OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Sun
200 papers
[Optical Coherence Tomography - State of the Art, Case Examples and Future Perspectives].
Winter C, Lommatzsch AP
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd · 2026 Jun · PMID 42276132 · Publisher ↗
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an essential imaging modality in modern ophthalmology, enabling high-resolution visualization of retinal microstructures. Technological advances such as spectral-domain and swept-sou...
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an essential imaging modality in modern ophthalmology, enabling high-resolution visualization of retinal microstructures. Technological advances such as spectral-domain and swept-source OCT have significantly improved image quality and acquisition speed, establishing OCT as the current state of the art in retinal imaging.A structured approach to OCT interpretation is key and includes assessment of the vitreoretinal interface, intraretinal layers, outer retinal structures such as the ellipsoid zone, and the retinal pigment epithelium. Particular attention should be paid to fluid accumulation and structural alterations.OCT-based biomarkers play an important role in clinical decision-making. Exudative biomarkers, including intraretinal and subretinal fluid, may indicate disease activity, whereas degenerative features such as outer retinal tubulations or atrophic changes (iRORA/cRORA) reflect chronic structural damage.Emerging technologies, including OCT angiography and artificial intelligence-based analysis, further expand the diagnostic and prognostic potential of OCT.
The hidden impact of smoking in thyroid eye disease: a link between selenium deficiency, autoimmunity, and retinal microvasculature.
Savur F, Güler S, Oyur G
Arch Endocrinol Metab · 2026 Jun · PMID 42275591 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of smoking on serum selenium levels, autoimmune activity, and macular microvascular density in patients with clinically inactive thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), using optical co...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of smoking on serum selenium levels, autoimmune activity, and macular microvascular density in patients with clinically inactive thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 44 patients with inactive TAO (24 smokers, 20 non-smokers) and 32 ageand sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent ophthalmologic evaluation and laboratory testing for thyroid hormones, selenium, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). Macular vessel density was measured using spectral-domain OCTA at the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, outer retinal layer, and choriocapillaris. Clinical activity score (CAS) was used to assess disease activity. The collected data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Smokers with TAO exhibited significantly higher CAS (p = 0.016) and TSI levels (p = 0.027), and lower serum selenium concentrations (p = 0.042) compared to non-smokers. Central superficial and deep capillary plexus densities were significantly reduced in smokers versus healthy controls (p = 0.029 and p = 0.017, respectively). No significant differences were observed between smokers and non-smokers within the TAO group, or in the outer retinal layer and choriocapillaris layers among all groups. CONCLUSION: Smoking status was associated with lower selenium levels, higher TSI levels, and increased CAS. Furthermore, retinal microvascular attenuation detected by OCTA, even in the absence of clinical activity in TAO, may serve as a significant indicator of persistent vascular deterioration.
Quantitative Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Indicators of Neurovascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease.
Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Edalati K … +8 more , Duong C, Henry S, Gong Z, Jayadev S, Wu Y, Lee AY, Lee CS, Wang RK
JAMA Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42275077 · Full text
IMPORTANCE: Alzheimer disease (AD) affects millions globally, but current diagnostic approaches typically can be costly and invasive. Accessible, noninvasive screening tools for early detection of cognitive impairment ar...
IMPORTANCE: Alzheimer disease (AD) affects millions globally, but current diagnostic approaches typically can be costly and invasive. Accessible, noninvasive screening tools for early detection of cognitive impairment are needed. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)-based biomarkers of the retina, choroid, and choriocapillaris differ across cognitive states and whether these biomarkers might discriminate among normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 103 individuals referred from the University of Washington Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) between April 2022 and September 2024. Participants included 49 cognitively normal controls, 29 with MCI, and 25 with AD dementia per ADRC research-criteria evaluations. All participants underwent swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA). These data were analyzed from February 2025 to March 2026. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cognitive status, retinal vessel skeleton density (VSD), choriocapillaris flow deficit (CCFD), and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness. RESULTS: Among 103 participants (mean [SD] age, 74.8 [6.72] years; 50 [48.5%] female and 53 male [51.5%]), the adjusted mean GCC was thinner in AD dementia (63.31 μm) vs controls (67.93 μm) (difference, -4.62 μm; 95% CI, -8.92 to -0.31 μm; P = .03). Adjusted mean CCFD was lower in MCI (8.12%) than AD dementia (9.07%) (difference, -0.95%; 95% CI, -1.71 to -0.19; P = .01) but higher in AD dementia than controls (8.33%) (difference, 0.74%; 95% CI, 0.02-1.46; P = .04). In multivariable models, VSD (MCI: odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.81; AD dementia: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.65-0.68; P < .001) and CCFD (MCI: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.65-0.67; AD dementia: OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.49-1.52; P < .001) were significantly associated with cognitive status, with an area under the curve of 0.72 to 0.87 in a 21-participant test set (10 controls, 6 MCI, 5 AD dementia). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In a relatively small cohort study, OCTA revealed distinct microvascular signatures across cognitive stages. VSD decreased, and CCFD showed a biphasic pattern across cognitive stages in multivariable models, which may suggest early compensatory choriocapillaris hyperperfusion followed by perfusion failure in AD dementia. These findings suggest OCTA biomarkers may serve as accessible, noninvasive indicators of cognitive neurodegeneration, warranting larger longitudinal validation.
