all areas of the visual thalamus. The distribution of VGLUT2 in the visual thalamus and midbrain has yet to be characterized in primate species. Thus, the present study describes the expression of VGLUT2 mRNA and protein across the visual thalamus and superior colliculus of prosimian galagos to provide a better understanding of glutamatergic transmission in the primate brain. VGLUT2 is strongly expressed in all six layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and much less so in the intralaminar zones, which correspond to retinal and superior collicular inputs, respectively. The parvocellular and magnocellular layers expressed VGLUT2 mRNA more densely than the koniocellular layers. A patchy distribution of VGLUT2 positive terminals in the pulvinar complex possibly reflects inputs from the superior colliculus. The upper superficial granular layers of the superior colliculus, with inputs from the retina, most densely expressed VGLUT2 protein, while the lower superficial granular layers, with projections to the pulvinar, most densely expressed VGLUT2 mRNA. The results are consistent with the conclusion that retinal and superior colliculus projections to the thalamus depend highly on the VGLUT2 transporter, as do cortical projections from the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus and neurons of the pulvinar complex.
Ocular rhinosporidiosis with staphyloma formation: a case with unusual features.
Senaratne T, Edussuriya K, Dhanapala M … +2 more , Bandara A, Arseculeratne S
Eye Brain · 2011 · PMID 28539772 · Full text
A case of ocular (bulbar) rhinosporidiosis is described; its unusual features included a) the rapid development of a primary, rhinosporidial lesion with a scleral staphyloma, close to but noncontiguous with the rhinospor...
A case of ocular (bulbar) rhinosporidiosis is described; its unusual features included a) the rapid development of a primary, rhinosporidial lesion with a scleral staphyloma, close to but noncontiguous with the rhinosporidial lesion, 3 weeks after exposure to a lacustrine reservoir, the putative source of the pathogen ; b) ocular coherence tomography which revealed no retinal abnormalities unlike in previous cases reported from Sri Lanka; c) atypical histopathology that resulted in an initial mis-diagnosis of chronic inflammation with mucus cysts and a missed diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis; the rhinosporidial etiology was confirmed on replicate histopathological sections of the ocular mass. The pitfalls of histopathological diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis are pointed out.
Breaking barriers: insight into the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
Wang H, Wittchen ES, Hartnett ME
Eye Brain · 2011 · PMID 27795668 · Full text
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central visual acuity loss in a growing segment of the population, those over the age of 60 years. Treatment has improved over the last decade, wit...
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central visual acuity loss in a growing segment of the population, those over the age of 60 years. Treatment has improved over the last decade, with the availability of agents that inhibit the bioactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but it is still limited, because of tachyphylaxis and potential risk and toxicity of anti-VEGF agents. The authors have sought to understand the mechanisms of choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) activation and transmigration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and of RPE barrier dysfunction, events preceding vision-threatening neovascular AMD. The authors developed physiologically relevant human RPE and CEC coculture and transmigration models that have been important in helping to understand causes of events in human neovascular AMD. The authors can control for interactions between these cells and can separately assess activation of signaling pathways in each cell type relevant during CEC transmigration. Using these models, it was found that VEGF, particularly the cell-associated VEGF splice variant VEGF, accounts for about 40% of CEC transmigration across the RPE. This percentage is in the range of similar reports following clinical inhibition of VEGF in neovascular AMD. RPE VEGF working through CEC VEGF receptor 2 activates the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) of the Rho family, Rac1, in CECs, which in turn facilitates CEC transmigration. Conversely, inhibition of Rac1 activity prevents CEC transmigration. Once activated, Rac1 aggregates with subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Activated NADPH oxidase increases choroidal neovascularization in animal models of laser-induced injury. Rac1 is also downstream of the eotaxin-CCR3 pathway, another pathway important in human neovascular AMD. Studies also suggest that active Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1), another small GTPase, in RPE can strengthen the RPE barrier integrity and can resist CEC transmigration of the RPE, suggesting Rap1 activation may be another potential target for preventing neovascular AMD.
Sphenoethmoidal mucocele presenting with unilateral visual loss.
Bhattacharjee H, Soibam R, Deori N
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539770 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Sphenoethmoidal sinus mucocele causing uniocular progressive vision loss is a rare entity and was first described by Bery in 1985. It is generally diagnosed in its advanced stage when the patients develop sub...
