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200 papers
Role of BDNF in form-deprivation myopia progression in guinea pigs.
Xie RY, Wang Q, Liu H … +5 more , Luo R, Liu CY, Li S, Chai Y, Xiong F
Front Immunol · 2026 · PMID 42292475 · Full text
PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of intravitreal administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the progression of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in a guinea pig model and explored the associate...
PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of intravitreal administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the progression of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in a guinea pig model and explored the associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS: In Experiment 1, 45 pigmented guinea pigs (aged 3 weeks) were randomly assigned to 5 groups to assess the impact of varying BDNF concentrations (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) delivered via intravitreal injection following 4 weeks of monocular form deprivation. Axial length and refractive error were measured at baseline, after the deprivation period, and one day post-injection. In Experiment 2, 36 guinea pigs were allocated into 4 groups to further assess ocular structural changes and underlying molecular pathways. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and western blotting were used to analyze morphological changes in the retina, choroid, and sclera, as well as the expression of BDNF, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the retina. RESULTS: The 200 μg/mL BDNF concentration significantly inhibited axial elongation and myopic refractive shifts in eyes with FDM. Immunofluorescence localized BDNF expression predominantly to the retina and choroid. Both H&E staining and OCT imaging demonstrated increased retinal and choroidal thickness and improved scleral collagen organization following BDNF administration. Western blot analysis revealed a downregulation of PI3K, AKT, eNOS, and nNOS expression in the retina of FDM-affected eyes treated with BDNF. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of 200 μg/mL BDNF effectively attenuated the progression of FDM in guinea pigs. This effect may be mediated through modulation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/nNOS signaling pathway. These findings support BDNF as a potential therapeutic target for myopia control.
Bilateral lens subluxation in a patient with homocystinuria: a case report.
Zhan Z, Cai J, Wang J … +3 more , Liu X, Nie D, Ma D
Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep · 2026 Sep · PMID 42292168 · Full text
PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral lens subluxation associated with homocystinuria that had been previously misdiagnosed with high myopia, amblyopia, and keratoconus. OBSERVATIONS: A 19-year-old Asian female presente...
PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral lens subluxation associated with homocystinuria that had been previously misdiagnosed with high myopia, amblyopia, and keratoconus. OBSERVATIONS: A 19-year-old Asian female presented with progressive bilateral visual decline and hand tremors over 10 years. Slit-lamp examination, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, genetic and metabolic testing were performed to confirm the diagnosis of homocystinuria. Surgical intervention was undertaken to improve visual acuity. Anterior segment imaging documented bilateral lens subluxation and microspherophakia before and after intraocular lens suture fixation surgery. Postoperatively, her vision improved to 20/20. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: This case demonstrates the importance of basic slit-lamp examination especially after cycloplegic refraction for unusual myopia progression and the need to recognize associated systemic symptoms in ophthalmic practice.
Spontaneous resolution of choroidal neovascular membrane in the fellow eye during hyperbaric oxygen treatment for retinal artery occlusion: a case report.
Dağ U, Dertsiz Kozan B, Engin Egeren S … +3 more , Öncül H, Çağlayan M, Fuat Alakuş M
Diving Hyperb Med · 2026 Jun · PMID 42290581 · Publisher ↗
Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an ophthalmic emergency that causes sudden, painless vision loss due to retinal ischaemia. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), when initiated early, may help preserve photoreceptor functio...
Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an ophthalmic emergency that causes sudden, painless vision loss due to retinal ischaemia. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), when initiated early, may help preserve photoreceptor function by increasing retinal oxygenation. A 69-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented with sudden visual loss in the left eye and was diagnosed with RAO. HBOT was initiated within six hours of symptom onset (253 kPa [2.5 atmospheres absolute] for 90 minutes per session), and 20 sessions were planned. During the seventh session, the patient reported a marked improvement in visual acuity in the contralateral (right) eye, previously diagnosed with choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) and untreated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated regression of the CNVM and complete resolution of subretinal fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting that HBOT administered for unilateral RAO may also promote structural and functional improvement of CNVM in the contralateral eye.
In Vivo Microscopic Features of Acne vulgaris Revealed via LC-OCT.
Traini DO, Palmisano G, Stefani AD … +4 more , Bocchino E, Guerriero C, Suppa M, Peris K
Skin Res Technol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42290222 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis. In recent years, multiple non-invasive imaging methods have been explored to monitor in vivo acne lesions. Technologies su...
BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis. In recent years, multiple non-invasive imaging methods have been explored to monitor in vivo acne lesions. Technologies such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) have improved our capabilities to characterize and monitor this condition; nevertheless, limitations remain in resolution and depth. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a novel imaging technique that combines the strengths of RCM and OCT, offering high-resolution vertical and horizontal imaging of skin tissue up to 500 µm deep. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify the microstructural features of different acne lesion morphologies using LC-OCT and to compare these findings with those observed in normal skin. METHODS: A total of 52 facial acne lesions (microcomedones, closed and open comedones, papules, and pustules) from 20 patients with mild-to-moderate acne and 15 healthy controls were imaged using LC-OCT. Vertical, horizontal, and 3D images were analyzed for structural features, with quantitative measurements of lesion diameter and depth. RESULTS: LC-OCT revealed distinct microstructural features at each stage of acne development. Microcomedones showed bright perifollicular rings in 83.3% of cases, absent in healthy skin, indicating early follicular hyper keratinization. Closed comedones appeared as cystic, keratin-filled structures beneath intact epidermis, while open comedones displayed surface discontinuities and mixed reflectivity plugs. Papules and pustules demonstrated perifollicular hyperreflective halos and numerous "bright dots", corresponding to inflammatory cell infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS: LC-OCT provides non-invasive, high-resolution imaging of acne microarchitecture, from subclinical changes in acne-prone skin and incipient microcomedones to inflammatory lesions, offering potential utility in diagnosis, disease monitoring and personalized therapeutic strategies.
Coronary intimal proliferation despite lipid reduction during the first year after heart transplantation.
Shiraki T, Ohtani T, Mizote I … +12 more , Nakamura D, Tsukamoto Y, Takahari K, Akazawa Y, Nakamoto K, Kosugi S, Okuno S, Kioka H, Takeda Y, Ohta Y, Miyagawa S, Sakata Y
Heart Vessels · 2026 Jun · PMID 42289596 · Publisher ↗
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of mortality after heart transplantation, characterized by intimal proliferation-induced coronary stenosis. The first year post-transplantation represents a critical...
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of mortality after heart transplantation, characterized by intimal proliferation-induced coronary stenosis. The first year post-transplantation represents a critical period for CAV development, with most intimal proliferation occurring during this timeframe. This study aimed to investigate the temporal changes in lipid content and its relationship with intimal proliferation during the first year after heart transplantation. Serial three-vessel near-infrared spectroscopy intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in 15 heart transplant recipients (38 coronary arteries) at 2 months (baseline) and 12 months (follow-up) following heart transplantation. From baseline to follow-up, the highest lipid-core burden index within a 4 mm segment (maxLCBI) significantly decreased (median: 78.0 [IQR: 6.75 to 196] to 27.5 [IQR: 0 to 122], p = 0.008), while %intimal volume (intimal volume/vessel volume × 100) increased (median: 16.2% [IQR: 15.3 to 17.5] to 18.3% [IQR: 15.3 to 20.1], p = 0.006). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified a maxLCBI cut-off of 124 for detecting OCT-assessed fibroatheroma (area under the ROC curve: 0.942, p < 0.001). In vessels with donor-transmitted fibroatheroma (maxLCBI ≥ 124 at baseline), higher baseline maxLCBI correlated with both more significant subsequent reduction in maxLCBI (r = 0.482, p = 0.003) and more extensive intimal volume proliferation (r = 0.321, p = 0.022). Coronary artery lipid content generally decreased during the first year after heart transplantation. In vessels with donor-transmitted fibroatheroma, higher baseline lipid burden correlated with substantial lipid reduction and subsequent intimal volume proliferation.
A Pediatric Case of Blau Syndrome with p.Arg587Cys Mutation Successfully Managed with Infliximab: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study.
Sakono T, Mizuki Y, Takebayashi K … +4 more , Ishihara M, Kawagoe T, Ohno S, Mizuki N
Ocul Immunol Inflamm · 2026 Jun · PMID 42289393 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe the long-term ocular and systemic course of a pediatric patient with Blau syndrome carrying ap.Arg587Cys mutation, and to report the therapeutic response to infliximab after inadequate disease contro...
