OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
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200 papers
Clinical efficacy of intrastromal voriconazole injection in fungal keratitis involving different corneal stromal depths.
Huang H, Mo C, Zhou Z … +15 more , Jiang L, Chen G, Li Y, Chen B, Li Y, Tang F, Shen C, Lv M, Su N, Li F, Cui L, Xu F, Chen Q, Zhong H, Lan Q
BMC Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42304296 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intrastromal injection of 0.5% (5 mg/mL) voriconazole in fungal keratitis (FK) involving different corneal stromal depths. METHODS: This was a non-randomized, retrospective s...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intrastromal injection of 0.5% (5 mg/mL) voriconazole in fungal keratitis (FK) involving different corneal stromal depths. METHODS: This was a non-randomized, retrospective study based on patient treatment preferences. A total of 53 patients (53 eyes) with confirmed fungal keratitis treated between March 2021 and December 2023 were enrolled. Based on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) findings, lesions were stratified by depth into superficial stromal involvement (Group A, n = 29) and deep stromal involvement (Group B, n = 24). Each group was further subdivided according to treatment modality: non-injection group (conventional antifungal therapy) (subgroups A1 and B1) versus injection group (conventional antifungal therapy combined with intrastromal voriconazole injection) (subgroups A2 and B2). The following clinical parameters were compared among the four subgroups: reduction ratio of corneal epithelial staining area at 7 days post-treatment initiation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal epithelial healing time, clinical cure time, and final clinical outcomes. RESULTS: All groups demonstrated significant reduction in ulcer area after 7 days of treatment (P < 0.05). In superficial stromal fungal keratitis, ulcer improvement rates were comparable between groups A1 (37.19%) and A2 (36.11%) (P = 0.838). In deep stromal fungal keratitis, group B2 (41.30%) showed significantly greater improvement compared to B1 (14.95%) (P < 0.0001). Final BCVA improved significantly in all groups, with no significant intergroup differences. Epithelial healing time and clinical cure time showed no significant differences across groups. The overall clinical cure rate was 98.1%, achieved through the non-injection group in 79.2% of cases and the injection group in 18.9% of cases. Treatment failure occurred in one case (1.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Intrastromal voriconazole injection provides no additional benefit for superficial stromal fungal keratitis compared with conventional topical therapy and is therefore not recommended as routine treatment given its invasive nature. For deep stromal fungal keratitis, intrastromal injection demonstrates superior early lesion control but does not reduce overall disease duration or improve final visual outcomes. Further large-scale prospective studies are warranted to establish its optimal indications and clinical value.
Triangle-like lumen in fibrosing mediastinitis-induced pulmonary vein stenosis: a case report.
Zhou C, Li B, Wang Y … +7 more , Yang Z, Li J, Wang X, Wu P, Zhang S, Zeng J, Li X
BMC Cardiovasc Disord · 2026 Jun · PMID 42304265 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare chronic fibrotic disease of the mediastinum, characterized by diffuse fibrous tissue proliferation in the mediastinal space that can compress adjacent pulmonary vessels...
BACKGROUND: Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) is a rare chronic fibrotic disease of the mediastinum, characterized by diffuse fibrous tissue proliferation in the mediastinal space that can compress adjacent pulmonary vessels bilaterally. This fibrous proliferation is the core pathological basis for simultaneous stenosis of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and pulmonary veins (PVs) in affected patients, with adhesion as a secondary pathological manifestation of FM rather than the primary cause of vascular stenosis. Fibrous tissue proliferation compresses the pulmonary veins, causing stenosis, obstructing pulmonary circulation reflux, leading to pulmonary congestion and pulmonary hypertension, with symptoms such as dyspnea and hemoptysis. Diagnosis relies on contrast-enhanced chest CT and pulmonary angiography, and multimodal endovascular imaging including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide refined morphological details of stenotic lesions. CASE PRESENTATION: IVUS and OCT revealed a rare triangle-like lumen in FM-induced PV stenosis, a specific imaging feature that supplements the morphological data of FM-related PV stenosis and provides a new intravascular evaluation reference for such rare lesions. The combined use of IVUS and OCT helps differentiate extrinsic compression from intrinsic vascular pathology, which is critical for treatment selection. Treatment is mainly based on drugs to inhibit fibrosis, interventional procedures or surgery to relieve obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that a triangle-like lumen on intravascular imaging may represent a useful clue to FM-induced pulmonary vein stenosis. However, this is a single observation; the specificity of the triangle-like lumen for FM remains unknown. Combined IVUS and OCT is resource-intensive and not routinely recommended. We report this morphology solely as a potential diagnostic clue when clinical suspicion of FM exists.
