Kisiel E, Pofelski A, Salev P
… +16 more, Qiu E, Reisbick S, Liu C, Glatz A, Poudyal I, He W, Basak R, Yay KA, Li J, Patel U, Zhang Z, Last A, Zhu Y, Schuller IK, Islam Z, Frano A
In film-substrate systems, the substrate role is often considered to be limited to providing static mechanical constraints. Dynamic film-substrate interactions when a structural change in the film modifies the substrate...In film-substrate systems, the substrate role is often considered to be limited to providing static mechanical constraints. Dynamic film-substrate interactions when a structural change in the film modifies the substrate are generally disregarded. Using combined X-ray and electron microscopies, we observed that the electrically induced filament in a VO film created strong asymmetric strain in the underlying AlO substate. This asymmetric substrate strain fed back into the film and defined the filament expansion direction, revealing the importance of film-substrate dynamic interactions in determining film functionality. Furthermore, the strain imprint propagated at least tens of microns deep into the substrate, exceeding the film thickness more than 200 times, potentially enabling substrate functionalization as an active mechanical coupling media in 3D-integrated microelectronics architectures.
Water isotope measurements are used to model surface water nitrogen flows on a continental scale.Water isotope measurements are used to model surface water nitrogen flows on a continental scale.
Socioeconomic factors top the list of influences on children's brain structure and function.Socioeconomic factors top the list of influences on children's brain structure and function.
These substances have minimal direct climate effects but trigger chemical reactions that can lead to warming.These substances have minimal direct climate effects but trigger chemical reactions that can lead to warming.
Spontaneous emission is inherently associated with spectral broadening mechanisms, resulting in finite bandwidth in the emitted light. Narrowing this linewidth toward the monochromatic limit has long been a central pursu...Spontaneous emission is inherently associated with spectral broadening mechanisms, resulting in finite bandwidth in the emitted light. Narrowing this linewidth toward the monochromatic limit has long been a central pursuit in photonics, as it determines the ultimate color purity of nonstimulated light sources. Organic luminescent materials offer facile wavelength tunability but typically exhibit broad emission bands (>40 nanometers). The emergence of multiple-resonance emitters has provided a promising route to overcome this limitation, yet most reported systems remain within 20 to 30 nanometers. We present a molecular design strategy that amplifies the multiple-resonance effect through molecular repetition, yielding fluorescence with linewidths of 6.9 nanometers in toluene, 5.5 nanometers in 3-methylpentane, and 9.1 nanometers in a doped polymer film, placing this molecular framework among the narrowest-band organic luminophores reported.
The transformation of the Roman world [fourth to ninth centuries common era (CE)], culminating in the Western Roman Empire's fall, marked a fundamental transition in European history. Key questions persist regarding the...The transformation of the Roman world [fourth to ninth centuries common era (CE)], culminating in the Western Roman Empire's fall, marked a fundamental transition in European history. Key questions persist regarding the regionally specific nature of this transformation. We generated a paleogenomic dataset to reconstruct post-Roman organizations in the Little Hungarian Plain at microregional resolution. Genetic and archaeological analyses of two Roman ( = 68) and five post-Roman ( = 246) sites reveal a rise in Northern European ancestry, reflecting large-scale population movements into this region. Moreover, despite post-Roman sites sharing similar genetic profiles, material culture, and burial practices, they show distinct social structures, especially regarding the role played by biological relatedness. These findings highlight local hierarchies and reveal the making of a post-Roman polity.
Stewart JD, Bisot C, Cargill RIM
… +21 more, Van Nuland ME, Hawkins HJ, Oyarte Galvez L, Klein M, van Son M, Terry V, Paré L, Banchini C, Stefani F, Kahane F, Lin KK, Braghiere RK, Field KJ, Soudzilovskaia NA, Elhance J, Kokkoris V, Sheldrake M, Weedon JT, Shimizu TS, West S, Kiers ET
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with ~70% of plant species, building hyphal networks that exchange nutrients for host-derived carbon. These tubular networks move ~1 billion metric tons of carbon per year into...Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with ~70% of plant species, building hyphal networks that exchange nutrients for host-derived carbon. These tubular networks move ~1 billion metric tons of carbon per year into Earth's soils. However, we have no quantitative understanding of the hyphal infrastructure required to carry out this resource transfer. We assembled data from 322 studies representing more than 16,000 soil cores across nine biomes and developed machine-learning models to predict hyphal densities globally. With robotic imaging of more than 300,000 hyphae, we calibrated a biomass model from our spatial predictions. We estimate that global topsoils contain 1.10 × 10 ± 0.13 × 10 SD kilometers of living hyphae, weighing ~300 ± 60 SD megatons, ~4- to 6-fold the biomass of humans. Our uncertainty analyses identified undersampled ecosystems that require additional empirical attention.
Lopez B, Vignieri S, Smith KT
… +14 more, Lavine MS, Bere L, Suleymanov Y, Tringe SG, Smith J, Hessler A, Simonti C, Szuromi P, Maroso M, Seale M, Nusinovich Y, Cameron CE, Hallberg D, Foley J
Anthropogenic ocean warming affects ecosystem functioning but is not necessarily the primary climate driver regulating tropical seas. Tropical semi-enclosed marine ecosystems are poorly understood, geographically distinc...Anthropogenic ocean warming affects ecosystem functioning but is not necessarily the primary climate driver regulating tropical seas. Tropical semi-enclosed marine ecosystems are poorly understood, geographically distinct, and influenced by compounding impacts from global warming, cyclones, monsoons, freshwater influx, and massive sea-level and circulation variability. We unify climate risk understanding of these large-scale integrated ocean-atmosphere-biological systems, showing that compound climate events expose resident species to larger, prolonged fluctuations, causing reconfigured spatial patterns and lack of sustained hydrological connectivity. We attribute changes in species' abundance in these systems to complex and cumulative combinations of extreme temperatures, exposure, turbidity, and hydrologic connections. We describe evidence of such climate-induced physical and biological regime shifts in tropical marine ecosystems in northern Australia and identify implications for other systems.
Enhanced cryo-electron microscopes reveal new drug targets and sharpen views inside cells.Enhanced cryo-electron microscopes reveal new drug targets and sharpen views inside cells.
Some scientists criticize label as imprecise; others call it a valuable lens on diet.Some scientists criticize label as imprecise; others call it a valuable lens on diet.
Inactivated monkeypox virus samples may have been used for routine diagnostics.Inactivated monkeypox virus samples may have been used for routine diagnostics.
Increasing fertilization has pushed the nitrogen cycle beyond planetary boundaries, yet its fate remains uncertain owing to long-standing neglect of landscape water velocities in nitrogen models. Leveraging isotope-aided...Increasing fertilization has pushed the nitrogen cycle beyond planetary boundaries, yet its fate remains uncertain owing to long-standing neglect of landscape water velocities in nitrogen models. Leveraging isotope-aided modeling across 3821 European catchments, we demonstrate that evolution of nitrogen cycling is strongly linked to shifts in landscape water velocities since 1980. We propose the concept of "wetness boundaries," where hydrological transitions beyond boundaries amplify nitrogen accumulation and leaching, whereas conditions remaining within boundaries mitigate these processes. Applying this framework, we project reduced nitrogen leaching across 76% of Europe under mild hydrological shifts by 2100 but increasing nitrogen accumulation under pronounced deceleration of water cycling in Eastern and Southern Europe. These findings underscore emerging water quality risks under climate change and the need to mitigate extreme hydrological shifts.
Scientists may have a better way to make gene-edited babies, but it's still far from safe.Scientists may have a better way to make gene-edited babies, but it's still far from safe.