PURPOSE: To describe the long-term ocular and systemic course of a pediatric patient with Blau syndrome carrying ap.Arg587Cys mutation, and to report the therapeutic response to infliximab after inadequate disease control with adalimumab. METHODS: Single-case report of a girl with genetically confirmed Blau syndrome managed at a tertiary referral center for pediatric uveitis in Japan. Clinical findings, multimodal imaging, treatment course, and long-term outcomes were reviewed from infancy through late childhood. Ocular inflammation was assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Systemic therapy comprised methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. RESULTS: The patient developed recurrent fever and urticaria-like rash at 7months of age, followed by bilateral granulomatous uveitis with optic disc edema at 9months. Genetic testing at 14months identified a heterozygousp.Arg587Cys mutation, confirming Blau syndrome. Methotrexate combined with adalimumab achieved only partial control: ocular inflammation recurred despite normalization of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and recurrent hypopyon developed even after dose escalation to the standard pediatric maximum. After switching to infliximab at 4years and 6months of age, sustained remission was maintained for more than four years, with stable visual acuity, stable intraocular pressure, and no further ocular or systemic relapses. CONCLUSION: In this patient, systemic inflammatory markers did not reliably reflect intraocular disease activity, and infliximab achieved durable remission of Blau-associated uveitis refractory to adalimumab. Although limited to a single observation, the long-term outcome supports infliximab as a salvage option in refractory pediatric Blau-associated uveitis and underscores the value of ophthalmologic-rather than serological-monitoring of disease activity.
Exudative Retinal Detachment in Inflammatory Ocular Diseases: Epidemiology, Clinical and Imaging Characteristics in Two Referral Hospitals in Italy.
Iaccheri B, Bolletta E, Cerquaglia A … +7 more , Della Lena F, De Santi N, Solito C, Fruttini D, Cagini C, Cimino L, Fiore T
Ocul Immunol Inflamm · 2026 Jun · PMID 42287619 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with inflammatory exudative retinal detachment (ERD). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observati...
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with inflammatory exudative retinal detachment (ERD). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study enrolled patients with a diagnosis of an inflammatory ocular disease associated with ERD. In all patients a complete ophthalmological evaluation was performed, with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), automated refraction, slit lamp biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus examination, optic coherence tomography (OCT) scan, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). ERD was located (posterior pole, peripheral retina or both) with imaging, and the presence or absence of subfoveal neuroepithelial detachment, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment, epiretinal membrane (ERM), and macular edema (ME) were documented. RESULTS: 130 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 52.14 ± 20.69 years. The most representative diagnosis was Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease (23.85%), followed by Sarcoidosis (16.15%), Tuberculosis (13.08%) and Posterior Scleritis (PS) (9.23%). The principal location of ERD in the 165 enrolled eyes was in the posterior pole. In VKH, ERD was located at the posterior pole in 45 eyes, with 85.71% of subfoveal neuroepithelial detachment and choroidal granulomas in 87.76% of eyes. In PS a posterior pole location of ERD was found in 66.67% of eyes, with 83.33% of subfoveal neuroepithelial detachment and no choroidal granulomas. CONCLUSIONS: ERD is most frequently associated with VKH disease and the predominant localization is at the posterior pole, which occurs in the setting of posterior uveitis, panuveitis, and/or scleritis.
Evaluation of anterior scleral thickness in pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy and pachychoroid neovasculopathy.
Şahin Şekerci AN, Atalay AŞ, Cankı EK … +1 more , Koca S
Jpn J Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42287503 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare anterior scleral thickness (AST) among pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN: Retrosp...
PURPOSE: To compare anterior scleral thickness (AST) among pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE), central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study included 73 eyes of 72 patients with pachychoroid spectrum disease (PPE (n = 35), CSC (n = 25), PNV (n = 12)) and 29 control eyes. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination and swept-source optic coherence tomography (OCT) (Topcon DRI-OCT Triton). Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured subfoveally, at 500 and 1000 μm nasal/temporal to the fovea, and sublesionally. AST was measured with the anterior segment mode 6 mm posterior to the scleral spur in four quadrants. RESULTS: CT was significantly greater in CSC than in PPE, PNV, and controls at all macular locations (all p < 0.001). Sublesional CT differed among pachychoroid groups (p = 0.005), with CSC thicker than PPE (p = 0.002) and PNV (p = 0.011); PPE and PNV did not differ (p = 1.000). Anterior scleral thickness was significantly greater in all quadrants in the pachychoroid groups compared with controls (p < 0.001). Superior AST was greater in PPE than PNV (p = 0.044); other inter-pachychoroid comparisons were not significant (p > 0.05). In multivariate linear regression model, the presence of pachychoroid spectrum disease was independently associated with thicker AST after adjustment for age, sex, AXL, and SE (p< 0.001 for all quadrants). CONCLUSION: Eyes with pachychoroid spectrum disease exhibit increased AST relative to controls, while diffuse CT thickening is most pronounced in CSC. These findings support a pathophysiologic association between scleral structure and choroidal venous overload in pachychoroid disorders and highlight AST as a potential structural biomarker.