Risk factors for postoperative endothelial keratoplasty after cataract surgery in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.
Ueda M, Oie Y, Maeno S … +11 more , Kai C, Kamuro R, Soma T, Shimizu T, Igarashi A, Yukari Y, Hayashi T, Yagi-Yaguchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Kawasaki R, Nishida K
Jpn J Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274969 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To analyze anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)-derived risk factors for endothelial keratoplasty (EK) after cataract surgery in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). STUDY...
PURPOSE: To analyze anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT)-derived risk factors for endothelial keratoplasty (EK) after cataract surgery in patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHODS: We included 73 eyes from 55 consecutive patients with FECD who underwent cataract surgery at three tertiary care institutions between March 2017 and July 2023. We explored the association between preoperative factors (age, sex, incision site, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, components for the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces by Fourier analysis, and signal intensity by AS-OCT) and the requirement for EK within 12 months after cataract surgery. We performed univariate and multivariate regression analyses to calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of the 73 eyes, 27 (37.0%) required EK. In the univariate analysis, the higher order irregularity component of the 6 mm posterior corneal surface by Fourier analysis yielded the highest AUC of 0.86 (sensitivity: 0.85; specificity: 0.74). In the multivariate analysis, the asymmetry component of the 3 mm anterior corneal surface by Fourier analysis yielded the highest AUC of 0.94, in addition to age, sex, incision site, and anterior chamber depth (sensitivity: 0.93; specificity: 0.85). Thus, we developed a novel logistic regression model incorporating fully quantitative imaging biomarkers from AS-OCT to estimate the probability of requiring EK. CONCLUSION: The multiple regression model might provide a practical framework for optimizing surgical planning in patients with FECD undergoing cataract surgery, including deciding for either cataract surgery alone or combined EK.
Toxoplasma gondii retinochoroiditis associated with Epstein-Barr virus-induced retinal necrosis in an immunocompetent patient.
Saturno MC, Iannetta D, Nguyen NC … +2 more , Leon L, de Smet MD
J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274961 · Full text
PURPOSE: To describe a rare case of concomitant Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) retinochoroiditis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) retinal necrosis in an immunocompetent patient, successfully treated with a combined intravitreal and...
PURPOSE: To describe a rare case of concomitant Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) retinochoroiditis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) retinal necrosis in an immunocompetent patient, successfully treated with a combined intravitreal and systemic therapeutic approach. METHODS: A 52-year-old immunocompetent woman with recurrent bilateral Tg retinochoroiditis presented with reactivation in the left eye unresponsive to standard antiparasitic therapy. Comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy with vitreous biopsy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, was performed. RESULTS: PCR analysis of the vitreous sample confirmed the presence of both Tg and EBV. Intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) was initiated and administered over an 8-week period in combination with ongoing intravitreal clindamycin and systemic antiparasitic therapy, together with systemic acyclovir (800 mg three times daily). The patient demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, with stabilization of visual acuity and retinal morphology on optical coherence tomography (OCT). Serial vitreous PCR monitoring revealed a gradual decline in Tg and EBV loads until both pathogens became undetectable. No recurrence occurred during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This report describes a rare case of Tg-EBV coinfection-related retinochoroiditis in an immunocompetent patient. The favorable outcome observed after initiation of intravitreal MTX, in combination with systemic acyclovir, suggests that MTX may have contributed to disease control through immunomodulatory suppression of B-cell proliferation and possible antiviral effects. This case underscores the importance of considering coinfection in atypical or treatment-refractory retinochoroiditis, even in immunocompetent hosts.