BACKGROUND: Sphenoethmoidal sinus mucocele causing uniocular progressive vision loss is a rare entity and was first described by Bery in 1985. It is generally diagnosed in its advanced stage when the patients develop subjective ophthalmic symptoms. CASE: A 43-year-old male presented to our institute for further evaluation and treatment of progressive visual deterioration in his left eye. The patient complained of visual impairment in his left eye for the past three months, in the form of a dark area in his left side of the visual field. OBSERVATIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large expansile lesion in the left sided posterior ethmoidal air cells, abutting on the left optic nerve and displacing it in the region of the orbital apex. The patient underwent an urgent endoscopic sinus surgery by an Ear-Nose-Throat surgeon which resulted in stable visual acuity in the sixth postoperative month. CONCLUSIONS: Sphenoethmoidal mucocele can cause irreversible blindness. Progressive vision loss with a neurological visual field defect should raise a high index of suspicion and computed tomography and MRI are to be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Collaboration between radiologists, ENT specialists, and ophthalmologists is essential for treating such cases.
Differential effects of amyloid-β peptide aggregation status on retinal neurotoxicity.
Watts HR, Anderson P, Ma D … +5 more , Philpott KL, Jen SM, Croucher M, Jen LS, Gentleman SM
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539771 · Full text
The present study examined the relationship between amyloid beta (Aβ)-peptide aggregation state and neurotoxicity using the rat retinal-vitreal model. Following single unilateral intravitreal injection of either soluble...
The present study examined the relationship between amyloid beta (Aβ)-peptide aggregation state and neurotoxicity using the rat retinal-vitreal model. Following single unilateral intravitreal injection of either soluble Aβ or Aβ preaggregated for different periods, retinal pathology was evaluated at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 1-month postinjection. Injection of either soluble Aβ (sAβ) or preaggregated Aβ induced a rapid reduction in immunoreactivity (IR) for synaptophysin, suggesting that direct contact with neurons is not necessary to disrupt synapses. Acute neuronal ionic and metabolic dysfunction was demonstrated by widespread loss of IR to the calcium buffering protein parvalbumin (PV) and protein gene product 9.5, a component of the ubiquitin-proteosome system. Injection of sAβ appeared to have a more rapid impact on PV than the preaggregated treatments, producing a marked reduction in PV cell diameters at 48 hours, an effect that was only observed for preaggregated Aβ after 1-month survival. Extending the preaggregation period from 4 to 8 days to obtain highly fibrillar Aβ species significantly increased the loss of choline acteyltransferase IR, but had no effect on PV-IR. These findings prompt the conclusion that Aβ assembly state has a significant impact on neurotoxicity by triggering distinct molecular changes within the cell.
Bilateral sixth nerve palsy as a manifestation of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a patient with refractory vomiting.
Porfido D, Guerriero S, Giancipoli G … +3 more , Vetrugno M, Lefons V, Dicuonzo F
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539769
PURPOSE: To report a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a nonalcoholic woman with secondary hypoadrenalism. METHODS: A 58-year-old Italian woman developed Wernicke's syndrome secondary to recurrent vomiting due to seco...
PURPOSE: To report a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a nonalcoholic woman with secondary hypoadrenalism. METHODS: A 58-year-old Italian woman developed Wernicke's syndrome secondary to recurrent vomiting due to secondary hypoadrenalism. RESULTS: Recurrent vomiting and resulting malnutrition caused a depletion of the patient's body stores of thiamine and the development of mental confusion and an oculomotor deficit. On the diagnostic suspicion of encephalitis in this patient with immunosuppression due to prolonged cortisone-based therapy, she underwent magnetic resonance imaging, which showed typical bilateral abnormal lesions pathognomonic of Wernicke's encephalopathy. The patient improved after parenteral administration of vitamin B1. CONCLUSIONS: Wernicke's encephalopathy must be regarded as a medical emergency that should be suspected in all cases presenting with a sudden deficit or lack of coordination of the ocular movements associated with ataxia and general degeneration of the mental faculties, in patients who have suffered recurrent vomiting or malnutrition for different reasons.
New developments in the treatment of optic neuritis.
Jenkins TM, Toosy AT
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539768 · Full text
Acute optic neuritis (ON) has various etiologies. The most common presentation is inflammatory, demyelinating, idiopathic, or "typical" ON, which may be associated with multiple sclerosis. This must be differentiated fro...