Evaluation of anti-VEGF response in diabetic macular edema patients with baseline DRIL: a multicenter real-world study (BOSPHORUS-DME Study Group Report No.16).
Karataş ME, Çakır A, Arıcı M … +20 more , Korkmaz A, Ermiş S, Hayat ŞÇ, Karapapak M, Özal E, Özal SA, Karabaş VL, Tokuç EÖ, Erdoğan M, Koçak İ, Sayın N, Öztürk M, Demir ST, Uçak T, Karataş G, Yıldız D, Demirayak B, Onur İU, Hepokur M, Özkaya A
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42287320 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes exhibiting disorganization of t...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes exhibiting disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL) at baseline, and to examine associations between DRIL and systemic or imaging biomarkers in a large multicenter real-world cohort. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 221 eyes with baseline DRIL among 1321 treatment-naïve DME eyes followed at eight tertiary centers in Türkiye. All eyes initially received a bevacizumab loading dose, followed by a pro re nata (PRN) regimen with bevacizumab, aflibercept, or ranibizumab according to clinical response. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and DRIL status were assessed using spectral-domain OCT at baseline and at months 3, 6, and 12. RESULTS: Mean BCVA and CMT improved significantly at 12 months across all treatment groups (p < 0.001). In univariate analyses, eyes switched to aflibercept showed superior functional (0.58 logMAR) and anatomical (370.7 μm) outcomes compared with bevacizumab and ranibizumab (p = 0.039 and p = 0.001, respectively). However, in multivariable regression analyses adjusting for baseline characteristics and treatment intensity, anti-VEGF agent type was not independently associated with outcomes. Baseline DRIL was negatively correlated with BCVA and CMT improvement and positively correlated with systemic lipid parameters (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this large real-world multicenter study, anti-VEGF therapy provided meaningful anatomical and functional improvements in DRIL-positive DME eyes. Although aflibercept appeared superior in univariate analyses, this difference was not sustained after adjustment, indicating that baseline characteristics rather than treatment selection may be the primary determinants of outcome. Unlike prior studies that focused primarily on corticosteroids, this study provides one of the largest datasets evaluating anti-VEGF efficacy in DRIL-positive eyes. Findings underscore DRIL as a strong prognostic OCT biomarker with potential to guide individualized treatment planning and optimize therapeutic outcomes in DME.
Impact of residual cholesterol and inflammation risk on non-culprit plaque progression in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a serial optical coherence tomography study.
Zhang D, He L, Yi B … +14 more , Xu Y, Zhao C, Zeng M, Qin Y, Weng Z, Wang N, Feng X, Li L, Wang Y, Hou J, Mintz GS, Hu S, Jia H, Yu B
BMC Cardiovasc Disord · 2026 Jun · PMID 42286493 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients face recurrent cardiovascular events due to non-culprit plaque progression despite optimal secondary prevention, but the differential impacts of residual cholesterol ris...
