OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
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200 papers
Role of Intracoronary Imaging in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for In-Stent Restenosis: A Prospective Observational Study.
Nageri Kunnath RD, Varun P, Nagesh S … +3 more , Sivadasanpillai H, Sasidharan B, Abhilash SP
Cardiol Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42326985 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Despite advances in contemporary stent technology and procedural techniques, in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a clinically significant cause of repeat revascularization. Coronary angiography, although the st...
BACKGROUND: Despite advances in contemporary stent technology and procedural techniques, in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a clinically significant cause of repeat revascularization. Coronary angiography, although the standard diagnostic modality, has limited ability to identify the underlying mechanism of ISR. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) may improve mechanism-based decision-making and procedural optimization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intracoronary imaging on ISR mechanism identification and treatment strategy during ISR percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: This prospective observational study included 34 patients with 40 ISR lesions (60 previously implanted stents) undergoing IVUS- or OCT-guided PCI at a tertiary care center. Patients underwent detailed assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, angiographic classification of ISR, and systematic intracoronary imaging analysis. ISR lesions were classified as mechanically driven or tissue-proliferative based on imaging findings. The primary objective was to assess the impact of imaging on lesion preparation and definitive treatment strategy. RESULTS: The mean age was 63 years, and 82.4% were male. Diffuse ISR was present in 57.5% of lesions. Intracoronary imaging identified mechanical and tissue-proliferative ISR in equal proportions (50% each). Mechanical ISR was more frequently associated with earlier presentation and structural complexity, including multisegment involvement and stent overlap zones. Intravascular imaging led to escalation of lesion modification strategies in 50% of lesions. Before imaging, drug-eluting balloon (DEB) therapy was planned in 55% and drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in 15% of cases. Following imaging, DES implantation was performed in 50% of lesions, representing a significant shift in treatment strategy (McNemar test, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Both mechanical and tissue-proliferative mechanisms contributed substantially to ISR. Intracoronary imaging clarified the dominant ISR mechanism, guided lesion preparation, and modified definitive treatment strategy. These findings suggest a mechanism-based role for IVUS/OCT in lesion assessment and procedural planning during ISR PCI. Larger comparative studies with longer follow-up are required to determine whether imaging-guided ISR PCI improves clinical outcomes.
Use of corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments (CAIRS) in high astigmatism, a case report.
Khayat B, Alabbasi OM, Aljohani G
Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep · 2026 Sep · PMID 42326978 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments (CAIRS) were developed as a biologic alternative to synthetic intracorneal ring segments and are primarily reported in the management of keratoconus and corneal ec...
BACKGROUND: Corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments (CAIRS) were developed as a biologic alternative to synthetic intracorneal ring segments and are primarily reported in the management of keratoconus and corneal ectasia. Its role in high corneal astigmatism still limited. CASE REPORT: A 54-year-old male presented with decreased visual acuity in the left eye due to high regular corneal astigmatism. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.8 (decimal scale), with a manifest refraction of: +3.5/9.25 × 109. CAIRS implantation was performed based on the magnitude of astigmatism, and limitations of alternative corrective options. At one year postoperatively, corneal tomography demonstrated a marked reduction in astigmatism with improved corneal regularity. Pachymetry and posterior corneal parameters remained stable, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed appropriate intrastromal segment positioning without complications. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the feasibility of CAIRS implantation in isolated high corneal astigmatism, with stable tomographic outcomes at one year. With careful patient selection, CAIRS may represent a tissue-preserving option in selected cases.
Peripheral nodulocystic corneal degeneration: a case report.
Arino M, Lee M, Chong J … +1 more , Yung M
Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep · 2026 Sep · PMID 42326976 · Full text
PURPOSE: Peripheral nodulocystic corneal degeneration (PNCD) is a rare and poorly understood corneal degeneration. We report a case most consistent with PNCD in a patient with a remote history of conventional laser-assis...
PURPOSE: Peripheral nodulocystic corneal degeneration (PNCD) is a rare and poorly understood corneal degeneration. We report a case most consistent with PNCD in a patient with a remote history of conventional laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and multiple systemic inflammatory conditions. OBSERVATION: A 52-year-old woman with a medical history of multiple systemic arthralgias and an ocular history of bilateral LASIK presented with progressive left eye dryness and discomfort. Ocular examination revealed multiple bullous corneal nodules in both eyes, predominantly in the superior and temporal periphery of the cornea. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) revealed subepithelial cystoid spaces with Bowman's Membrane disruption, and specular microscopy showed mild endothelial cell loss with polymegethism and pleomorphism. The clinical findings were most consistent with peripheral nodulocystic degeneration (PNCD). She declined superficial keratectomy, and her symptoms improved with topical cyclosporine, perfluorohexyloctane, and brimonidine. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: We describe a case of lucent peripheral corneal bullae most consistent with PNCD, of which only one similar case has been previously reported in the literature. PNCD appears to be an indolent, slowly progressive corneal degeneration. This case highlights a unique presentation of corneal degeneration and cause of peripheral corneal bullae. The interplay between corneal degeneration, systemic inflammatory disease, and prior refractive surgery warrants further investigation.
