Bittencourt P, Scheire A, Jotan P
… +17 more, Lourenço J, Banin LF, Bin Suis MAF, Burslem DFRP, Christoffersen B, Coomes D, Groenendijk P, Jansen S, Jucker T, Matula R, Mencuccini M, Oliveira R, Plichta R, Nilus R, Robert R, Svátek M, Rowland L
Half of the aboveground biomass in forests is stored in a disproportionately small number of very tall trees. These giants are predicted to be more vulnerable to drought-induced damage because height impairs their hydrau...Half of the aboveground biomass in forests is stored in a disproportionately small number of very tall trees. These giants are predicted to be more vulnerable to drought-induced damage because height impairs their hydraulic system. We evaluated whether the hydraulic system of world's tallest tropical tree species-Southeast Asian dipterocarps-are negatively affected by their height. The more negative xylem pressures caused by tree height were fully compensated for through adjustment of vessel anatomy and leaf hydraulic traits, and the trees suffered no height-related loss in growth during a severe drought. Therefore, height does not make the hydraulic systems of the world's tallest tropical tree species more vulnerable to drought, and the growth rates of these trees are not more negatively affected by drought than are their smaller counterparts.
The once-obscure fish will be the focus of an ambitious new Howard Hughes Medical Institute project.The once-obscure fish will be the focus of an ambitious new Howard Hughes Medical Institute project.
High-fidelity geometry for physical-world modeling demands real-time, dense, and differentiable deformation fields on manifolds. Neural dynamical systems (NDSs) using adaptive stepsize integration with embedded neural ne...High-fidelity geometry for physical-world modeling demands real-time, dense, and differentiable deformation fields on manifolds. Neural dynamical systems (NDSs) using adaptive stepsize integration with embedded neural networks excel at these tasks but still suffer latency on the order of hundreds of milliseconds. In this work, we report a sub-10-millisecond NDS hardware leveraging the precisely controlled conductance drift of phase-change memristors and their multilevel compute-in-memory capabilities. We fabricated a 40-nanometer NDS chip for the challenging surface reconstruction tasks. Compared with state-of-the-art NDS hardware, our NDS design achieves a latency of 2.12 milliseconds (below 10 milliseconds) for single-iteration NDS computations with an error tolerance of 10 and delivers 3.82× to 36.27× faster speed while consuming 11.75× to 24.73× less power. The end-to-end NDS latency through hardware measurements and simulations outperformed graphics processing unit A100 by 50.38× to 478.18×.
Aldenderfer M, Stajic J, Szuromi P
… +15 more, Ferrarelli LK, Horgan B, Sonawala U, Seale M, Ray LB, Nusinovich Y, Smith J, Funk MA, Jiang D, Ross SH, Kelly PN, Suleymanov Y, Lopez B, Bere L, Malo C
Mantle waves and tectonic stretching lofted polar mountains into a deep freeze.Mantle waves and tectonic stretching lofted polar mountains into a deep freeze.
Circadian clocks provide adaptive advantages, enabling organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to daily environmental changes on Earth. Here, we show that fruit flies prefer a temporally organized life. Because...Circadian clocks provide adaptive advantages, enabling organisms to adjust their physiology and behavior to daily environmental changes on Earth. Here, we show that fruit flies prefer a temporally organized life. Because of light-induced degradation of the core circadian clock protein Timeless, constant illumination stops the circadian clock and leads to arrhythmic locomotor activity. When given the choice to move between dark and illuminated areas in a constant light environment, flies were able to maintain, or even regain, rhythmic behavioral patterns. These self-inflicted rhythms were accompanied by molecular rhythms in clock neurons known to drive behavioral rhythms. Behavioral rhythmicity was correlated with improved sleep quality compared with that of arrhythmic flies, demonstrating an immediate benefit of choosing to live under circadian clock control.