Evaluation of corneal morphology, pupillometry, and ocular surface parameters in Fabry disease patients: correlation with plasma Lyso-Gb3 levels.
Dal A, Kutluksaman B, Akikol T … +3 more , Erdağ M, Canleblebici M, Turgut FH
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274905 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder characterized by systemic glycosphingolipid accumulation that may disrupt endothelial and neuronal integrity, leading to autonomic and ocular involvemen...
BACKGROUND: Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder characterized by systemic glycosphingolipid accumulation that may disrupt endothelial and neuronal integrity, leading to autonomic and ocular involvement. Non-invasive ocular imaging may offer early diagnostic biomarkers reflecting systemic disease activity. This study aimed to evaluate autonomic, ocular surface, and corneal morphological parameters in patients with Fabry disease (FD) and explore their correlations with plasma Lyso-Gb3 concentrations. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 25 eyes of genetically confirmed FD patients and 25 age-and sex-matched healthy controls were examined. All participants underwent dynamic pupillometry, non-contact tear break-up time, Schirmer I testing, meibography, and anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to quantify corneal epithelial thickness. Plasma Lyso-Gb3 levels were available for 14 patients. Group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U and t-tests, and correlations were assessed via Spearman analysis. RESULTS: Static pupil diameters were wider in Fabry patients under all light conditions, though not significantly (p > 0.05). Maximal Redilation Velocity (MRV) was significantly reduced in patients with FD (p = 0.015), possibly indicating sympathetic dysfunction. Peripheral (5-7 mm) corneal epithelial thickness was significantly thinner in patients with FD (p = 0.031). Lyso-Gb3 concentrations exhibited moderate, statistically significant negative correlations with epithelial thickness across all zones (central r = - 0.659, paracentral r = - 0.638, peripheral r = - 0.607; all p < 0.05). No significant associations were found between Lyso-Gb3 and pupillometric or ocular-surface parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fabry disease involves subclinical ocular autonomic and structural alterations, reflected by reduced MRV and peripheral epithelial thinning correlated with biochemical disease load. Dynamic pupillometry and AS-OCT-based epithelial mapping may serve as complementary, non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of Fabry-related ocular involvement.
Multimodal neuro-ophthalmologic changes and the impact of CPAP therapy in severe obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective OCT, OCTA, and visual field study.
Gemici YI, Ozturk U, Erdogan M … +3 more , Ilker SS, Yilmaz H, Ak AK
Doc Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274836 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate structural, microvascular, and functional neuro-ophthalmologic changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to investigate the effects of 6-month continuous positive airway pressure...
PURPOSE: To evaluate structural, microvascular, and functional neuro-ophthalmologic changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to investigate the effects of 6-month continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy using a multimodal approach. METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, 38 patients with PSG-confirmed severe OSAS and 19 controls were enrolled. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and visual field (VF) testing (24-2 and 10-2). Thirty patients with adequate CPAP adherence were reassessed after 6 months. Baseline comparisons were additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Baseline neuro-ophthalmologic differences between OSAS patients and controls did not remain statistically significant after BMI adjustment and FDR correction. Following CPAP therapy, significant increases in average and inferior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were observed and remained significant after FDR correction. Significant improvements were also detected in 24-2 VF indices (VFI, MD, and PSD) and 10-2 PSD values after treatment. In contrast, OCTA-derived vascular parameters and macular thickness changes did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. All polysomnographic parameters and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores improved significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although baseline cross-sectional neuro-ophthalmologic differences were attenuated after BMI adjustment and multiple-comparison correction, longitudinal analyses demonstrated significant structural and functional improvement following CPAP therapy in severe OSAS. Multimodal assessment combining OCT and retinal and macular perimetry may provide a useful framework for monitoring treatment-related neuro-ophthalmologic changes in OSAS.
Assessment of Geographic Atrophy Using a Novel Hyperspectral Gradient Imaging Approach.