BACKGROUND: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients face recurrent cardiovascular events due to non-culprit plaque progression despite optimal secondary prevention, but the differential impacts of residual cholesterol risk (RCR, on-treatment LDL-C ≥ 1.8mmol/L) and residual inflammation risk (RIR, on-treatment hs-CRP ≥2 mg/L) on plaque microstructure dynamics remain undefined. This study aimed to clarify how residual cholesterol and inflammatory risk factors differentially modulate the progression of non-culprit plaques in patients with ACS using serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 243 ACS patients underwent baseline and 1-year (9-15 months) follow-up OCT. Patients were stratified into four groups (RCR, RIR, combined residual cholesterol-inflammation risk [RCIR], no residual risk). OCT assessed plaque morphology (e.g., thin-cap fibroatheroma [TCFA]) and quantitative parameters (lumen area, fibrous cap thickness [FCT], lipid arc). Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with plaque progression (defined as a decrease in minimal lumen area > 0.5 mm² from baseline to follow-up) and TCFA persistent. RESULTS: Of 583 evaluable non-culprit lesions, RIR was independently associated with patient-level plaque progression (odds ratio [OR]: 2.915, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.005-9.212, P = 0.046) and was linked to significant reductions in reference, mean, and minimal lumen area (all P < 0.05) vs. the no-risk group. RCR was associated with attenuated lipid plaque regression compared with the no residual risk group, as evidenced by smaller min-FCT increases (20.0 [-13.3, 73.3] µm vs. 50.0 [18.3, 86.7] µm, P = 0.014) and attenuated mean lipid arc reductions (-8.8 ± 27.1° vs. -17.7 ± 23.6°, P = 0.027). RCR (OR: 4.462, 95%CI: 1.723-12.521, P = 0.003) and RCIR (OR: 4.892, 95%CI: 1.623-15.467, P = 0.005) were independently associated with follow-up TCFA persistent. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated distinct associations of RIR and RCR with non-culprit plaque progression: RIR was linked to luminal narrowing, while RCR attenuated lipid plaque stabilization. These findings provide imaging-based insights into plaque dynamics and may inform future risk stratification and residual risk management strategies in ACS patients.
Association of Aqueous Humor Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha with Retinal Ganglion Cell Thickness in Juvenile versus Adult-Onset Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.
Ilahi F, Fitrah, Haq NK … +2 more , Alfatih M, Heriyanto SR
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42285746 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: To evaluate the association between aqueous humor tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer in patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and their comparison with adult-onset...
AIMS: To evaluate the association between aqueous humor tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer in patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and their comparison with adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma patients (POAG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study included 15 JOAG patients (aged 7-40 years) and 15 POAG patients (> 40 years). Aqueous Humor (AH) samples were collected during trabeculectomy, TNF-α concentrations were measured using ELISA, and RGC thickness was assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT, Carl Zeiss). Group differences were analyzed using the independent t-test, and correlations were evaluated with Pearson's test. RESULTS: The mean AH TNF-α level in the JOAG group (179.02 ±27.04 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in the POAG group (130.17 ±18.62 pg/mL; p.
Ciliochoroidal Effusion and Regional Scleral Thickening in Peripapillary Pachychoroid Syndrome.
Elifani M, Valsecchi N, Apa L … +4 more , Shhada S, Moramarco A, Fontana L, Mete M
Am J Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42285467 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess anterior scleral thickness and the presence of ciliochoroidal effusion (CE) in eyes with peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS), and to compare the results with a cohort of healthy age-matched contr...
PURPOSE: To assess anterior scleral thickness and the presence of ciliochoroidal effusion (CE) in eyes with peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome (PPS), and to compare the results with a cohort of healthy age-matched controls. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study METHODS: 20 eyes from 12 patients diagnosed with PPS and 30 eyes from 15 healthy control subjects. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT) and anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT). Choroidal thickness was measured at predefined macular and peripapillary locations, while anterior scleral thickness was assessed 6 mm posterior to the scleral spur in four quadrants. Ciliochoroidal effusion was evaluated qualitatively using AS-OCT. Comparisons between groups were performed using linear mixed models with Bonferroni correction (scleral thickness corrected p < 0.010) RESULTS: The mean age of PPS patients was 75.6 ± 9.8 years, and 16% were females. Anterior scleral thickness was significantly greater in the temporal quadrant in PPS eyes compared to controls (396.85 ± 74.97 μm vs 331.13 ± 62.65 μm: p = 0.007). Ciliochoroidal effusion was detected in 60% of PPS eyes, predominantly in the superior and temporal sectors, whereas no effusion was observed in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Eyes with CE exhibited a thicker mean scleral thickness and a thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness compared to eyes without effusion (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Eyes with PPS demonstrated increased temporal scleral thickness and a high prevalence of CE. These findings suggest that scleral characteristics may represent a predisposing anatomical factor in PPS, although the precise pathophysiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
Peripapillary Optical Coherence Tomography Artifacts in Pathologic Myopia: Prevalence and Impact on Glaucoma Diagnosis.