Multi-omic analysis of deep learning-derived phenotypes links ophthalmic imaging to cardiovascular and neurological traits.
Julian TH, Dou H, Duan J … +15 more , Huang J, Yoo E, Green DJ, Strange A, Alhathli E, Sperrin M, Keane PA, Chew EY, Keavney B, Fitzgerald TW, Cooper-Knock J, Birney E, Frangi AF, Sergouniotis PI, UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium
Nat Cardiovasc Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42304076 · Full text
The eye is a recognized source of biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease risk. Here we characterize the breadth of these associations and identify biological axes that may mediate them. Using UK Biob...
The eye is a recognized source of biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease risk. Here we characterize the breadth of these associations and identify biological axes that may mediate them. Using UK Biobank data, we developed a multi-omic analysis pipeline integrating physiological, radiomic, metabolomic and genomic information. We trained retinal adversarial autoencoders to represent optical coherence tomography images and color fundus photographs as 256-dimensional embeddings. Retinal adversarial autoencoder-derived embeddings were associated with a range of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. Examining associations across diverse omics datasets, we provide evidence linking ophthalmic imaging features to neurological and cardiovascular anatomy and function, lipid metabolism and gene sets associated with neurodegenerative pathology. Collectively, our findings show that ophthalmic features reflect complex, multisystem biological processes and reinforce the role of the eye as a composite indicator of systemic health.
Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness is Independently Associated with Axial Length and Myopia in Preschool Children: A Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study.
Xie X, Wang X, Wen S … +3 more , Tian L, Li H, Zhu B
Ophthalmol Ther · 2026 Jul · PMID 42303891 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: The current study assessed subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in Chinese preschool children using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and evaluated its associations with age, sex, axial length...
INTRODUCTION: The current study assessed subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in Chinese preschool children using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and evaluated its associations with age, sex, axial length, refractive status, family history of myopia, and corneal curvature. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, 303 eyes of 303 preschool children with no ocular diseases underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including cycloplegic refraction. SFCT was measured using swept-source OCT. Factors affecting changes in SFCT were analyzed using a general linear model. RESULTS: The mean SFCT was 326.33 ± 43.01 μm (range 198.67-438.33 μm) in children aged 3-6 years. The myopic group had significantly thinner SFCT than the emmetropic group (305.66 ± 41.18 μm vs. 347.41 ± 33.68 μm; p < 0.05). After adjusting for covariates, SFCT remained significantly lower in the myopic group (317.23 μm vs. 338.42 μm; mean difference: 21.19 μm, 95% confidence interval 7.09-35.28 μm). Myopia significantly affected SFCT (F = 8.75, p = 0.003, η = 0.029). SFCT was positively correlated with spherical equivalent refraction (β = 6.47, p = 0.036) and negatively associated with axial length, particularly in the myopic group (β = - 10.29, p = 0.023). There were no significant differences in SFCT associated with age group, sex, or family history of myopia (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In preschool children, myopia is associated with significantly thinner SFCT, which is independently influenced by spherical equivalent refraction and axial length, but not by age, sex, or family history of myopia. These findings suggest that SFCT may serve as a responsive indicator of early myopic changes in preschoolers, though longitudinal studies are needed to determine its temporal relationship with axial elongation.
Exploring the relationship between retinal damage and cognition in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional OCT-MRI study.
Borgo RM, Altieri M, De Rosa AP … +6 more , Capuano R, Bisecco A, Esposito F, Tessitore A, d'Ambrosio A, Gallo A
Neurol Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303784 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), closely linked to brain neurodegeneration (e.g., brain atrophy). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) may offer a rapid an...