Romano F, Overbey K, Durocher-Jean A … +17 more , Rojewski A, St-Hilaire F, Ding X, Vingopoulos F, Stettler I, Arbour JD, Rhéaume MA, Nissan R, Sorya P, Santucci L, Campbell S, Chevrefils C, Husain D, Vavvas D, Miller JW, Sylvestre JP, Miller JB
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274721 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study describes a novel hyperspectral imaging (HSI) approach for visualizing and measuring geographic atrophy (GA) lesions in age-related macular degeneration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cr...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study describes a novel hyperspectral imaging (HSI) approach for visualizing and measuring geographic atrophy (GA) lesions in age-related macular degeneration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional subanalysis was conducted at Clinique Ophtalmologique 2121 (Montreal, Canada) between November 2022 and August 2023. Participants underwent color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and HSI using the Optina-4CTM camera. HSI gradient images at 560 nm were generated to visualize melanin depletion within the retinal pigment epithelium. RESULTS: Among 152 eyes screened, eight (5.3%) showed GA. All GA lesions identified on OCT appeared as dark areas on HSI, while CFP failed to detect GA in two cases. HSI identified more GA lesions per eye than CFP ( = .001) and yielded larger lesion dimensions compared with OCT ( < .05). CONCLUSIONS: HSI at 560 nm provides complementary information for GA visualization and measurement to CFP and OCT, supporting further validation in future studies.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hemorrhagic Choroidal Detachments From 2003-2020: A Single Center Experience.
Tailor PD, Wang KY, Xu TT … +4 more , Fortes BH, Asheim CG, Churchill RA, Starr MR
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274717 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic choroidal detachments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Single-center retrospective case series of...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of patients with hemorrhagic choroidal detachments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Single-center retrospective case series of patients with hemorrhagic choroidal detachments from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2020 at Mayo Clinic. Patients were categorized as appositional or non-appositional based on ultra-sonography. RESULTS: Among 39 cases with hemorrhagic choroidal detachments, 15 (38%) were appositional and 24 (62%) were non-appositional. There was a significant difference between the appositional and non-appositional groups in mean initial logMAR visual acuity (VA) (2.8 [ = 0.20] vs 2.2 [ = 0.78], < .001). However, no difference was observed in final logMAR VA (1.9 [ = 1.2] vs 1.5 [ = 1.1], = .30). Comparison between surgical ( = 9) versus non-surgical ( = 5) hemorrhagic appositional choroidal detachments cases revealed no differences in outcomes. Comparison between anticoagulated ( = 21) versus nonanticoagulated ( = 18) patients with hemorrhagic choroidal detachments also revealed no differences in outcomes. CONCLUSION: Patients with appositional and nonappositional hemorrhagic choroidal detachments did not differ significantly with regards to visual outcome. Surgical intervention was not associated with improved final vision in this cohort.
Effect of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Image Artifacts on Quantitation of Vessel Density and Perfusion.
Tang A, Collazo Martinez AD, Kim M … +10 more , Shahidzadeh A, Ting SJ, Vaidya B, Jiang X, Le HV, Wang R, Beiser A, Sobrin L, Seshadri S, Kashani AH
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274715 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the effects of four common artifacts of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on metrics of perfusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the Framingham Heart...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the effects of four common artifacts of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on metrics of perfusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the Framingham Heart Study were reviewed to select consecutive OCTA scans with and without representative image artifacts. Four artifact categories were defined (decentration, motion, shadowing, defocus) and graded using a severity scale of "Not Present," "Mild," or "Severe." Multivariate linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the impact of each artifact on vessel skeleton density (VSD), vessel area density (VAD), and flux. RESULTS: The study included 141 OCTA scans from 20 participants. Severe shadowing or any severity of defocus significantly attenuated all OCTA parameters. Severe decentration significantly attenuated VAD and flux, but not VSD. Motion artifacts and mild decentration had no significant effects. CONCLUSION: Image defocus and shadowing significantly affect all OCTA measures. VSD is the most robust measure against most artifacts.
Examining neuroretinal alterations in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of OCT and OCT-A studies.
Vaquero-Puyuelo D, Boned-Murillo A, De-la-Cámara C … +4 more , Lobo A, Gracia-García P, Ascaso-Puyuelo FJ, Santabárbara J
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274302 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects around 1% of the population, and its diagnosis is primarily clinical. Therefore, the study of biological markers is essential. The retina and optic nerve have been stu...
