Pokam L, Bocquet J, Hégarat N
… +10 more, Perlbarg-Samson J, Balezeau T, Milder M, Rance B, Countouris H, Guerin J, Gilles F, Gaudart J, Girard N, Basse C
Int J Cancer
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42252556
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Air pollution significantly affects human health and mortality, including cancer-related deaths. However, methodological approaches and spatial precision often vary across studies. Implementing geomatic tools to investig...Air pollution significantly affects human health and mortality, including cancer-related deaths. However, methodological approaches and spatial precision often vary across studies. Implementing geomatic tools to investigate mortality in vulnerable populations such as cancer patients may enhance understanding of environmental impacts. This study aimed to assess the relationship between short-term air pollution exposure and mortality among cancer patients in France. A retrospective cohort of 44,268 consecutive cancer patients (2017-2020) was analyzed using a geomatic framework at fine spatial granularity. Air quality data (PM, PM, NO, O, temperature) were linked to each patient. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified exposure groups, and a random forest algorithm was applied to predict mortality. Overall, 9% of patients died during follow-up. Four clusters of patients with distinct air quality profiles were identified. Clusters with the highest particulate matter levels (PM, PM, NO) showed increased mortality (12%-13%), whereas the cluster with the lowest pollution showed reduced mortality (8%) (chi-square test, p < 0.001). The prediction algorithm achieved a recall of 80%. The main predictors of death included higher temperature and elevated PM within the previous 31 days, as well as older age, male sex, and thoracic cancer. Short-term exposure to degraded air quality, captured at an infra-communal scale, is associated with excess mortality among cancer patients. The identification of a 31-day lag window for predictive algorithm highlights opportunities for targeted prevention and timely public health interventions.
Meijer J, Hermanns N, Bijlsma R
… +16 more, Blommestein HM, van den Bongard DHJG, van Dalen T, van Diest PJ, Drukker CA, Paez CG, Honkoop AH, Jager A, Koppert LB, Linn SC, van Maaren MC, Siemerink EJ, van 't LJ, Volders JH, Vrancken Peeters MJ, Siesling S
Int J Cancer
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42244246
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This study examined gene expression profile (GEP) use in relation to reimbursement policies and chemotherapy administration, both for patients with and without GEP indication. Women aged ≥ 18-69 years and diagnosed with...This study examined gene expression profile (GEP) use in relation to reimbursement policies and chemotherapy administration, both for patients with and without GEP indication. Women aged ≥ 18-69 years and diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer between January 2011 and June 2024 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. GEP use in relation to reimbursement policies and GEP result in relation to chemotherapy administration was analysed using flowcharts and a trend line. For patients with GEP indication, logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine if the reimbursement periods influenced the GEP use, and GEP use was analysed per region in the Netherlands and incidence year using trend lines. In total, 138,765 patients were included. Among 17,525 patients with GEP indication, proportions of patients who received a GEP were higher during retrospective reimbursement (25%) and publicly known reimbursement (37%) compared with no reimbursement (9%) and differed across regions in the Netherlands. Proportions of patients who did not receive chemotherapy were higher for patients who had a low-risk MammaPrint (93%) or Oncotype DX (97%) result compared with patients who had a high-risk MammaPrint (17%) or Oncotype DX (15%) result. Among 13,003 patients with GEP indication who did not receive GEP, 52% did receive chemotherapy. Approximately one-third of patients who met GEP criteria and were eligible for publicly known reimbursement received a GEP. Appropriate follow-up steps and further research seem required to analyse reasons for not ordering a GEP in times of reimbursement, since GEP results help chemotherapy decision-making.