Acute optic neuritis (ON) has various etiologies. The most common presentation is inflammatory, demyelinating, idiopathic, or "typical" ON, which may be associated with multiple sclerosis. This must be differentiated from "atypical" causes of ON, which differ in their clinical presentation, natural history, management, and prognosis. Clinical "red flags" for an atypical cause of ON include absent or persistent pain, exudates and hemorrhages on fundoscopy, very severe, bilateral, or progressive visual loss, and failure to recover. In typical ON, steroids shorten the duration of the attack, but do not influence visual outcome. This is in contrast to atypical ON associated with conditions such as sarcoidosis and neuromyelitis optica, which require aggressive immunosuppression and sometimes plasma exchange. The visual prognosis of typical ON is generally good. The prognosis in atypical ON is more variable. New developments aimed at designing better treatments for patients who fail to recover are discussed, focusing on recent research elucidating mechanisms of damage and recovery in ON. Future therapeutic directions may include enhancing repair processes, such as remyelination or adaptive neuroplasticity, or alternative methods of immunomodulation. Pilot studies investigating the safety and proof-of-principle of stem cell treatment are currently underway.
Serum erythropoietin levels in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.
Turgut B, Ilhan N, Uyar FY … +3 more , Celiker U, Demir T, Koca SS
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539767 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in the serum in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: An institutional comperative clinical study. The serum EPO levels were measured wit...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in the serum in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: An institutional comperative clinical study. The serum EPO levels were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, of 15 patients with active CSC (Group 1), 15 patients with inactive CSC (Group 2) and 15 healthy volunteers (Group 3). Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis and Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The patient and control groups were matched for age and sex. There was no statistically significant variation with regard to age and gender among the groups ( > 0.05). The mean serum EPO concentrations in patients with active CSC (Group 1), inactive CSC (Group 2) and in healthy controls (Group 3) were 11.39 ± 3.01 mlU/mL, 11.79 ± 3.78 mlU/mL and 11.95 ± 3.27 mlU/mL, respectively. There was no significant variation among the serum EPO concentrations of the study groups ( > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest no role of serum EPO in pathogenesis of CSC.
Frontal sinus mucopyelocele with orbital and intracranial extension.
Gupta S, Goyal R, Shahi M
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539766 · Full text
This case report discusses a 52-year-old lady with nonaxial proptosis, diplopia and diminution of vision due to a mass lesion in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. A computed tomography scan revealed a well-defined...
This case report discusses a 52-year-old lady with nonaxial proptosis, diplopia and diminution of vision due to a mass lesion in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. A computed tomography scan revealed a well-defined lesion in the frontal sinus area with orbital and intracranial extension. On exploring it was found to be a mucopyelocele of the frontal sinus. Surgical excision was done by an external approach. The symptoms and signs resolved completely within a week. Frontal sinus mucopyeloceles are benign and curable, and their early recognition and management is of paramount importance, because they can expand and cause orbital as well as intracranial complications.
An atypical case of optic disk drusen with nerve fiber layer thickening.
Turgut B, Kaya MK, Demir T
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539765 · Full text
We report an atypical case of optic disk drusen (ODD). A 12-year-old girl complained of blurred vision in both eyes. However, visual acuities in both eyes were 20/20. Fundus examination revealed blurring of the optic dis...
We report an atypical case of optic disk drusen (ODD). A 12-year-old girl complained of blurred vision in both eyes. However, visual acuities in both eyes were 20/20. Fundus examination revealed blurring of the optic disk margins and elevation of the optic disk in both eyes. Initially it was considered that the diagnosis would be papilledema. However, neurologic examination revealed no pathology which would cause the visual field defect and disk elevation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans showed hyperreflectance lesions on the disk and shadowing areas beneath the optic nerve head in both eyes. Orbital ultrasound and orbital and cranial tomography revealed protuberances with hyperechogenicity and calcification in both eyes. It was considered that these findings were consistent with ODD. Repeated visual field tests showed constricted peripheral field loss in both eyes. Using OCT software, peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickening in both eyes corresponded to visual field defects in the superior and inferior quadrants, in which drusen was detected. Despite the extensive literature, in cases of ODD with blurred margins, elevated disks, and visual field defects, the peripapillary nerve fiber layer may be increased due to nerve layer infarct in the area which has calcification.
Scanning training in neurological vision loss: case studies.
Koons P, Johnson S, Kingston J … +1 more , Goodrich GL
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539762 · Full text
The purpose of this paper is to describe the response of a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center's development of a rehabilitation program for patients with hemianopsia. Hemianopsia affects significant numbers of...