Evaluation of Structural and Functional Outcomes After the Application of an Initial Single Dose of Faricimab.
Ariza-Torrado IP, Groman-Lupa S, Martínez-Córdoba CJ … +1 more , Monje-Tobar P
J Vitreoretin Dis · 2026 Jun · PMID 42326551 · Full text
To evaluate functional and structural outcomes after application of a single intravitreal dose of faricimab in patients with chronic retinal diseases. In this observational, longitudinal, prospective study, best-correct...
To evaluate functional and structural outcomes after application of a single intravitreal dose of faricimab in patients with chronic retinal diseases. In this observational, longitudinal, prospective study, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were evaluated before and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after a single dose of intravitreal faricimab. A total of 49 eyes of 41 patients were included, of which 28 were treatment-naive eyes (had not previously received intravitreal therapy) and 21 were eyes in which a switch from a previous antiangiogenic agent was indicated. The main diagnoses were diabetic macular edema in 63.3% (31 eyes) and age-related macular degeneration in 24.5% (12 eyes). Ten eyes (20.4%) required additional antiangiogenic injections due to worsening or only partial improvement in CMT, whereas ~58% of eyes completing follow-up did not require further treatment and maintained anatomic improvement on optical coherence tomography throughout the study period. At 4 weeks after initial injection, CMT was reduced a mean 117.5 µm. Statistically significant decreases were maintained over 8, 12, and 16 weeks. In treatment-naive eyes, initial mean reduction in CMT was 119.7 µm, with sustained decreases at all time points, while in the treatment-switch group, initial mean reduction in CMT was 114.6 µm, with sustained decreases at weeks 4 and 8, but not at weeks 12 and 16. In the general sample, 53.1% to 61.0% of eyes demonstrated clinically modest improvements in BCVA, equivalent to 1 to 2 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study lines of vision, but visual changes were not statistically significant. Clinically meaningful reductions in CMT were observed and sustained over the 16-week follow-up after a single intravitreal faricimab injection. Notably, a substantial proportion of eyes did not require additional antiangiogenic treatment during follow-up, suggesting that mandatory loading doses may not be universally required to achieve short-term anatomic benefit in selected patients. However, functional gains were modest and did not reach statistical significance, underscoring that anatomic improvement does not necessarily translate into meaningful visual recovery. These findings highlight the importance of individualized dosing strategies in real-world clinical practice and suggest potential implications for reducing treatment burden, costs, and barriers to access in eligible patients.
Stargardt Disease Presenting as Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Case of Monoallelic ABCA4-Associated Retinopathy.
Santiago-Narváez K, Murati Calderon RA, Izquierdo N
Cureus · 2026 May · PMID 42326091 · Full text
Stargardt disease is an inherited retinal disorder caused by mutations in the gene and encompasses a wide range of phenotypes. Variability in age of onset, visual function, and retinal findings can make diagnosis challe...
Stargardt disease is an inherited retinal disorder caused by mutations in the gene and encompasses a wide range of phenotypes. Variability in age of onset, visual function, and retinal findings can make diagnosis challenging. We report a 48-year-old Hispanic female patient with a heterozygous variant, c.5603A>T (p.Asn1868Ile), previously classified as benign. The patient had well-preserved best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 in both eyes and normal color vision testing. Fundus examination revealed optic disc pallor, arteriolar attenuation, and peripheral bone spicule-like pigmentation in both eyes. Fundus autofluorescence demonstrated central hypoautofluorescence with surrounding hyperautofluorescence, suggestive of retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography showed preserved central macular contour with central subfield thickness (CST) of 298 µm in the right eye (OD) and 312 µm in the left eye (OS). Additionally, cubic volume was decreased in the OD at 9.1 mm³ and within normal limits in the OS at 9.6 mm³. Visual field testing demonstrated an annular pattern of visual field loss with significant mean deviation reduction (-17.17 dB in the OD and -16.12 dB in the OS). This adult-onset, RP-like presentation highlights the phenotypic variability of -associated retinopathies and underscores the importance of cautious interpretation of monoallelic variants. The novelty of this case lies not in the mutation itself, but in the distinct clinical phenotype and diagnostic challenge it presents, reinforcing the need for careful genotype-phenotype correlation in inherited retinal disorders.
Intra-coronary imaging and transcriptomics of calcified nodules before and after intensive lipid-lowering therapy: a YELLOW III substudy.