INTRODUCTION: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects around 1% of the population, and its diagnosis is primarily clinical. Therefore, the study of biological markers is essential. The retina and optic nerve have been studied in many ocular and non-ocular diseases using non-invasive techniques such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using the Covidence® platform across promimnent databases including PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase up to February 2023. RESULTS: The analysis of the included studies revealed differences in retinal parameters between individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls (NT). These variations encompassed changes in macular thickness and volume, RNFL thickness and volume, and in vascular perfusion and vessel density. Furthermore, certain changes were found to be correlated with clinical measures of ASD features. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence reported diverse changes in neuroretinal parameters in ASD individuals. OCT and OCT-A have shown promising results in evaluating neuroretinal alterations in individuals with ASD. These techniques hold potential as biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of ASD. However, further research is necessary to fully explore the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of OCT and OCT-A in ASD population.
Retinal Detachment Is Associated With Enhanced Correlated Firing and Oscillatory Activity.
Park D, Jo S, Lee K … +8 more , Lim G, Kim S, Kim JY, Seo JH, Kim YJ, Yoo Y, Seo EJ, Goo YS
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274199 · Full text
PURPOSE: Metamorphopsia and blurred vision often persist despite anatomically successful retinal detachment (RD) repair. We investigated time-dependent structural and functional alterations in retinal network activity fo...
PURPOSE: Metamorphopsia and blurred vision often persist despite anatomically successful retinal detachment (RD) repair. We investigated time-dependent structural and functional alterations in retinal network activity following RD. METHODS: RD was induced in adult C57BL/6J mice by trans-scleral subretinal sodium hyaluronate injection. Eyes were collected on post-RD days 1, 3, 7, and 14. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining verified structural changes. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity was recorded using an 8 × 8 multielectrode array (MEA). Network alterations were assessed using the cross-correlation index (CCI) of RGC spike pairs and power spectral density (PSD) and continuous wavelet transform analyses. CCIs were decomposed into narrow (<10 ms), medium (10-50 ms), and broad (>100 ms) correlations to infer the underlying sources of correlated RGC activity and to assess their changes following RD. The gap-junction blocker meclofenamic acid (MFA) was applied to evaluate electrical coupling. RESULTS: RD produced early outer-retinal edema followed by progressive retinal atrophy. Spontaneous RGC activity exhibited enhanced medium-range correlations at post-RD days 7 and 14, peaking at day 14, whereas narrow-timescale spike synchrony was not significantly altered. Log-scale PSD analysis demonstrated increased 5 to 10 hertz (Hz) oscillatory power at later RD stages. MFA reduced both oscillatory power and medium-range correlation. CONCLUSIONS: RD is associated with progressive structural changes and altered retinal network activity characterized by enhanced medium-range correlation and low-frequency oscillatory rhythms consistent with involvement of gap-junction-dependent inner retinal circuitry. These findings support the possibility that functional retinal remodeling contributes to persistent visual dysfunction after RD.
Ultra-deep . standard swept-source optical coherence tomography for posterior vitreous detachment assessment: a retrospective comparative study.
Lin Z, Gao K, Tuxun R … +12 more , Zhu G, Ma Y, Liu Y, Liu B, Duan R, Xu Z, Meng Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Tsai CL, Jiang L, Li T
Quant Imaging Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 42273131 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of ultra-deep mode of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for evaluating posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) remains unknown. The study aimed to compare the ultra-deep mode (scan l...
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of ultra-deep mode of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for evaluating posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) remains unknown. The study aimed to compare the ultra-deep mode (scan length: 26 mm, scan depth: 12 mm) and standard mode (scan length: 16 mm, scan depth: 3 mm) of SS-OCT in PVD assessment. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with epiretinal membrane or macular hole at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between May 2023 and August 2024, encompassing both affected and contralateral fellow eyes. All eyes underwent two SS-OCT scanning modes (the ultra-deep mode and standard mode) with 18-line radial scans centered on the fovea. PVD staging consistency was compared between the two modes, as well as the visibility of the detached posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM) and Weiss ring in cases of complete PVD. RESULTS: A total of 178 eyes from 100 patients were analyzed. The inter-mode agreement for PVD staging was high (Kappa =0.981, P<0.001), with 100.0% agreement in diagnosing complete PVD. Among 107 eyes with complete PVD, detached PHM was detected in 98.1% using the ultra-deep mode versus 47.7% using the standard mode (P<0.001). The ultra-deep mode visualized completely detached PHM in more quadrants than the standard mode, particularly in the inferior quadrants (98.1% 44.9%, P<0.001). Weiss ring was observed at a higher rate with the ultra-deep mode compared to the standard mode (15.9% 3.7%, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The ultra-deep mode and standard mode of SS-OCT showed high consistency in PVD staging. The ultra-deep mode provided superior visualization of completely detached PHM, thus enhancing diagnostic certainty for complete PVD.