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), closely linked to brain neurodegeneration (e.g., brain atrophy). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) may offer a rapid and cost-effective method to evaluate neurodegeneration and its relationship with CI in MS. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between cognitive performance, retinal layer thickness, and brain volumetric measures in people with MS (pwMS), focusing on the relative contribution of individual retinal layers. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 100 pwMS underwent: neurological and neuropsychological evaluation; brain 3T-MRI scan to compute brain volumes; spectral-domain OCT to assess peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and combined ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. Correlation, t-tests, and regression analyses were performed to explore the abovementioned associations. RESULTS: Thinner retinal layers were associated with reduced brain volumes and lower cognitive performance. Among OCT-derived measures, GCL thickness showed the strongest association with both global cognitive Z-scores and domain-specific Z-scores for processing speed and executive functions. GCL also emerged as the only retinal predictor in regression models of cognitive outcomes. Classifying pwMS based on cognitive performance, cognitive impaired pwMS showed significantly lower GCL and pRNFL thickness compared to cognitive preserved pwMS. CONCLUSION: OCT-derived metrics of retinal damage linked to brain atrophy and CI in pwMS. Among retinal layers, GCL thickness is associated with both domain-specific and global cognitive performance and may potentially outperform GCIPL as an OCT-based marker of neurodegeneration, although findings should be interpreted with caution.
Progressive inferior keratoconus in a patient misdiagnosed as pellucid marginal corneal degeneration.
Sonar R, Deshmukh R
BMJ Case Rep · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303436 · Publisher ↗
A patient in their early 40s presented with a bilateral gradual painless decrease in vision. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40p OD and 20/20 OS. Tomography using Pentacam (OCULUS) demonstrated a bilateral cla...
A patient in their early 40s presented with a bilateral gradual painless decrease in vision. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40p OD and 20/20 OS. Tomography using Pentacam (OCULUS) demonstrated a bilateral claw-like appearance on keratometry maps with inferior peripheral thinning, suggestive of pellucid marginal corneal degeneration (PMCD). Given the patient's age is more typical for PMCD and the crab-claw pattern, a diagnosis of PMCD was made. Vision and tomography were stable over 2 years. At year 3, OD developed Vogt's striae and Fleischer's ring with tomography showing increased inferior steepening and loss of the characteristic vertical 'flat' band between inferior lobes; BCVA was 20/50 OD and 20/20p in OS. The diagnosis was revised to inferior keratoconus (KC) OD and epithelium-off collagen cross-linking (CXL). Progressive inferior KC can present in the fifth decade of life, and a case of early inferior KC at this age is likely to get misdiagnosed as PMCD due to the crab-claw appearance.
Three-year retinal and visual outcomes after ultraviolet- and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses.
Ceylan FA, Tatar Kartaloğlu O, Yılmaz İE
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303299 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraocular lens selection following cataract surgery has implications beyond refractive correction, with different lens chromophore compositions potentially affecting retinal light exposure and downs...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraocular lens selection following cataract surgery has implications beyond refractive correction, with different lens chromophore compositions potentially affecting retinal light exposure and downstream visual and circadian outcomes. Understanding the long-term retinal and functional consequences of ultraviolet versus blue light filtration is of clinical importance for evidence-based intraocular lens counselling. BACKGROUND: Blue light-filtering intraocular lenses have been proposed to reduce photochemical retinal damage, but their effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function remain uncertain. METHODS: This retrospective study included 127 eyes of 85 patients who underwent phacoemulsification between January 2020 and December 2021. Group 1 ( = 76) received blue light-filtering intraocular lenses and Group 2 ( = 51) received ultraviolet-filtering intraocular lenses. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 34.8 ± 4.4 months. The self-reported visual function questionnaire was administered once at the time of imaging data collection. Primary outcomes included central macular thickness and thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer. Secondary outcomes included retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, choroidal vascularity index and self-reported visual function outcomes. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between groups in demographics or baseline parameters. Preoperative and postoperative central macular thickness values were similar between groups, with no significant postoperative change. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, quadrant measurements, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell complex thickness were comparable preoperatively and postoperatively. Retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, subfoveal choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index were also similar and remained stable. No retinal pathology developed. Self-reported visual function questionnaire results showed no significant differences in low-light vision, night vision, sleep pattern, daytime alertness or colour vividness. CONCLUSION: Ultraviolet-filtering and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses showed similar effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function over approximately three years. Both lens types appeared safe regarding retinal structural integrity, and intraocular lens selection may therefore be guided by patient-specific factors.
The role of TRPV1 in corneal wound healing under a thyroxine-induced TAO-like condition.
Weng TH, Lin TY, Chang YM … +7 more , Hsu CC, Lai YF, Ke CC, Chen YH, Tai MC, Chen JT, Chien KH
Exp Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303044 · Publisher ↗
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune orbital disorder associated with proptosis, ocular surface exposure, and corneal complications that may impair corneal repair. Transient receptor potential vanillo...