Revaiah PC, Vengrenyuk Y, Liu J … +15 more , Yasumura K, Santosh VK, Karki M, Bansal I, Hooda A, Sweeny JK, Khera S, Kapur V, Krishnan P, Moreno PR, Mehran R, Zhou X, Narula J, Sharma SK, Kini AS
Eur Heart J Imaging Methods Pract · 2026 Jan · PMID 42325865 · Full text
AIMS: Calcified nodules (CNs) contribute to 3-5% of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Identifying peri-calcific lipid-rich areas is challenging with conventional imaging but feasible using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)...
AIMS: Calcified nodules (CNs) contribute to 3-5% of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Identifying peri-calcific lipid-rich areas is challenging with conventional imaging but feasible using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This YELLOW III substudy investigated the impact of maximal lipid-lowering on CN morphology and lipid content over 26 weeks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with stable CAD and lipid-rich, non-obstructive plaques (lipid arc >90°, FCT <120 µm on OCT) received Evolocumab (140 mg biweekly) plus maximally tolerated statins. Lesions were evaluated at baseline and 26 weeks using combined NIRS-IVUS and OCT. Exploratory endpoints were the maximum 4 mm lipid core burden index (LCBI) in segments containing CNs (maxLCBI) and morphological changes in CN. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate temporal changes and group interactions. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptomics were analysed. Among 110 patients, 43 (39.1%) had CNs. A total of 73 paired CNs were analysed for morphology, of which 65 CNs were ≥4 mm. CNs with lipid signal (CN) demonstrated a significant reduction in maxLCBI from 176.8 to 113.3 ( = -63.51 ± 17.63; < 0.001), whereas no change was observed in dense CNs ( = 0.317). Morphological parameters remained largely unchanged in both groups. A modest increase in the surrounding calcium arc was observed in CN ( = 0.018), while depth showed a differential change between groups ( = 0.012). Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated baseline enrichment of neutrophil degranulation pathways in CN patients, which diminished at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Intensive lipid-lowering significantly reduces peri-calcific lipid burden without measurable short-term changes in CN morphology. The clinical implications of LCBI reduction in CNs warrant further investigation. SUMMARY: Calcified nodules (CNs) are high-risk coronary features responsible for a significant portion of acute coronary syndromes, yet their response to intensive medical therapy remains poorly understood. This YELLOW III substudy utilized multi-modality intravascular imaging (NIRS-IVUS and OCT) to investigate the impact of 26 weeks of Evolocumab and maximally tolerated statins on CN morphology. In 43 patients with identified CNs, intensive lipid-lowering therapy led to a significant reduction in the maxLCBI. Morphological parameters of CNs remained largely unchanged except for a modest increase in the surrounding calcium arc. Simultaneously, PBMC transcriptomic analysis revealed a marked attenuation of the neutrophil degranulation pathway, which was highly enriched at baseline. While the therapy successfully reduced the systemic inflammatory profile, a transition towards coagulation-related pathways at follow-up suggests a shift in the residual risk profile. These findings provide a novel mechanistic basis for using PCSK9 inhibitors to stabilize calcium-related high-risk plaques. Collectively, the data demonstrate that aggressive lipid-lowering not only modifies plaque architecture but also shifts the systemic biological environment from an inflammatory to a more stable one.
Convective flow in coalesced droplets under a temperature difference for uniform distribution of microspheres in vertical contact-separation.
Bono S, Okai S, Weiss MW … +2 more , Stoeber B, Konishi S
Soft Matter · 2026 Jun · PMID 42324942 · Publisher ↗
We brought a water droplet and a droplet containing microspheres (MSs) into vertical contact and then investigated the transport of the MSs in the coalesced droplets under a temperature difference. We used optical cohere...
We brought a water droplet and a droplet containing microspheres (MSs) into vertical contact and then investigated the transport of the MSs in the coalesced droplets under a temperature difference. We used optical coherence tomography to obtain the trajectories of the MSs in the coalesced droplets. We also observed a convective flow in the coalesced droplets after increasing the temperature of the lower substrate. Using wetting pattern substrates, we can separate the coalesced droplet under this temperature difference into two droplets and assessed the distribution of the MSs in the top and bottom droplets. The downward flow at the center of coalesced droplets and the upward flow at the liquid-air interface under a temperature difference suggest that the convective flow is driven by the Marangoni effect. The Marangoni convective flow in the coalesced droplet resulted in equally distributed MSs in the two droplets after separation.
Vascular remodeling of macular neovascularization following switch to intravitreal faricimab in neovascular AMD.
Serra R, Français C, Boulet JF … +6 more , Pinna A, Philippakis E, Zambrowski O, Mathis T, Kodjikian L, Coscas F
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42324406 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe qualitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) macular neovascularization (MNV) treated with faricimab. METHODS: This was a retrospectiv...