Enhanced deep learning model for prediction of diabetic mellitus on optical coherence tomography angiography images.
Visitsattapongse S, Rithcharung P, Santiprabhob J … +6 more , Lertbannaphong O, Sermsripong W, Montrisuksirikun C, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Pintavirooj C, Paing MP
Quant Imaging Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 42273099 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by dysregulated blood glucose. Prolonged DM can lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR), in which retinal capillaries are damaged by sustained hyp...
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by dysregulated blood glucose. Prolonged DM can lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR), in which retinal capillaries are damaged by sustained hyperglycemia. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging modality for visualizing retinal microvasculature and can detect early changes in both DM patients with and without DR. However, it requires expert evaluation, making early detection costly and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop a high‑performance deep learning framework that can classify OCTA images into three groups of DM, such as normal, good glycemic control, and poor glycemic control. METHODS: OCTA datasets of horizontal B-scans and en face scans from 300 participants aged 8-18 years were analyzed, including normal controls, DM patients with good glycemic control, and DM patients with poor control (HbA1c ≥8%). For each participant, a 3 mm × 3 mm foveal-centered en face image of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) and a horizontal B-scan through the foveal center of the right eye were selected. Several convolutional and transformer-based models were evaluated, with ConvNeXt (a ConvNet for the 2020s) chosen as the baseline for its superior performance. To enhance generalization and convergence, progressive resizing and the Lookahead optimization strategy were applied, while class-wise augmentation was used to balance the training set without altering the test distribution. RESULTS: The baseline ConvNeXt achieved F1 scores of 0.7877 (B-scans) and 0.7424 (en face). After doing enhancement using progressive resizing and Lookahead optimization, performance improved to 0.8319 and 0.8567 (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed method for DM classification from OCTA images provided promising results while ensuring resource efficiency and rapid evaluation. Clinically, accurate classification of DM status is valuable for assessing the risk of DR progression. Thus, it can be served as an assistive tool for clinical decision support in DR management.
Optical coherence tomography in an anomalous left circumflex coronary artery with stent thrombosis due to extrinsic compression in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a case report.
Tahoun A, Cafaro A, Mussardo M … +6 more , Quarta L, Sparasci FM, Tondo A, Fischetti D, Colonna G, Mandurino-Mirizzi A
J Vis Surg · 2026 · PMID 42272913 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery (ALCx) is a rare condition where the left circumflex artery (LCx) originates from the right sinus of Valsalva (RSV) or the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). In so...
BACKGROUND: Anomalous left circumflex coronary artery (ALCx) is a rare condition where the left circumflex artery (LCx) originates from the right sinus of Valsalva (RSV) or the proximal right coronary artery (RCA). In some cases, this condition carries a risk of ischemic manifestations related to its course and anatomical features, potentially leading to extrinsic compression by surrounding structures. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is characterized by the presence of multiple arteriovenous malformations and hemorrhagic manifestations, but it is also associated with a prothrombotic state. We present the first reported case of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in which extrinsic compression of the ALCx was documented by intravascular imaging. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 56-year-old patient with HHT associated with chronic anemia, treated with requiring periodic supplementation, and chronic coronary syndrome due to previous ACS involving the left main and left anterior descending artery, on single antiplatelet therapy. The patient was on the heart transplantation waiting list because of severe left ventricular dysfunction, recurrent heart failure, and ventricular arrhythmias. He was admitted for chest pain and dyspnea and was diagnosed with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) complicated by acute heart failure exacerbation with diffuse crackles on lung examination and B-type natriuretic peptide 1,372 pg/mL. The first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) resulted in stent implantation in the ALCx, but the patient subsequently developed early in-stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed extrinsic compression of the ALCx and the implanted stent, related to the retro-aortic course of the vessel, which likely contributed to the thrombotic mechanism. The patient was discharged on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with escalation from clopidogrel to the more potent P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor despite the underlying hemorrhagic risk. During follow-up, no recurrent stent thrombosis occurred, and the patient underwent heart transplantation nine months later. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates how ALCx may be associated with extrinsic compression of the vessel and possibly a stent, contributing to the pathogenesis of ischemic events. It also raises the question of the optimal treatment of coronary lesions in ALCx, particularly when thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks coexist.