Xiang Y, Luo N, Ye L … +6 more , Huang J, Cheng L, Yan Y, Zhao M, Han Y, Huang J
J Glaucoma · 2026 Jun · PMID 42285170 · Publisher ↗
PRCIS: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) artifacts were more prevalent than Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) artifacts in pathologic myopia. Considering artifacts, the diagnos...
PRCIS: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) artifacts were more prevalent than Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) artifacts in pathologic myopia. Considering artifacts, the diagnostic performance of pRNFLT and BMO-MRW was comparable. PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) artifacts in pathologic myopia (PM) and the impact of artifacts on the diagnostic ability for open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. PM eyes were divided into two groups based on OAG diagnosis. Artifacts of pRNFLT and BMO-MRW were classified and their prevalences were compared. The diagnostic ability of pRNFLT and BMO-MRW for OAG was compared before and after the inclusion of eyes with artifacts. RESULTS: A total of 136 participants with PM were included from July 2023 to January 2025, with a median (interquartile range) age of 49 (16) years and mean (standard deviation) axial length of 28.03 (2.01) mm. Seventy-four (54.4%) eyes were diagnosed as OAG. Seven and three types of pRNFLT and BMO-MRW artifacts were observed, respectively. Presence of pRNFLT artifacts was identified in 74.2% of eyes in the PM group and 63.5% of eyes in the PM with OAG (PMG) group, which was more prevalent than BMO-MRW artifacts (27.4% in the PM group and 4.1% in the PMG group, both P<0.001). Before and after including eyes with artifacts, the AUC of global RNFLT decreased from 0.927 to 0.869, and the AUC of global BMO-MRW slightly decreased from 0.884 to 0.882. CONCLUSION: Artifacts of pRNFLT were more complex and prevalent than those of BMO-MRW. In PM, the diagnostic ability of pRNFLT and BMO-MRW were comparable when artifacts were considered.
"OCT based retinal changes in amblyopia: A systematic review".
Majumder C, Khialdin SM, Sigamoney S … +1 more , Omar R
J Optom · 2026 · PMID 42284656 · Full text
AIM: To synthesise evidence on retinal, choroidal, and microvascular alterations detected by OCT/OCTA in amblyopic eyes and their modulation by conventional therapy. METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane CEN...
AIM: To synthesise evidence on retinal, choroidal, and microvascular alterations detected by OCT/OCTA in amblyopic eyes and their modulation by conventional therapy. METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched without language restrictions, along with manual screening of reference lists and relevant trial registries. Eligible studies included cross-sectional or longitudinal human studies comparing OCT/OCTA parameters in amblyopic eyes with fellow or age-matched control eyes. Two reviewers independently performed study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Due to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity among the included studies, a qualitative narrative synthesis was conducted to summarize findings across studies. Results were stratified according to amblyopia subtype and treatment status. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included. Most studies reported increased RNFLT and central macular thickness in anisometropic amblyopia, whereas findings in strabismic amblyopia were inconsistent. OCTA studies commonly demonstrated reduced superficial capillary plexus density in untreated amblyopic eyes. Longitudinal studies showed modest therapy-related structural changes, with possible earlier microvascular improvement. Methodological heterogeneity and incomplete axial-length correction were common limitations across studies. CONCLUSIONS: OCT/OCTA reveal consistent retinal thickening and superficial vascular reduction in anisometropic amblyopia, while other types show minimal changes. Standardized, axial length-corrected longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causality and prognostic significance.
Prognostic factors associated with visual field recovery in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Yoon H, Kim SJ, Lee SM … +4 more , Moon S, Ahn J, Choi JH, Lee JE
PLoS One · 2026 · PMID 42284254 · Full text
This study aimed to identify baseline prognostic factors associated with visual field (VF) recovery in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). This retrospective study included 38 patients...
This study aimed to identify baseline prognostic factors associated with visual field (VF) recovery in patients with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). This retrospective study included 38 patients (41 eyes) diagnosed with NAION. VF recovery was defined as an improvement of ≥3 dB in mean deviation (MD) at 3 months. Baseline demographic characteristics, systemic vascular risk factors, visual function tests, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analyzed. Eleven eyes (26.8%) were classified as the recovery group. Compared with the non-recovery group, the recovery group had significantly better baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P = 0.034) and lower glycated hemoglobin levels (P = 0.033). Baseline VF impairment was significantly less severe in the recovery group, with higher MD (P = 0.049) and visual field index (VFI) values (P = 0.014). No significant association was observed between topical eye drop treatment, including brimonidine and netarsudil, and visual field recovery (p = 0.723). Baseline BCVA strongly correlated with BCVA at 1, 3, and 6 months (all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that better baseline MD (P = 0.041) and higher VFI (P = 0.036) were independently associated with VF recovery. However, RNFL thickness measured at initial visit by OCT did not reliably predict recovery. These findings highlight that baseline functional status remain as the most important predictor of visual field recovery in NAION.