PURPOSE: To describe qualitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) macular neovascularization (MNV) treated with faricimab. METHODS: This was a retrospective study including 30 eyes with active AMD-related Type 1 MNV, resistant to traditional anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, receiving intravitreal faricimab. Complete ophthalmological evaluation, consisting of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), traditional multimodal imaging, and OCTA scans, was performed at baseline and at the last examination. OCTA high-flow networks corresponding to MNV were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed to assess morphological changes. Furthermore, the correlation between MNV OCTA pattern and presence/absence of exudation signs on spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) was evaluated. RESULTS: On baseline OCTA, 11/30 eyes showed a sea fan pattern, 13/30 a medusa pattern, and the remaining 6/30 an indistinct pattern. At the last follow-up, in 12/30 eyes, the MNV pattern remained unchanged. In these 12 cases, SD-OCT revealed the exudative signs in 11/12 eyes (one with intra-retinal fluid, ten with sub-retinal fluid) at the final evaluation. In the remaining 18/30, MNV pattern changed to a dead tree type with no exudation signs at the last follow-up in 17/18 eyes. The mean interval of intravitreal injection was significantly extended from 4 to 7.2±2.3 weeks (p < 0.0001) with BCVA stabilization. At the last follow-up the dead tree OCTA pattern resulted to be significantly related to the absence of exudation sings (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that the initial MNV pattern frequently moves toward a dead tree pattern after switching from traditional anti-VEGF agents to faricimab therapy.
Association between 24-Hour Blood Pressure and Rates of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Progression in Glaucoma: The Vascular Imaging in Glaucoma Study.
Zhou DB, Jammal AA, Donkor R … +1 more , Greenfield DS
Am J Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323976 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Low systemic blood pressure (BP) has been implicated as a risk factor for glaucoma progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 24-hour BP and rates of retinal nerve fiber la...
PURPOSE: Low systemic blood pressure (BP) has been implicated as a risk factor for glaucoma progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 24-hour BP and rates of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-nine eyes from 42 subjects with glaucoma (mean age, 68.5 ± 7.6 years) enrolled in the Vascular Imaging in Glaucoma Study at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. METHODS: Participants underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) at baseline. Follow-up evaluations were conducted at 4-month intervals and included ophthalmic examination, BP measurement, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). The association between BP and RNFL loss over time was assessed using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, race, baseline RNFL thickness, central corneal thickness, and IOP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effect of baseline 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) on the rate of average RNFL loss over time. RESULTS: Eyes underwent an average of 13 ± 3 OCT exams over 43 ± 10 months of follow-up. The mean rate of RNFL loss was -0.34 ± 0.64 µm/year (median: -0.32; interquartile range: -0.66 to -0.04 µm/year). After adjusting for confounding factors, every 10 mmHg lower in 24-hour minimum MAP, SBP, and DBP was associated with -0.542 µm/year (P < 0.001), -0.360 µm/year (P = 0.003), and -0.458 µm/year (P = 0.008) faster RNFL loss, respectively. Eyes in the lowest quartile of average 24-hour MAP (81-90 mmHg) and minimum 24-hour DBP (35-47 mmHg) experienced significantly faster progression compared to those in the highest quartile, with differences of -0.68 µm/year (P = 0.017) and -0.63 µm/year (P = 0.030), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lower systemic BP, especially minimum MAP, SBP, and DBP measured by 24-hour ABPM, is associated with faster rates of RNFL loss in POAG eyes. 24-hour BP monitoring may help predict glaucoma patients at greater risk of progression.
Accuracy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) undulations (Oscillatory sign) as an optical coherence tomography biomarker of acute RPE tears.
Shettigar MP, Chhablani J, Tyagi M … +2 more , Narula R, Narayanan R
Int J Retina Vitreous · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323663 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) undulations (Oscillatory sign) on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and assess its potential role as a predictive OCT biomarker fo...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) undulations (Oscillatory sign) on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and assess its potential role as a predictive OCT biomarker for RPE tears in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the patients who had RPE tears following nAMD, which were documented by multimodal imaging. All cases were evaluated for RPE undulations on OCT, and the sensitivity and specificity of the Oscillatory sign in eyes with documented RPE tears were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-nine eyes out of 936 eyes with nAMD, which were analyzed, were found to have RPE tears, as documented by colour fundus photographs (CFP) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). OCT images were analyzed for RPE undulations, a sign of oscillatory activity. Thirty-eight eyes of 79 (48.1%) eyes were found to have the oscillatory sign. Oscillatory sign showed a high specificity of 98.95% and sensitivity of 48.10% for an underlying RPE tear. The negative predictive value of the Oscillatory sign was 95.39%, and the positive predictive value of 80.85%. CONCLUSION: The Oscillatory sign of RPE undulations is not sensitive, but it is a highly specific biomarker and can help facilitate the diagnosis of occult RPE tears.
Optical coherence tomography angiography imaging characteristics and clinical significance of the foveal vertical hyperreflective line in patients with macular neovascularisation.