The purpose of this paper is to describe the response of a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center's development of a rehabilitation program for patients with hemianopsia. Hemianopsia affects significant numbers of troops returning from Afghanistan and Iraq and their neurological vision loss presented unique challenges in developing an appropriate and effective rehabilitation program. A literature review indicated that existing therapies lacked supporting scientific evidence and that traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related vision loss affects large numbers of civilians. The increasing number of patients with TBI-related vision loss necessitated the development of an innovative program which combined elements of therapies that the literature suggested were most promising. In this paper we briefly review the literature, describe the rehabilitation program developed, and present case studies of two patients who incurred vision loss as a result of a motor vehicle accident and a gunshot wound. The intent of the article is to begin the documentation of our ongoing, evidence-based neurological vision loss rehabilitation program. We also encourage others who do not currently do so to assess the need for implementing vision rehabilitation programs for patients with TBI-related vision loss.
The role of Scheimpflug imaging in the management of posterior scleritis.
Pawlowska N, Luck J
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539761 · Full text
Posterior scleritis is a rare but sight-threatening ocular inflammatory disorder that can present in a number of different ways and sometimes silently. Diagnosis can be difficult, and usually is clinical, confirmed by B-...
Posterior scleritis is a rare but sight-threatening ocular inflammatory disorder that can present in a number of different ways and sometimes silently. Diagnosis can be difficult, and usually is clinical, confirmed by B-mode ultrasonography. Patients can be at risk of angle-closure glaucoma in this condition, and traditional methods of angle assessment can be subjective and difficult to perform in the inflamed eye. We present a case of posterior scleritis where management was aided by the use of a Scheimpflug imaging device.
Moyamoya disease with neuro-ophthalmic manifestations: a rare case report.
Das D, Handique SK, Bhattacharjee H … +4 more , Buragohain SK, Bharali G, Deka AC, Singh SK
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539764 · Full text
Moyamoya (meaning a hazy puff of smoke) disease (MMD) is a rare, idiopathic, persistent, occlusive cerebrovascular disease involving bilateral progressive stenosis or occlusion of a terminal portion of the internal carot...
Moyamoya (meaning a hazy puff of smoke) disease (MMD) is a rare, idiopathic, persistent, occlusive cerebrovascular disease involving bilateral progressive stenosis or occlusion of a terminal portion of the internal carotid artery, or a proximal portion of the anterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral arteries. There are irregular perforating vascular networks (moyamoya vessels), seen in the base of the brain, which produce magnetic resonance images of this 'puff of smoke' condition. Although MMD is prevalent mostly in Japan, it is also occasionally seen outside Asia. We report an interesting case of bilateral optic nerve involvement of a radiologically diagnosed case of MMD in a young lady seen in the north-east part of India.
Brain activation of eye movements in subjects with refractive error.
Nelles G, Pscherer A, de Greiff A … +1 more , Esser J
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539763 · Full text
PURPOSE: Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have described reorganized activation of the oculomotor and visual cortex after focal brain lesions. These studies are based on comparison with healthy...
PURPOSE: Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have described reorganized activation of the oculomotor and visual cortex after focal brain lesions. These studies are based on comparison with healthy individuals who may have a very heterogenous refractive error. The influence of refractive error on the cortical control of an oculomotor task such as a prosaccade trial, however, is unknown. METHODS: To investigate the influence of visual acuity on changes of cortical oculomotor control, we studied the representation of visually guided prosaccades in nine subjects with refractive error and 11 normally sighted subjects using fMRI. Correction of refractive error was not allowed during fMRI. Differences in activation between rest and saccades as well as between subjects with refractive error vs subjects with normal vision were assessed with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS: In both groups, activation of a frontoparietal network was observed. Subjects with refractive errors showed increased activation compared to normally sighted subjects, with overactivation in bilateral frontal and parietal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, as well as in the bilateral extrastriate cortex. CONCLUSIONS: This group of subjects with refractive error showed increased activation in an extended oculomotor and visual network to maintain performance during simple prosaccades. This observation underlines the importance of using appropriate control groups in fMRI-studies after brain lesions.
Neuro and intraocular cysticercosis: A clinicopathological case report.
Das D, Deka S, Islam S … +6 more , Deuri N, Deka P, Deka AC, Deka H, Buragohain SK, Bhattacharjee H
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539760
Cysticercosis is one of the most common parasitic infestations in humans. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the commonest parasitosis of the central nervous system (CNS), endemic in developing countries and is also seen in dev...