Structural Characteristics of Parapapillary Choroidal Microvasculature Dropout in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Comparison Between Width and Area.
Lee SH, Seo JH, Moon GY … +3 more , Huang AS, Kim TW, Lee EJ
Clin Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42272752 · Full text
PURPOSE: To compare the circumferential width and area of parapapillary choroidal microvasculature dropout (CMvD) and investigate their correlation with clinical characteristics in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (...
PURPOSE: To compare the circumferential width and area of parapapillary choroidal microvasculature dropout (CMvD) and investigate their correlation with clinical characteristics in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 121 POAG eyes with localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects (84 eyes with CMvD and 37 without CMvD). CMvD was defined as focal sectoral capillary hypoperfusion or nonperfusion in the parapapillary choroid identified using optical coherence tomography angiography. Circumferential CMvD width (in degrees) and area were quantitatively measured, and their relationships with clinical factors were analyzed. RESULTS: CMvD was present in 84 of 121 eyes (69.4%). Although CMvD width and area were strongly correlated (<0.001), they showed distinct clinical associations. A larger CMvD width was significantly associated with a thinner global RNFL thickness (=0.046), worse visual field mean deviation (=0.049), and larger β-zone parapapillary atrophy (PPA) area (0.013). Conversely, larger areas of β-zone and γ-zone PPA were related to a larger CMvD area (=0.001 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although circumferential CMvD width and area were highly correlated, their associated clinical factors differed. The CMvD width, reflecting the extent of optic disc margin involvement, serves as a more robust indicator of glaucomatous damage severity than the CMvD area, which may be influenced more by myopia-related anatomical variation.
Real-World Outcomes of Aflibercept 2 mg Using a Treat-and-Extend Protocol for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A 24-Month Retrospective Study in a Chinese Population.
Qi Y, Cheng A, Xu J … +2 more , Zhang C, Li S
Drug Des Devel Ther · 2026 · PMID 42272620 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of aflibercept using a treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol in Chinese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to explore baseline imaging predictors o...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of aflibercept using a treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol in Chinese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and to explore baseline imaging predictors of treatment response. METHODS: This retrospective, real-world study included patients with treatment-naïve nAMD who received intravitreal aflibercept (2.0 mg) under a T&E regimen for 24 months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and OCT-derived structural features were assessed. Patients were stratified into effective and non-effective groups based on visual outcomes at 24 months. RESULTS: A total of 37 eyes were included. Compared with baseline (0.71±0.48 logMAR), BCVA improved significantly at 3 months (0.58±0.50, p=0.029), 6 months (0.51±0.32, p<0.01), and remained improved at 24 months (0.57±0.44, p=0.002). Mean ΔBCVA at 24 months was -0.15±0.27 logMAR. CMT decreased from 409.89±219.24 μm at baseline to 277.43±113.92 μm at 3 months (p<0.001), with sustained reductions throughout follow-up (ΔCMT -145.71±239.50 μm at 24 months). Subretinal fluid (SRF), intraretinal fluid (IRF), and pigment epithelial detachment height (PEDH), resolved significantly during follow-up (all p ≤ 0.05), whereas hyperreflective dots (HRD), subretinal hyperreflective exudation (SHE), fibrosis, and macular atrophy (MA) tended to increase progressively. In subgroup analysis, the effective group showed higher baseline CMT (473 vs 293 μm, p=0.015), more frequent SRF (70.8% vs 30.8%, p=0.019), and more HRD (79.2% vs 46.2%, p=0.041). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed higher baseline CMT (OR=1.01, p=0.030) and SRF presence (OR=5.40, p=0.028) as independent predictors of visual response. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal aflibercept administered under a T&E regimen provides sustained visual and anatomical benefits in Chinese patients with nAMD. Baseline OCT features, particularly CMT and SRF, are valuable predictors of treatment efficacy, supporting their role in individualized therapeutic decision-making.
Robust 3D topography measurement of large-range high-aspect-ratio structures based on dual-domain statistical filtering in SD-OCT.