Zhang Y, Gao J, Zhou A … +1 more , Wang J
Eye (Lond) · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323420 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: To investigate the incidence, characteristic manifestations, outcomes of changes, and potential clinical significance of the foveal vertical hyperreflective line (FVHL) on optical coherence tomography angiogr...
BACKGROUND: To investigate the incidence, characteristic manifestations, outcomes of changes, and potential clinical significance of the foveal vertical hyperreflective line (FVHL) on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with macular neovascularisation (MNV). METHODS: This retrospective observational case series was conducted using OCTA images, fundus photographs, best-corrected visual acuity measurements, and other clinical information of the eyes of patients with MNV who were followed up for at least 3 months between January 2024 and October 2025. The incidence of FVHLs, OCTA characteristics, FVHL changes, and prognoses were analysed. RESULTS: Among the 322 eyes of 161 patients with MNV, 14 patients (8.7%) showed FVHLs in 15 eyes. The mean age of the patients was 69.29 ± 12.68 years. Among the eyes with an FVHL, 13 were of patients with age-related macular degeneration-MNV and two were of patients with pathological myopia-MNV. All cases showing FVHLs occurred in the early stages of the disease course (within 1-3 months) and did not disappear during follow-up. Among the cases with FVHLs, 80% showed no obvious changes in the FVHLs and 20% showed weakened reflexes. The eyes that showed FVHL maintenance had a higher interdigitation zone/ellipsoid zone (IZ/EZ) repair rate (91.7%) than those with reflex-weakened FVHLs (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: FVHLs were present in 8.7% of patients with MNV. The eyes that maintained FVHLs exhibited a higher degree of IZ/EZ restoration than the eyes with reflex-weakened FVHLs. This OCTA finding may provide a foundation for assessing the recovery responses of retinal photoreceptors and Müller cells.
Ciliary muscle thickness and intraocular pressure before and after latanoprost.
Slywka E, Kao CY, Bailey MD
Optom Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323204 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that a larger, latanoprost-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is associated with a thicker ciliary muscle. METHODS: Participants (N = 31) were healthy with the following details:...
PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that a larger, latanoprost-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is associated with a thicker ciliary muscle. METHODS: Participants (N = 31) were healthy with the following details: mean ± SD age 24.8 ± 3.3 years. The ciliary muscle was imaged with anterior segment optical coherence tomography and Goldmann IOP was measured at baseline and 12-18 h after latanoprost instillation. Linear regression models of baseline IOP and IOP reduction as predicted by baseline ciliary muscle thickness were performed. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated for model predictor variables. RESULTS: The mean ± SD latanoprost-induced IOP reduction was -2.6 ± 2.1 mmHg (t = -7.1, p < 0.0001). A larger reduction in IOP was significantly associated with thicker baseline maximum ciliary muscle thickness (CMTMAX) after controlling for age and baseline IOP (R = 0.37; CMTMAX: -0.02, p = 0.01; age: 0.23, p = 0.08; baseline IOP: -0.39, p = 0.003), and was also significantly associated with thicker baseline ciliary muscle thickness 1 mm posterior to the scleral spur (CMT1) after controlling for age and baseline IOP (R = 0.44; CMT1: -0.02, p = 0.002; age: 0.22, p = 0.06; baseline IOP: -0.43, p = 0.0008). Partial correlation coefficients between IOP reduction and baseline CMTMAX or CMT1 were -0.47 and -0.56, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Thicker baseline CMTMAX/CMT1 was associated with larger latanoprost-induced IOP reductions and lower baseline IOP. Future studies should determine the clinical usefulness of ciliary muscle dimensions as a predictor of the response to latanoprost in glaucoma patients.
Multimodal evaluation of 525 nm laser-induced retinal injury in rabbits: structural, functional and cytokine analyses.
Guo L, Chen K, Li G … +6 more , Zeng J, Fan Z, Li C, Zou Y, Xu J, Zhang J
Lasers Med Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42322456 · Full text
This study aimed to systematically study the characterize of retinal damage induced by 525 nm laser irradiation at different power densities through multimodal assessment methods, including structural, functional and cyt...