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune orbital disorder associated with proptosis, ocular surface exposure, and corneal complications that may impair corneal repair. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a calcium-permeable stress sensor involved in epithelial repair, inflammation, and stromal remodeling; however, its role in corneal wound healing under TAO-like ocular surface conditions remains unclear. In this study, a thyroxine (T4)-induced TAO-like condition was established in rats, followed by standardized alkali corneal injury to evaluate healing responses under this condition. Rats received topical H89 (20 μM), a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, or saline for 17 days. Corneal healing was evaluated by fluorescein staining, anterior-segment optical coherence tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry for p-PKA, TRPV1, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-CREB, MPO, and α-SMA, and quantitative PCR for IL-1β and TRPV1. Rats with the TAO-like condition exhibited marked exophthalmos and showed delayed epithelial closure with increased corneal opacity and edema after injury. TRPV1 expression was increased in the basal epithelium and stroma, accompanied by enhanced MPO and α-SMA expression. Topical H89 was associated with improved epithelial healing, reduced inflammation and fibrosis, and lower IL-1β and TRPV1 mRNA expression. These changes were accompanied by altered expression of PKA/TRPV1-related signaling molecules. Collectively, these findings suggest that TRPV1-associated signaling is involved in inflammatory and fibrotic responses during corneal wound healing under TAO-like ocular surface conditions, and that pharmacologic modulation with H89 may help improve corneal repair in this setting.
Retinal biomarkers for visual prognosis in pituitary surgery: a narrative review.
Hr D, Singh AK, Singh A … +3 more , Shah SK, Indurkar A, Patel BK
Pituitary · 2026 Jun · PMID 42301499 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pituitary macroadenomas frequently cause visual impairment through compression of the optic chiasm, and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery remains the standard of care for achieving decompression. Despite fav...
BACKGROUND: Pituitary macroadenomas frequently cause visual impairment through compression of the optic chiasm, and endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery remains the standard of care for achieving decompression. Despite favorable surgical outcomes in many patients, visual recovery following chiasmal decompression is heterogeneous and difficult to predict using conventional visual field testing alone. Over the past two decades, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a noninvasive retinal imaging modality capable of quantifying structural changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) with micrometer-level resolution. A growing body of evidence suggests that preoperative RNFL thinning and GCC loss reflect irreversible axonal degeneration from chronic chiasmal compression and that these measurements carry prognostic value for postoperative visual outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the current evidence linking preoperative retinal OCT parameters to visual recovery following transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. METHODS: This narrative review evaluates published studies investigating the association between preoperative OCT-derived retinal structural measurements and postoperative visual outcomes in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenomas. RESULTS: The available evidence suggests that preoperative RNFL and GCC measurements may serve as useful biomarkers of irreversible optic pathway injury and predictors of postoperative visual recovery. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the pathophysiological rationale, summarize key clinical studies, consider the limitations of existing evidence, and outline the clinical implications for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates neurosurgical and ophthalmic expertise in preoperative assessment.
Optic Disc Drusen Is Frequently Not Reported on Computed Tomography Scans Performed for Other Reasons.
KamaliZonouzi S, Micieli JA
J Neuroophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42301253 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Optic disc drusen (ODD), which can mimic papilledema and pose a diagnostic challenge to ophthalmologists, can be effectively detected using computed tomography (CT). In this retrospective study, we investigat...
BACKGROUND: Optic disc drusen (ODD), which can mimic papilledema and pose a diagnostic challenge to ophthalmologists, can be effectively detected using computed tomography (CT). In this retrospective study, we investigated how often radiologists report the presence of drusen on CT scans when the indication may not have been ODD. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with ODD with previous brain CT scan performed for various unrelated reasons. The inclusion criteria included patients with fundus autofluorescence, or optical coherence tomography-enhanced depth imaging-proven ODD who already had CT scan done for any reason. RESULTS: Twenty-five CT scan reports from 23 patients (43 eyes; 17 women, 6 men) were included, with a mean age of 37.0 ± 19.2 years (range, 10-74). ODD were bilateral in 20 patients (87.0%) and unilateral in 3 (13.0%). Five CT scans were performed with contrast (20.0%) and 20 without contrast (80.0%). ODD were explicitly mentioned in only 8 of 25 reports (32.0%), despite being present in all patients. It was mentioned in all 5 scans performed for unrelated neuro-ophthalmic indications. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ODD were underreported on CT scans, with only 32% of reports explicitly mentioning their presence. This has implications for radiologists, who should be aware of the importance of ODD to ophthalmologists, who may look back at previous CT scans. Ophthalmologists should be aware that the absence of an ODD mention in a CT report does not indicate the absence of ODD on the imaging.