Cysticercosis is one of the most common parasitic infestations in humans. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the commonest parasitosis of the central nervous system (CNS), endemic in developing countries and is also seen in developed nations with high rates of immigration from prevalent areas. Co-infection of ocular tissue is also significant and often ophthalmologists come across these lesions in their clinical practice. The mode of treatment in NCC and that of intraocular cysticercosis is somewhat different as far as antiparasitic treatment is concerned. This case report highlights the proper management of this parasitic infestation which involved both eye and brain.
Mitochondrial optic neuropathy: model of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective strategies.
Rojas JC, Gonzalez-Lima F
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539759 · Full text
This review summarizes the characteristics of a rodent toxicologic model of optic neuropathy induced by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone. This model has been developed to fulfill the demand for a drug-scree...
This review summarizes the characteristics of a rodent toxicologic model of optic neuropathy induced by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone. This model has been developed to fulfill the demand for a drug-screening tool providing a sound mechanistic context to address the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. It features biochemical, structural, and functional retinal deficits that resemble those of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, a mitochondrial disease characterized by selective degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and for which an environmental component is believed to play a major triggering role. The available data support the efficiency, sensitivity, and versatility of the model for providing insights into the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Screening work with this model has provided proof-of-principle that interventions targeting the electron transport chain, such as USP methylene blue and near-infrared light therapy, are effective at preventing neurodegeneration induced by mitochondrial dysfunction . Prospective developments of this model include the use of neuronal reporter genes for non-invasive assessment of retinal degeneration at different time points, and its combination with genetic approaches to elucidate the synergism of environmental and genetic factors in neurodegeneration.
Recurrent optic neuritis: clues from a long-term follow up study of recurrent and bilateral optic neuritis patients.
Kurne A, Karabudak R, Yalcin-Cakmakli G … +5 more , Gursoy-Ozdemir Y, Aydin P, Ilksen-Colpak A, Lule S, Kansu T
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 28539758 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Optic neuritis (ON) can be recurrent, with unilateral or bilateral presentation. Diagnosis of recurrent cases may be challenging. In this study long-term follow-up of recurrent and/or bilateral ON pat...
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Optic neuritis (ON) can be recurrent, with unilateral or bilateral presentation. Diagnosis of recurrent cases may be challenging. In this study long-term follow-up of recurrent and/or bilateral ON patients is reported in an effort to guide differential diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: The study included 474 optic neuropathy patients. Of these, 70 patients with recurrent unilateral or bilateral, and nonrecurrent bilateral ON were assessed. The characteristics of each ON attack, laboratory and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, associated diseases and response to treatment were noted for each patient. Most of the patients were reevaluated in the outpatient clinic. Seven patients were investigated for neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-immunoglobulin G (IgG) seropositivity. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients had recurrent unilateral ON and 23 had bilateral ON. Mean follow-up was 7.55 years. Final diagnoses for recurrent unilateral group were multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 29), chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis (CRION) (n = 11), NMO (n = 4), or autoimmune thyroid disease (n = 3); and for bilateral ON group, MS (n = 4), vasculitis (n = 13), postinfectious ON (n = 4), and sarcoidosis (n = 2). Three patients were positive for NMO antibodies. CONCLUSION: Based on the data collected, we conclude when recurrent ON causes moderate to severe visual loss in the absence of cranial MRI findings typical of MS, other diagnoses should be considered, including NMO.
Lysophospholipid receptors LPA are not required for the inhibitory effects of LPA on mouse retinal growth cones.
Birgbauer E, Chun J
Eye Brain · 2010 · PMID 26966392 · Full text
One of the major requirements in the development of the visual system is axonal guidance of retinal ganglion cells toward correct targets in the brain. A novel class of extracellular lipid signaling molecules, lysophosph...
One of the major requirements in the development of the visual system is axonal guidance of retinal ganglion cells toward correct targets in the brain. A novel class of extracellular lipid signaling molecules, lysophospholipids, may serve as potential axon guidance cues. They signal through cognate G protein-coupled receptors, at least some of which are expressed in the visual system. Here we show that in the mouse visual system, a lysophospholipid known as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is inhibitory to retinal neurites in vitro when delivered extracellularly, causing growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. This inhibitory effect of LPA is both active in the nanomolar range and specific compared to the related lysophospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Knockout mice lacking three of the five known LPA receptors, LPA, continue to display retinal growth cone collapse and neurite retraction in response to LPA, demonstrating that these three receptors are not required for these inhibitory effects and indicating the existence of one or more functional LPA receptors expressed on mouse retinal neurites that can mediate neurite retraction.
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