This study aimed to systematically study the characterize of retinal damage induced by 525 nm laser irradiation at different power densities through multimodal assessment methods, including structural, functional and cytokine analyses. A total of 24 rabbits were exposed to laser irradiation at 0.5, 200, 500, and 1000 mW/cm with a single-eye exposure duration of 0.25 s. Multimodal evaluations including ERG, OCT/OCTA, histopathology and aqueous humor cytokine microarray analysis were used to evaluate the characteristics of laser-induced injury in rabbit eyes. No visible functional or pathological damage was observed after low-power laser radiation (0.5 mW/cm). Laser irradiation exceeding 200 mW/cm induced transient electroretinographic suppression and persistent laser spots in the fundus. Laser-induced retinal edema and hemorrhage were naturally absorbed within 7 days after injury, and cellular damage and structural changes persisted in the form of old plaques (14d). Notably, 1000 mW/cm laser exposure caused severe retinal detachment (1d), ultimately leading to a retinal hole (14d). There was no significant difference in the inflammatory array clustering analysis of anterior aqueous humor, but several individual cytokines showed statistically significant differences: ANG-1 was upregulated (500 and 1000 mW/cm, p < 0.01) while VEGF-A was downregulated (500 mW/cm, p < 0.05); MIP-1β was significantly increased (200 mW/cm, p < 0.05), whereas IL-1RA was decreased (500 mW/cm, p < 0.05). The 525 nm laser induced dose-dependent retinal injury, ranging from reversible functional inhibition to irreversible structural damage, and triggered the expression of cytokines related to vascular stability and inflammation regulation.
Choroidal imaging features of KIF11-associated retinopathy: expanding the ocular phenotype.
Farrell LC, Muste JC, Hudlikar A … +4 more , Song XYR, Keane PA, Agrawal R, Pulido JS
Int J Retina Vitreous · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321871 · Full text
BACKGROUND: To characterize foveal architecture and choroidal morphology in KIF11-associated retinopathy using multimodal imaging, and to assess for pachychoroid-like features using quantitative choroidal thickness (CT)...
BACKGROUND: To characterize foveal architecture and choroidal morphology in KIF11-associated retinopathy using multimodal imaging, and to assess for pachychoroid-like features using quantitative choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI). METHODS: In this retrospective case series, multimodal imaging from two patients (four eyes) with genetically confirmed KIF11-associated retinopathy was analyzed. En-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the macular and inferior peripheral retina were spatially aligned to widefield fundus images to enable fovea-centered spatial mapping. The choroid was segmented and binarized on OCT B-scans to derive quantitative macular CT and CVI measurements, and CT measurements in the mid-peripheral and peripheral retina. Pixel-based measurements were converted to microns using image-scale calibration. Measurements from both eyes were compared with a healthy control. RESULTS: Both KIF11 patients demonstrated bilateral fovea plana, inferior chorioretinal dysplasia, and inferotemporal vascular dragging. Sub-macular CT showed altered spatial patterning relative to a reference control, with lower overall thickness and increased inter-eye variability. In control eyes, CT demonstrated fovea-centered distribution, whereas patient eyes showed disrupted spatial organization, most pronounced in P1 (OD: R² = 0.41; OS: R² = 0.52). Sub-macular CVI ranged from 58 to 65% and demonstrated increased variability in spatial patterning, with reduced quadratic model fit in KIF11 patient eyes (P1 OS: R² = 0.09). Inferior retinal regions showed diffusely increased CT, with focal maximal thickening immediately temporal to chorioretinal dysplasia, forming a sharp, reproducible transition zone. Beyond this, CT progressively decreased with increasing temporal distance from the atrophic border. The ratio of CT at the transition point relative to distal temporal measurements consistently exceeded 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: KIF11-associated retinopathy may demonstrate regional pachychoroid-like choroidal phenotype with spatially patterned dysplasia, most pronounced adjacent to areas of chorioretinal atrophy. These preliminary findings may implicate choroidal structural and vascular abnormalities as potential contributors to disease pathogenesis and expand the recognized ocular phenotype of KIF11-related retinal disease. Given the exploratory nature and limited sample size of this study, further studies, on a larger sample size, are warranted to further characterize choroidal morphology in KIF11-associated retinopathy. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
En face OCT in branch retinal artery occlusion: quantitative assessment of epiretinal macrophage-like cells and optical intensity ratio.
Zeng Y, Chen X, Zhou Y … +5 more , Chen W, Chen X, Zhu Y, Wen F, Yang R
BMC Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321678 · Full text
PURPOSE: In branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), the regional distribution of epiretinal macrophage-like cells (eMLC) and the objective assessment of ischemic tissue alterations using en face optical coherence tomogra...
PURPOSE: In branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), the regional distribution of epiretinal macrophage-like cells (eMLC) and the objective assessment of ischemic tissue alterations using en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) have not been characterized. This study aimed to quantify eMLC and the optical intensity ratio (OIR) on en face OCT in acute BRAO. METHODS: This retrospective study included 17 patients with unilateral acute BRAO. En face OCT was acquired using a 3 × 3 mm scan pattern centered on the fovea. Structural en face images from a 3-µm slab above the inner limiting membrane were used to identify and quantify eMLC, while slabs at the retinal nerve fiber layer, superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were used to measure optical intensity and calculate OIR. eMLC density and OIR were compared between affected and unaffected regions. RESULTS: eMLC density was significantly higher in BRAO eyes than in contralateral eyes across all regions, including the global macula, the affected region and the unaffected region (all p ≤ 0.001). Further analysis showed that eMLC density was higher in the affected region than in the unaffected region (p = 0.015). Global SCP OIR in BRAO eyes was comparable to contralateral eyes (p = 0.113), but global DCP OIR was lower (p = 0.001). OIR in the affected region was higher than in the unaffected region for both SCP and DCP (both p < 0.001). Compared with contralateral eyes, DCP OIR was higher in the affected region (p = 0.013) but lower in the unaffected region (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: En face OCT enables simultaneous assessment of cellular and ischemic changes in acute BRAO, revealing presumed eMLC aggregation in the affected region and a paradoxical OIR pattern. This technique offers a noninvasive platform for evaluating ischemic neuroinflammation, though the OIR findings warrant further investigation.