Optical coherence tomography angiography in cerebral small vessel disease: a review.
Yi H, Lian X
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283732 · Publisher ↗
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a progressive microvascular condition affecting the entire brain, often leading to cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an...
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a progressive microvascular condition affecting the entire brain, often leading to cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an emerging non-invasive technique primarily used for assessing retinal vascularization, with potential applications in both ophthalmology and the diagnosis of CSVD. This review outlines the fundamental principles and applications of OCTA, discusses ongoing research on imaging characteristics of different cerebral small vessel disorders using OCTA, and consolidates the current findings in this field.The association between OCTA and different types of cerebral small vessel diseases has been initially confirmed in small-scale studies. Nevertheless, there is a need to standardize OCTA imaging and analysis techniques and validate existing results through large-sample, multicenter studies.
Retinal and optic nerve measures after initiation of empagliflozin plus metformin versus metformin alone in early type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational comparative study.
Argon BD, Çakır A, Çakır SD … +3 more , Safalı F, Elçioğlu MN, Adaş M
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283730 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore whether empagliflozin added to metformin is associated with short-term changes in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potential (VEP) parameters in adults with newly diagnosed early t...
PURPOSE: To explore whether empagliflozin added to metformin is associated with short-term changes in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potential (VEP) parameters in adults with newly diagnosed early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: In this prospective observational comparative study, adults with newly diagnosed T2DM received metformin alone (M) or empagliflozin plus metformin (EM) according to routine clinical care. Outcomes were macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured by OCT, and pattern-reversal VEP parameters. Confounding by indication was addressed using propensity-score overlap weighting. Six-month change was analysed using baseline-adjusted overlap-weighted regression with HC3 robust standard errors. Secondary endpoints were controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate. An additional exploratory repeated-measures mixed-effects analysis incorporating baseline, 3-month, and 6-month data was also performed. Only right eyes were included. RESULTS: Eighty participants were analysed (40 per group). Overlap weighting achieved excellent covariate balance (maximum weighted absolute standardized mean difference, 0.017). At 6 months, mean GCC change favoured EM over M (β = +3.33 μm; 95% CI, 2.90 to 3.76; p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes also favoured EM, including shorter VEP P100 latency (β = -10.06 ms; 95% CI, - 12.07 to - 8.05; q < 0.001) and greater VEP N75-P100 amplitude (β = +4.17 µV; 95% CI, 3.21 to 5.14; q < 0.001), with directionally consistent findings across RNFL and GCC sectoral measures. CONCLUSION: In this exploratory prospective observational study, empagliflozin added to metformin was associated with short-term OCT and VEP changes compatible with a potential neuroprotective signal in early T2DM. Findings require confirmation in longer-term randomised or robust quasi-experimental studies.
Subretinal Aspects of the Optoretinographic Response.
Maddipatla R, Bartuzel MM, Pijewska EA … +3 more , Langlo CS, Zawadzki RJ, Jonnal RS
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283549 · Full text
PURPOSE: Optoretinography (ORG) detects stimulus-evoked, nanometer-scale changes in the optical path length of photoreceptors, hypothesized to reflect osmotic water shifts into and out of the outer segments (OS), as well...