Microplastics and Nanoplastics and Optical Coherence Tomography-Defined Plaque Instability in Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Yang Y, Cui H, Wang L … +9 more , Du Z, Yang Y, Liu S, Zhang M, Li C, Li W, Yang X, Luo W, Gao H
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging · 2026 May · PMID 42301173 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
MMP9 Genotype and Systemic T-Cell Subsets Correlate With Structural and Functional Outcomes in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Martinez TL, Zacharias ZR, Lee K … +24 more , Han IC, Jiao C, Bach BB, Roos B, Chava S, McCormick MM, Sinkey C, Wu AP, Mukhopadhyay C, Coussa RG, Russell J, Binkley EM, Boldt HC, Folk JC, Russell SR, Mullins RF, Fingert JH, Wang K, Abramoff MD, Stone EM, Scheetz TE, Houtman JCD, Sonka M, Sohn EH
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42300675 · Full text
PURPOSE: Genetic studies implicate the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) locus in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) risk but genotype-phenotype associations of MMP9 with nvAMD are lacking. This study a...
PURPOSE: Genetic studies implicate the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) locus in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) risk but genotype-phenotype associations of MMP9 with nvAMD are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the influence of MMP9 genotype and T-cell subset frequency on structural and functional treatment outcomes in nvAMD. METHODS: We reanalyzed single-cell RNA sequencing data and used ELISA and flow cytometry in THP-1-derived monocytes to measure immune cell expression of MMP9 within human choroids. In a clinical nvAMD cohort of 38 patients, we genotyped the nvAMD risk single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs4810482) and quantified retinal fluid using deep-learning-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis. On a subset of nine patients, we performed high-dimensional immunophenotyping. RESULTS: MMP9 is predominantly expressed in mature THP-1-derived dendritic-like cells (ELISA, P = 0.009; flow cytometry, P = 0.001). Patients with the TC genotype of MMP9 exhibited greater disease severity compared to CC or TT genotypes with a significantly higher total retinal fluid volume (P = 0.009). Immunophenotyping revealed that higher proportions of circulating CD8+ effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) were associated with increased residual subretinal fluid (P = 0.03), indicating persistent disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: MMP9 genotype affects structural and functional outcomes in patients with nvAMD. Along with the observed systemic immune dysregulation, these findings support the role of a MMP9-dendritic-T-cell axis in nvAMD immunopathogenesis and highlight this as a potential therapeutic target.
Development of Confocal Multispectral Imaging Using a Common Commercial Device and Application in a Healthy Aging Mouse Model.
Richard YL, Lee PY, Bedggood P … +7 more , Bui BV, Zhao D, Hoang A, Wong VHY, Metha A, Finkelstein DI, Nguyen CTO
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42300674 · Full text
PURPOSE: To develop implementable confocal multispectral imaging (MSI) by adapting data capture and developing novel analysis on a commercially available device. Using an aging mouse model as proof-of-principle confocal...
PURPOSE: To develop implementable confocal multispectral imaging (MSI) by adapting data capture and developing novel analysis on a commercially available device. Using an aging mouse model as proof-of-principle confocal MSI was compared against current reference-standard flood-illuminated hyperspectral imaging (HSI). METHODS: Mice aged three, five, and eight months old (n = 14-19/group) underwent confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy retinal imaging (MultiColor module on Spectralis OCT) at three laser wavelengths returning: blue (BR, 486 nm), green (GR, 518 nm), and infrared reflectance (IR, 815 nm). Images were focused in 2D steps over a range of 20D. Average retinal reflectance was calculated for wavelengths across the dioptric range and corrected for chromatic aberration. Flood-illuminated HSI from 320 to 680 nm was also conducted. RESULTS: MSI post-chromatic aberration correction found a significant interaction effect with age and retinal depth in IR, GR and BR (P < 0.05). The reflectance ratio of short/long wavelength shows a significant interaction effect (BR/IR, P < 0.01; average (BR,GR)/IR, P < 0.05) or trend GR/IR, P = 0.13 with advancing age and retinal depth. HSI also found a decrease in reflectance ratio with age (P < 0.0001), consistent with MSI. The effect size (Cohen's d) between HSI and MSI in the middle retina were comparable (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Confocal MSI can be achieved on a common commercial optical coherence tomography (OCT) device with off the shelf add-on features, and after chromatic aberration correction, enables depth-resolved spectral analysis. This offers advances over flood-illuminated HSI, which does not return depth information and requires custom made or dedicated equipment. Both MSI and HSI detect similar age-related retinal reflectivity changes. This development conceptually parallels the transition from two-dimensional fundus photography to three-dimensional OCT, offering potential enhancements for selected wavelengths.