Unilateral vision loss as the initial symptom of chronic myeloid leukemia with bilateral retinal infiltration: a case report.
Chen W, Qin B
BMC Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321675 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ophthalmic manifestations as the initial presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: This case describes a 38-year-old man who presented with unilateral severe vision loss alon...
BACKGROUND: Ophthalmic manifestations as the initial presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: This case describes a 38-year-old man who presented with unilateral severe vision loss alongside bilateral ocular findings, including intraretinal hemorrhages, vascular tortuosity, cotton wool spots, and optic disc edema. Ophthalmic imaging, particularly optical coherence tomography (OCT), revealed bilateral retinal involvement, which was more severe in the left eye despite worse vision in the right eye. Systemic evaluation revealed critical hyperleukocytosis, splenomegaly, and Philadelphia chromosome positivity, confirming CML. The subsequent MRI during remission showed no abnormality. Treatment with hydroxyurea and nilotinib rapidly normalized white blood cell counts and reached major molecular response (MMR) along with complete visual recovery and normal retina and optic nerve. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of recognizing ocular signs as potential indicators of life-threatening systemic diseases such as CML, warranting prompt diagnosis and intervention. Ocular signs not only help to confirm the primary diagnosis, but also may serve as a useful adjunctive marker for monitoring treatment response.
Cortico-retinal decoupling in anisometropic amblyopia: OCTA-VEP multimodal biomarkers reveal neurovascular mismatch patterns.
Meng X, Wang Q, Zhang Y
BMC Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321674 · Full text
BACKGROUND: To investigate the retinal microcirculation changes in children with anisometropic amblyopia through multimodal assessment and explore its correlation with neurophysiological dysfunction. METHODS: This prospe...
BACKGROUND: To investigate the retinal microcirculation changes in children with anisometropic amblyopia through multimodal assessment and explore its correlation with neurophysiological dysfunction. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study recruited 68 treatment-naïve children (aged 4-14 years) with primary monocular anisometropic amblyopia. The fellow healthy eye served as the control. Macular microvascular parameters, including foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and superficial capillary plexus (SCP) perfusion density, were quantified using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Pattern visual evoked potentials (P-VEP) assessed P100 latency and amplitude. Central macular thickness (CMT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. Correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in amblyopic eyes. RESULTS: Compared to fellow eyes, amblyopic eyes exhibited significant microcirculatory impairment: reduced SCP perfusion density (central: 0.27 vs. 0.29, P < 0.001; full: 0.44 vs. 0.46, P < 0.05), enlarged FAZ area (0.30 vs. 0.26 mm², P = 0.035), and increased CMT (141.00 vs. 131.50 μm, P < 0.05) and RNFL thickness (113.00 vs. 110.00 μm, P < 0.001). P-VEP revealed prolonged P100 latency (119.0 vs. 109.5 ms, P < 0.001) and decreased amplitude (12.8 vs. 19.25 µV, P < 0.001). SCP perfusion density correlated negatively with P100 latency (ρ=-0.341, P = 0.004), and SCP vessel density correlated negatively with CMT (ρ=-0.363, P = 0.002) and FAZ area (ρ=-0.424, P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis (adjusted R²=0.625, P < 0.001) identified RNFL thickness (β = -0.546, P < 0.001) as a significant negative predictor of BCVA (logMAR), while SCP full perfusion density (β = 0.375, P < 0.001) and axial length (β = 0.237, P = 0.007) were significant positive predictors. CONCLUSION: Anisometropic amblyopia is marked by a neurovascular mismatch, manifested through simultaneous retinal hypoperfusion, paradoxical thickening of structures, and delayed neural conduction. The combined OCTA-P-VEP assessment provides a comprehensive biomarker framework. RNFL thickness, SCP perfusion density, and axial length emerge as key independent predictors of visual acuity, suggesting complex interplays between structure, perfusion, and function.
Congenital grouped albinotic spots of the retinal pigment epithelium-a case report.
Ratra D, Damle D
Doc Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321571 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of congenital grouped albinotic spots (CGAS) and to explore their functional implications using full-field electroretinography (ERG). METHODS: Two...
PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of congenital grouped albinotic spots (CGAS) and to explore their functional implications using full-field electroretinography (ERG). METHODS: Two patients with incidentally detected CGAS underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, dilated fundus evaluation, swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, and full-field ERG. Longitudinal follow-up was available for one case over 7 years. Clinical and imaging findings were qualitatively compared with previously reported CGAS features and with differential diagnoses of flecked retina disorders. RESULTS: Both patients demonstrated numerous, bilaterally symmetrical, flat hypopigmented lesions that were small and round at the posterior pole, sparing the fovea and larger, linear, and radially oriented in the periphery. FAF showed striking hyperautofluorescence corresponding to the hypopigmented patches. SSOCT in both cases showed preserved foveal contour, normal retinal architecture, and intact RPE-photoreceptor complex. Visual acuity was 20/20 in both patients at last examination, after refractive correction. ERG responses were largely within normal reference limits, although each case exhibited minimally reduced photopic responses. CONCLUSIONS: CGAS represents a benign, nonprogressive RPE abnormality with characteristic peripheral hypopigmented spots that are paradoxically hyperautofluorescent on FAF and associated with preserved retinal structure and good visual function. FAF and OCT are valuable, non-invasive tools for confirming the diagnosis, delineating lesion extent, and distinguishing CGAS from inherited flecked-retina dystrophies. Additional case series and genetic studies are warranted to clarify underlying mechanisms and potential associations.
Retinal Microvascular Signatures as Early Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk: Integrating Pathophysiology, Molecular Insights, and Artificial Intelligence.
Bc A, Rao SN, M M … +1 more , V VA
Am J Cardiol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42320613 · Publisher ↗
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a significant public health burden and public health emergency in the world, underscoring the importance of early and easily accessible cardiovascular risk prediction strateg...
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a significant public health burden and public health emergency in the world, underscoring the importance of early and easily accessible cardiovascular risk prediction strategies. While systemic clinical and biochemical markers have been the mainstay of traditional risk assessment models, there is growing evidence that microvascular dysfunction is an early marker of vascular injury that is present prior to the onset of overt cardiovascular disease. The retinal microvasculature offers a unique non-invasive window into systemic vascular health, given its structural and physiological similarities with the coronary and cerebral circulation. Microvascular retinal changes such as changes in vascular caliber, tortuosity, branching and patterns of perfusion, are associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, coronary artery disease and heart failure. Advanced retinal imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) also allow to analyse the architecture of retinal vessels and microcirculatory function in detail. In addition, emerging molecular evidence shows shared pathways of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, that link retinal vascular remodeling to cardiovascular pathology. Over the past few years, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) has dramatically increased the capability of retinal imaging for translation, leading to automated acquisition of high dimensional vascular features and prediction of cardiovascular risk from retinal photographs. Retinal imaging biomarkers could complement clinical and molecular parameters to enhance risk stratification for cardiovascular disease in an individual basis. Overall, retinal microvascular phenotyping is a promising tool for early cardiovascular risk assessment, scalable, and non-invasive, and could play a role in future precision cardiology and preventive cardiovascular care strategies.
Evaluation of retinochoroidal changes after implantable collamer lens implantation: insights from UWF-SS-OCTA and AI-based 3D modeling.
Wang X, Wang J, Song D … +2 more , Wumaier A, Han W
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42319431 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term changes in retinochoroidal structure and perfusion status in highly myopic eyes following ICL V4c implantation, using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiograp...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term changes in retinochoroidal structure and perfusion status in highly myopic eyes following ICL V4c implantation, using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA) combined with a three-dimensional modelling algorithm. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Sixty-six highly myopic patients (132 eyes) underwent ICL V4c implantation surgery and completed one year of follow-up. METHODS: Retinal and choroidal parameters, including retinal thickness (RT), capillary plexus density, foveal avascular zone (FAZ), retinal curvature, choroidal thickness (CT), and three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index (3D-CVI), were measured preoperatively and at multiple postoperative time points using UWF-SS-OCTA integrated with advanced 3D analytic techniques. Repeated measures mixed-effects models were applied to compare the pre- and postoperative parameters and test the correlations between parameters. RESULTS: The surgical outcomes are satisfactory with a stable safety profile and no major complications. RT and retinal vascular density exhibited transient changes in one month postoperatively, and gradually recovered (p < 0.05). Choroidal parameters, including CT and 3D-CVI, demonstrated a progressive and sustained postoperative increase across the 1-year follow-up, with the most pronounced changes observed in the foveal and perifoveal zones (p < 0.001). Factors of surgical duration and axial length showed significant correlation to the retinochoroidal responses (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our analysis based on UWF-SS-OCTA demonstrated that ICL implantation can cause the recoverable changes of retinal structure and perfusion status, and the sustained remodeling of choroidal vascular conditions one year postoperatively in high myopia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2500108664, registered at the Chinese Medical Research Registry.
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