PURPOSE: Optoretinography (ORG) detects stimulus-evoked, nanometer-scale changes in the optical path length of photoreceptors, hypothesized to reflect osmotic water shifts into and out of the outer segments (OS), as well as electrostatic effects of opsin photoisomerization. The aim of this study was to measure parallel changes in the subretinal space (SRS), which may reflect changes in the SRS volume. The results of these experiments could affect interpretations of the photoreceptor ORG, which make testable hypotheses about the SRS volume. Moreover, because water movement in the outer retina is impeded in a number of diseases of the outer retina, this method could represent a novel biomarker of outer retinal health. METHODS: A custom swept-source optical coherence tomography system (100 kHz, 1060 nm) was used to image the eyes of four healthy subjects. After dilation and dark adaptation, serial B-scans were acquired over 125 ms at 400 Hz, with a stimulus flash delivered after 40 ms. From the resulting series, relative phase velocities between layers were calculated for three compartments: OS, supracone space (SCS), and ciliary zone (CZ). RESULTS: Light stimulation produced rapid, layer-specific responses. Following stimulation, the OS contracted briefly and then elongated, the SCS elongated and subsequently contracted, and the CZ exhibited a response similar to the OS but with lower amplitude. These responses were temporally coordinated across layers, suggesting coupled structural and fluid dynamics within the outer retina. CONCLUSIONS: Visible light induces rapid, reversible structural changes across multiple outer retinal layers, including the spaces surrounding the photoreceptor outer segments. Noninvasive measurement of these responses may improve understanding of the biophysical sources of the ORG signal and provide a probe of outer retinal functional integrity.
Directional Analysis of Residual RPE Area Loss in the Natural History of Choroideremia.
Chujo S, Abbasgholizadeh R, Alhelaly M … +12 more , Nittala MG, Quarta A, Chung YC, Kwak H, Soylu C, Rattu R, Huang J, Corradetti G, Velaga S, Forte P, Uji A, Sadda SR
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283547 · Full text
PURPOSE: To longitudinally evaluate whether residual RPE area loss in choroideremia (CHM) demonstrates directional asymmetry over 12 months. METHODS: This study analyzed 106 participants (163 eyes) from the Natural Histo...
PURPOSE: To longitudinally evaluate whether residual RPE area loss in choroideremia (CHM) demonstrates directional asymmetry over 12 months. METHODS: This study analyzed 106 participants (163 eyes) from the Natural History of the Progression of Choroideremia Study cohort with eligible paired baseline and month 12 fundus autofluorescence imaging. Rigid image registration was performed to align baseline and follow-up images. Residual RPE area reduction was quantified using a progression heatmap and segmented into 12 clock-hour sectors. Directional differences were assessed using generalized estimating equations accounting for within-eye clustering and baseline area. A supplementary analysis evaluated within-eye variance with bootstrap-derived confidence intervals. RESULTS: Across all sectors, the mean RPE area reduction ranged from -0.0236 to -0.0404 mm² equivalents (estimated marginal means). Although minor numerical differences were observed, no statistically significant directional effect was detected after accounting for intraeye correlation. Within-eye variance was low (mean 0.0051; 95% confidence interval, 0.0031-0.0076), indicating limited spatial heterogeneity in progression over 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal analysis of CHM, residual RPE area loss did not demonstrate a consistent directional predilection over 12 months. These findings suggest that short-term structural progression in CHM may occur relatively symmetrically rather than preferentially along specific meridians. A comprehensive assessment of the entire lesion boundary may therefore be more appropriate than direction-specific monitoring in natural history studies and therapeutic trials.
Broadband amplification of organ of Corti vibrations in the mouse cochlear apex.
Dewey JB
bioRxiv · 2026 Jun · PMID 42282612 · Full text
Mammalian hearing depends on the active amplification of sound-evoked waves as they travel along the basilar membrane within the cochlea. This amplification is mediated by the outer hair cells (OHCs), which generate forc...
Mammalian hearing depends on the active amplification of sound-evoked waves as they travel along the basilar membrane within the cochlea. This amplification is mediated by the outer hair cells (OHCs), which generate force to enhance the vibrations of the surrounding structures. While OHCs at a given location only amplify basilar membrane motion for a narrow frequency range, recent measurements show that the amplification of motions deeper within the organ of Corti is much more broadband. However, the extent to which this broadband amplification influences the motions that are most relevant to inner hair cell stimulation - i.e., at the organ's apical surface - remains uncertain. Here, optical coherence tomography was used to demonstrate that OHCs nonlinearly amplify the motions near the top of the organ of Corti, including at the reticular lamina and tectorial membrane, over a wide frequency range in the mouse cochlear apex. Responses at all frequencies were physiologically vulnerable and grew compressively with stimulus level. Low-frequency responses also exhibited non-monotonic features that were due to interference between amplified motion and the underlying traveling wave. The data suggest that broadband amplification of motions at the top of the organ of Corti likely explains certain phenomena observed in auditory nerve responses.
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