Monitoring of Geographic Atrophy Progression in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy.
Sagurski N, Jaggi D, Lincke JB … +3 more , Wolf S, Zinkernagel MS, Dysli C
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42300673 · Full text
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine fluorescence lifetime (FLT) changes within the border zone of geographic atrophy (GA) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using fluorescence lifetime imaging op...
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine fluorescence lifetime (FLT) changes within the border zone of geographic atrophy (GA) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO). METHODS: Patients with GA due to AMD were included. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) intensity, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), color fundus photography, and FLIO imaging were carried out at baseline and approximately 5 years of follow-up. GA progression was measured based on FAF images. FLT were measured at five different regions of interest: fovea, retina unaffected by GA, GA, and two areas directly next to the border zone of atrophy. RESULTS: Thirty-two eyes of 17 patients (9 female patients, mean age = 77.4 years) were included. The GA area increased by an average of 1.21 mm2/year. At the GA border, FLT gradually decreased toward the unaffected retina at each visit and gradually increased in all zones over time. The FLT gradient at the border zone correlated significantly with the GA growth rate (P = 0.02, r2 = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Areas of GA showed significantly prolonged FLT compared to unaffected surrounding retinal tissue, confirming previous reports. The border zone FLT gradient was predictive of GA progression rate.
Combined electrospun fibre-microneedle patches for enhanced transmucosal delivery of benzodiazepines and proteins.
Berry C, Edmans JG, Slowik KM … +5 more , Byers RA, Danby S, Hatton PV, Murdoch C, Colley HE
Biomater Sci · 2026 Jul · PMID 42299964 · Full text
The oral mucosa is highly vascularised, which permits rapid drug uptake into the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism for chemicals that penetrate the epithelial permeability barrier. Electrospun mucoadhe...
The oral mucosa is highly vascularised, which permits rapid drug uptake into the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism for chemicals that penetrate the epithelial permeability barrier. Electrospun mucoadhesive patches have been developed for controlled drug delivery and although contact times and drug distribution are improved, transmucosal drug permeation is still limited to small lipophilic molecules. Incorporation of solid microneedles with an electrospun patch to physically disrupt the epithelial barrier whilst simultaneously delivering a payload, can overcome these issues whilst addressing the drug-loading limitations often experienced with microneedles. Here, we developed a mucoadhesive patch and microneedle composite for delivery of the benzodiazepine, midazolam hydrochloride, required for rapid, systemic delivery to treat status epilepticus and antigen-binding fragments (f(ab)), proteins too large to cross the epithelial permeability barrier. Solid polylactic acid microneedles were manufactured through reverse micromoulding, optimised for buccal permeation and imaged using optical coherence tomography. Electrospun mucoadhesive patches, loaded with midazolam hydrochloride or f(ab), were combined with the microneedles and permeation through tissue-engineered buccal mucosa quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography or immunoassay and imaged by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Microneedle-mediated patch delivery enhanced patch retention time, drug delivery rates and overall permeation when compared to patch-only controls, facilitating rapid delivery of time-sensitive midazolam within minutes, and a 15-fold increase in f(ab) permeation over 2 h, importantly delivering it through the epithelium into the underlying lamina propria. This study demonstrates that microneedle-mediated mucoadhesive patches can enhance transmucosal drug delivery for poorly-permeable drugs and holds significant potential when rapid, systemic drug delivery is required.
Traumatic macular hole: observe, operate, or other options.