America has for its entire history been fascinated with science. Although the lofty ideals associated with establishing the country have mostly to do with personal liberty and equality, the founders were very aware of th...America has for its entire history been fascinated with science. Although the lofty ideals associated with establishing the country have mostly to do with personal liberty and equality, the founders were very aware of the importance of new knowledge, and scientific knowledge, in particular. Benjamin Franklin perhaps best exemplified the broad curiosity about both principles of the natural world and the ideals of political philosophy when forging the foundation of a new democracy, and New England was already home to private universities before the Revolution. In the South, public universities were created concomitantly with the formation of the country, first in Georgia and North Carolina, and then in Virginia where Thomas Jefferson devoted his post-presidency to a new institution in Charlottesville. Although these establishments were partly dedicated to training clergy, they were not divorced from science. Jefferson had become an admirer of the chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier while in France and directed the construction of a chemistry laboratory in the basement of the University of Virginia rotunda. At the same time, Elisha Mitchell, a geologist and minister, became president of the University of North Carolina. These universities were revered by America's founders. President James Madison said that "learned institutions ought to be favored objects with every free people."
Zhang Y, Sun Y, Xu G
… +17 more, Wu Y, Shi Z, Chang Z, Liu J, Pang K, Liu S, Wang H, Rong W, Shao Z, Liu X, He Y, Yan Y, Zhou B, Yuan Z, Zhang XF, Offermanns S, Wang S
The liver exhibits a marked regenerative capacity organized through distinct zones, yet how tissue mechanics coordinate zonated proliferation remains elusive. We reveal that mechanical cues critically contribute to mouse...The liver exhibits a marked regenerative capacity organized through distinct zones, yet how tissue mechanics coordinate zonated proliferation remains elusive. We reveal that mechanical cues critically contribute to mouse liver regeneration in a highly region-specific manner through sensing by a subpopulation of mid-lobular hepatocytes, which are characterized by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) expression and represent the key proliferative pool of hepatocytes. PIEZO1 is a primary mechanosensor enriched in zone 2 DPP4 hepatocytes that integrates biomechanical cues to drive liver regrowth by insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2). Genetic disruption of PIEZO1 restrains hepatocyte proliferation and compromises liver regeneration, whereas zonated PIEZO1 gain of function enhances proliferation and accelerates recovery. These findings reveal that DPP4 mechanosensitive hepatocytes orchestrate liver regrowth through PIEZO1-mediated mechanosensing, establishing a link between tissue mechanics and liver regeneration.
The Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard has become a key outpost for Arctic science. But geopolitical tensions are complicating research efforts.The Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard has become a key outpost for Arctic science. But geopolitical tensions are complicating research efforts.
Schmitt C, Krishnia S, Zeer M
… +22 more, Galíndez-Ruales E, Loyal M, Köhler J, Micus L, Kikkawa T, Arisawa H, Denneulin T, Kovács A, Xu R, Tran D, Kronast F, Go D, Pourovskii LV, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Kuschel T, Ležaić M, Sinova J, Saitoh E, Jakob G, Gomonay O, Mokrousov Y, Kläui M
Recent predictions of orders of magnitude larger orbital current effects compared with spin currents have attracted considerable interest. However, orbital currents must first be converted into spin currents to interact...Recent predictions of orders of magnitude larger orbital current effects compared with spin currents have attracted considerable interest. However, orbital currents must first be converted into spin currents to interact with the static magnetization dominated by spin angular momentum in conventional magnets. By using a magnet dominated by orbital angular momentum (OAM), we demonstrate a 70-fold enhancement in orbital Hall magnetoresistance in cobalt II oxide/copper (CoO/Cu*), compared with spin Hall magnetoresistance in cobalt II oxide/platinum (CoO/Pt). This arises from interactions between dynamic OAM from surface-oxidized Cu* and static OAM in the antiferromagnetic insulator CoO. Our results show how by using OAM-dominated materials, we can harness the benefits of giant orbital currents that have not been possible using conventional spin-dominated magnets.
Giant camera will repeatedly scan the sky, spotting transients while building deep map of billions of galaxies.Giant camera will repeatedly scan the sky, spotting transients while building deep map of billions of galaxies.
Many fundamental innovation policies were developed during World War II that persist in some form to this day.Many fundamental innovation policies were developed during World War II that persist in some form to this day.