Chen S, Li X, Shao R … +5 more , Wu Y, Duan C, Zhou L, Zhang B, Yang J
Opt Express · 2026 May · PMID 42272029 · Publisher ↗
Non-destructive topography measurement of high aspect ratio (HAR) microstructures (e.g., deep micro-holes) over a large dynamic range remains a major challenge in precision manufacturing. While spectral-domain optical co...
Non-destructive topography measurement of high aspect ratio (HAR) microstructures (e.g., deep micro-holes) over a large dynamic range remains a major challenge in precision manufacturing. While spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) offers a promising non-contact solution, its application is severely hindered by the complex background and noise inherent to HAR structures. To address this, this study proposes a dual-domain statistical filtering (DDSF) reconstruction method combined with a conventional longitudinal scanning (Z-scan) architecture. Utilizing the statistical features of interference signals, this method achieves the robust extraction of physical interfaces under extreme conditions through wavenumber-domain principal component analysis filtering and spatial-domain Bayesian filtering. DDSF successfully reconstructs the 3D topography of a highly reflective metal micro-hole with an aspect ratio exceeding 8:1, without complex hardware system modifications. Overall, DDSF effectively extends the geometric detection limits of traditional reflective SD-OCT and holds the potential to become a highly reliable, large dynamic range topography measurement tool for industrial HAR structures.
Unified cross-correlation demodulation for simultaneous photothermal and Doppler optical coherence tomography of vasculature and hemorrhage.
Tang Z, Zhou Y, Tang P
Opt Express · 2026 May · PMID 42271943 · Publisher ↗
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides noninvasive, high-resolution visualization of tissue microstructure and microvasculature. Functional extensions like Doppler OCT images blood flow, but are blind to static bloo...
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides noninvasive, high-resolution visualization of tissue microstructure and microvasculature. Functional extensions like Doppler OCT images blood flow, but are blind to static blood, while photothermal OCT (PTOCT) visualizes hemoglobin absorption without flow sensitivity. This incompatibility between modalities has hindered integrated vascular assessment. Herein, we present a dual-modality cross-correlation photothermal-Doppler OCT system enabled by what we believe to be a novel signal preprocessing scheme that unifies their signal extraction. By transforming the linear Doppler phase shift into a constructed velocity-modulated signal, it becomes compatible with the same cross-correlation demodulation algorithm used for PTOCT. This unified approach leverages the weak-signal enhancement and noise suppression of cross-correlation analysis. Consequently, the system seamlessly acquires simultaneous, co-registered high-resolution images of both microvasculature (via Doppler contrast) and static intravascular hemorrhage (via photothermal absorption) in vivo, achieving capillary-level resolution in mouse ear imaging. This work provides a unified framework for dual-contrast vascular imaging, demonstrating significant potential for noninvasive clinical diagnostics where comprehensive evaluation of both static and dynamic blood status is crucial.
Time-domain optical coherence tomography at 2 µm using GaSb-based broadband superluminescent diode.
Bhuiyan IKA, Martínez Jiménez A, Cernat R … +8 more , Fernández Uceda A, Hilska J, Peil M, Marques MJ, Dobre G, Viheriälä J, Podoleanu A, Guina M
Opt Express · 2026 May · PMID 42271925 · Publisher ↗
We report a time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) system operating in the 2 µm spectral region, enabled by a GaSb-based superluminescent diode (SLD). The spectrum emitted by the SLD exhibits a full-width half...
We report a time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) system operating in the 2 µm spectral region, enabled by a GaSb-based superluminescent diode (SLD). The spectrum emitted by the SLD exhibits a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼80 nm centered near 2.1 µm. For OCT operation, stable amplified spontaneous emission with low spectral ripple (<20%) is maintained at drive currents below 150 mA. The SLD is fiber coupled and integrated into a fiber-based Michelson interferometer. In the OCT system, the measured coherence envelope yields an axial resolution of approximately 300 µm in air and enables depth-resolved imaging of scattering paint-based coating samples. In contrast to OCT implementations at 2 µm wavelength region that commonly rely on supercontinuum sources, the use of GaSb-based SLDs offers a compact, practical alternative, leveraging the maturity and scalability of electrically driven semiconductor light sources packaged in a standard "butterfly" module. This report represents the first demonstration of TD-OCT imaging at 2 µm using a GaSb-based SLD source and establishes its suitability for compact and scalable mid-IR OCT instrumentation targeting non-biological, low-water-content materials.
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