Muste JC, DeSimone JD, Yonekawa Y
Curr Opin Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42299813 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Traumatic macular holes (TMH) represent a distinct subset of macular holes arising from ocular trauma. This review examines controversies in TMH management: whether and when to operate, how to interpre...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Traumatic macular holes (TMH) represent a distinct subset of macular holes arising from ocular trauma. This review examines controversies in TMH management: whether and when to operate, how to interpret OCT biomarkers as prognostic guides, special considerations in the pediatric population, and the role of emerging surgical and pharmacologic alternatives. RECENT FINDINGS: Minimum hole diameter and the presence of intraretinal cysts appears to reliably stratify eyes by likelihood of spontaneous closure. Pediatric TMH generally demonstrates high spontaneous closure rates. Vitrectomy with ILM peeling achieves high anatomical closure rates; while earlier surgery has been associated with better visual outcomes in observational data, this association is likely confounded by the tendency to observe longer in eyes with more extensive comorbidities and poorer baseline prognosis. Topical treatment is an option, and adjuvant maneuvers and plugging material can be considered during vitrectomy for refractory or TMHs at high risk for nonclosure. SUMMARY: The association between earlier surgery and better visual outcomes in the literature requires careful interpretation due to case-mix confounding. A systematic, optical coherence tomography-guided approach integrating hole characteristics, patient age, and associated ocular injuries allows individualized management of TMH. Continued refinement of surgical techniques is promising for large and refractory holes.
Retinal and Choroidal Metrics Are Dynamic Markers of the Maternal Vascular Response to Pregnancy.
Hunt K, Morgan GR, Sanchez Soriano C … +13 more , Burke J, Giarratano Y, Hamid C, Keane R, Jenks R, Low S, Donaldson S, Magennis M, Dhillon B, Townsend RC, MacGillivray T, Bernabeu MO, Reynolds RM
Hypertension · 2026 Jun · PMID 42299671 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There is an unmet need for biomarkers that can dynamically track maternal vascular health and guide interventions in disordered pregnancies. The retina and choroid provide a window into the systemic vasculatu...
BACKGROUND: There is an unmet need for biomarkers that can dynamically track maternal vascular health and guide interventions in disordered pregnancies. The retina and choroid provide a window into the systemic vasculature. We aimed to characterize longitudinal trajectories of retinal and choroidal features during healthy pregnancy and explore differences associated with preeclampsia. METHODS: Overall, 251 pregnant women underwent multimodal retinal imaging with color fundus photography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography at multiple antenatal (12±3 or 20±3 weeks' gestation and 36±3 weeks' gestation, n=183) or a single third-trimester (36±3 weeks' gestation, n=68) time point. Retinal and choroidal vascular features were extracted using an automated pipeline. We examined gestational trajectories of these features and their associations with blood pressure change and serum angiogenic factors. Trajectories were compared for women with preeclampsia and those without placental dysfunction. RESULTS: Significant reductions in measurements of retinal vessel caliber and density and of choroidal thickness, and increases in retinal thickness measurements, were seen over healthy pregnancy. These changes were not correlated with maternal blood pressure change. Third-trimester retinal arteriolar caliber and density were weakly correlated with placental growth factor (=0.32, <0.001 and =0.31, <0.001) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (=-0.21, =0.006 and =-0.33, <0.001) levels. Preeclampsia was associated with significantly greater reductions in retinal arteriolar caliber (=0.022 for right eye, =0.019 for left) and density (<0.001 for each eye) across gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal and choroidal features change throughout pregnancy, and these trajectories are altered in preeclampsia. REGISTRATION: URL: xxx; Unique identifier: ISRCTN40843826.
Clinical features of phototoxic maculopathy due to screen use in the dark: A case series.
Yuan J, Wang X, Yan X … +4 more , Zhao Z, Tu B, Tong Y, Zhang S
Medicine (Baltimore) · 2026 Jun · PMID 42299599 · Full text
This study aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations of phototoxic maculopathy due to screen use in the dark. A retrospective case series was conducted, including individuals with phototoxic maculopathy due to scr...
This study aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations of phototoxic maculopathy due to screen use in the dark. A retrospective case series was conducted, including individuals with phototoxic maculopathy due to screen use in the dark between January 2023 and March 2024 at the Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. Data on best-corrected visual acuity, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, visual field testing, and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) were collected and analyzed during follow-up. The study included 10 cases (mean age 41.1 ± 17.48 years) involving 13 eyes, comprising 6 males (8 eyes) and 4 females (5 eyes). Bilateral involvement was observed in 3 cases, unilateral right eye involvement in 5, and unilateral left eye involvement in 2. Individuals with unilateral or more severe involvement reported a habit of preferentially using the affected eye for mobile phone viewing. Among the involved eyes, 3 eyes from 3 cases developed choroidal neovascularization (CNV); 6 eyes from 5 cases exhibited disruption of the myoid, ellipsoid, and interdigitation zones; and 4 eyes from 3 cases presented with largely intact macular structure but impaired P1 wave response density on mfERG. Prolonged screen use in the dark may lead to phototoxic maculopathy, characterized by impaired macular function, structural disruption or loss of the photoreceptor layer, and in some cases, formation of CNV.
Efficacy and Safety of an Indian Bevacizumab BIOSimilar (BEVATAS) for Treatment-Naïve Diabetic Macular Edema (BIOS-DME Study).
Chakraborty S, Sheth JU, Ganguly S … +1 more , Reddy P
Clin Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42299443 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomical and functional efficacy of bevacizumab biosimilar (Bevatas) in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in a real-world Indian clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrosp...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the anatomical and functional efficacy of bevacizumab biosimilar (Bevatas) in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in a real-world Indian clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 123 eyes of patients with center-involving DME (CI-DME) treated with intravitreal biosimilar of bevacizumab (IVBb) between January 2022 and December 2025. Eyes received three loading doses followed by pro-re-nata regimen with supplemental focal laser as needed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), intraocular pressure, (IOP), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers were assessed at baseline and at months 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12. Treatment burden and safety outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Mean visual acuity improved from 0.591 ± 0.276 logMAR at baseline to 0.249 ± 0.079 logMAR at month 12, representing a gain of 0.342 logMAR (<0.001). Central macular thickness decreased from 469.9 ± 132.4 µm to 196.9 ± 51.8 µm (<0.001). Hyperreflective foci (HRF), present in 35.8% of eyes at baseline, resolved completely by month 1 and remained absent throughout follow-up. Eyes received a mean of 4.6 ± 1.3 injections over 12 months. Supplemental focal laser was administered in 55.3% of eyes. IOP remained stable Anatomical response showed fluctuation at month 6, with partial recurrence of edema, followed by recovery at month 12. No significant ocular or systemic adverse events were noted. CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab biosimilar produces meaningful visual and anatomical improvement in CI-DME in a real-world Indian setting. The modest injection frequency reflects practical treatment patterns in resource-limited environments. IVBb represents an accessible and affordable anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) option for DME management in India and similar healthcare contexts.
Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Clinically Significant Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema: An Interocular Comparison with Contralateral Pseudophakic Eyes.
Demir K, Çelik E
Clin Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42299442 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) in eyes with clinically significant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) and compare it with the contralateral pseudophakic eyes that underwent uncomplicated...
PURPOSE: To evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) in eyes with clinically significant pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) and compare it with the contralateral pseudophakic eyes that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery within a similar postoperative period using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 25 patients with clinically significant PCME following uneventful phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. The control group consisted of contralateral pseudophakic eyes that had undergone uncomplicated cataract surgery within one month of the affected eye and did not develop PCME. SCT and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured using spectral-domain OCT with EDI mode. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), age, and sex were recorded. Paired comparisons were performed between PCME eyes and pseudophakic fellow eyes to minimize the confounding effect of surgery-related choroidal changes. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 66.13 ± 5.44 years (range, 59-77). 14 (56%) were male and 11 (44%) were female. The mean interval between cataract surgery and PCME diagnosis was 6.2 ± 1.6 weeks. The mean CMT was significantly higher in PCME eyes (458.20 ± 92.30 µm) compared with pseudophakic fellow eyes (235.66 ± 28.43 µm, p < 0.001). The mean SCT was 297.27 ± 24.52 µm in PCME eyes and 289.41 ± 22.16 µm in pseudophakic fellow eyes. Although SCT was numerically greater in PCME eyes, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.18). CONCLUSION: SCT was slightly higher in eyes with PCME compared to contralateral pseudophakic eyes operated within a similar postoperative period; however, the difference was not statistically significant, which may partly be related to the limited sample size. These findings suggest that choroidal thickening observed in PCME may largely reflect postoperative inflammatory changes rather than a disease-specific choroidal mechanism.
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