Huang M, Yang J, Peng P
… +4 more, Wang Y, Song L, Lin Y, Zhao J
Int J Cancer
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42237450
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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are key oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Rare and compound EGFR mutation-mediated resistance to tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a major hurdl...Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are key oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Rare and compound EGFR mutation-mediated resistance to tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a major hurdle for NSCLC treatment. Here, we characterized compound EGFR mutations and elucidated mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in Chinese NSCLC patients. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, the mutation spectrum of 10 lung cancer-related genes was analyzed in 8849 patients. From this cohort, 7081 NSCLC tissue samples were assessed, revealing common EGFR mutations (19-Del, exon 21 p.L858R), rare EGFR mutations, variants of uncertain significance (VUSs), and compound EGFR mutations. Acquired resistance mutations were further evaluated in 77 paired baseline and post-progression samples. Among the 8849 patients, 4320 (48.82%) harbored common EGFR mutations, 973 (11.00%) carried Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) hotspot mutations, 357 (4.03%) had phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, 246 (2.78%) had Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2) mutations, 102 (1.15%) had B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutations, and 95 (1.07%) had mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET) mutations. Compound EGFR mutations were identified in 7.99% of NSCLC patients, comprising 7.50% dual mutations and 0.49% multiple (> 2) mutations. Compared to single EGFR mutations, compound EGFR mutations were more frequently associated with EGFR exon 21 p.L858R and EGFR rare mutations, but not with EGFR 19-Del or VUSs (p < 0.001). Compared to patients with EGFR 19-Del, patients with EGFR exon 21 p.L858R mutation had significantly more rare point mutations in EGFR exon 7, 18, and 21, and fewer EGFR exon 20 p.T790M mutations. Additionally, EGFR exon 20 p.T790M-mediated acquired resistance was the most common mechanism (71.43%), followed by mutations in the RAS/RAF/MEK pathway (18.18%). These resistance-associated mutations frequently co-occurred with tumor protein p53 (TP53) variants (15.58%). Notably, the mean duration of disease progression following EGFR-TKI initiation did not differ significantly between patients with EGFR exon 21 p.L858R mutation and those with EGFR 19-Del. Our study reveals the heterogeneity of compound EGFR mutations, and characterizes the spectrum of acquired resistance mutations to EGFR TKIs.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42230155
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Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with tumor progression and metastasis being heavily influenced by the dynamic interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lipid metabolic r...Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with tumor progression and metastasis being heavily influenced by the dynamic interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lipid metabolic reprogramming, a recognized hallmark of cancer, plays a crucial role in these processes. However, a comprehensive understanding of how cancer cell-intrinsic lipid metabolism and its crosstalk with immune and stromal cells collectively drive tumor metastasis remains to be fully elucidated. This review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence to map the interconnected lipid metabolic networks spanning tumor, immune, and stromal compartments. It highlights how cancer cell-autonomous lipid metabolic reprogramming and its metabolic crosstalk with immune and stromal cells drive lung cancer progression and therapy resistance, thereby reshaping the TME into a pro-tumorigenic ecosystem. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the potential of therapeutic strategies targeting these metabolic pathways, discussing both the opportunities for development and the challenges that lie ahead. By integrating the multifaceted roles of lipid metabolism in the lung TME, this review provides a novel perspective on tumor biology and aims to inspire future research directions for innovative combination therapies.
Cecere N, Alikhanyan K, Ernst C
… +15 more, Häfele L, Feuerbach L, Grewe I, Siqin S, Gunst K, Shukla G, Frehtman V, Tessmer C, Eichhorn F, Allgäuer M, Brobeil A, Hofmann I, Leuchs B, Schneider MA, Bund T
Int J Cancer
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42226376
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Besides smoking and exposure to specific environmental risk factors, also diet and in particular red meat consumption/exposure are described as risk factors contributing to lung cancer development. Incidence of non-smoki...Besides smoking and exposure to specific environmental risk factors, also diet and in particular red meat consumption/exposure are described as risk factors contributing to lung cancer development. Incidence of non-smoking associated lung cancer is rising rapidly, globally. Global epidemiology supports an association between lung cancer incidence and consumption of bovine products. The search for meat-/milk-associated cancer risk factors led to the isolation of plasmid DNA termed Bovine Meat and Milk Factors (BMMFs). Due to detection of increased expression levels of a conserved BMMF-encoded protein (Rep) in tissues of colorectal cancer patients, BMMFs have been proposed as causal risk factors for cancer acting via inflammation-driven indirect carcinogenesis. Yet, their presence and possible contribution to lung cancer remained elusive. In this study, Rep expression was quantified in paired tumor/peritumor tissues from lung cancer patients (n = 35) as well as cancer-free individuals (n = 19, tissues adjacent to benign hamartoma) by immunohistochemistry, co-immunofluorescence microscopy, immunodetection/mass spectroscopy and genomics/transcriptomics screening. In all patients tested, Rep expression was immunohistochemically observed in CD68 CD163 alveolar lung macrophages, which were present at higher numbers in peritumor tissues of cancer patients compared to controls. Expression was inversely correlated with smoking intensity, supporting BMMFs' function as a new, smoking-independent biomarker and possible driver for lung cancer. BMMF macrophages revealed a cancer-promoting M2-like phenotype upon scRNA-seq, suggesting BMMF as target for both prevention and therapy. BMMFs might contribute to lung cancer by inducing pro-tumorigenic macrophage populations and serve as marker for (early) cancer detection and prevention.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42219958
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K. Grymula, M. Tarnowski, M. Wysoczynski, J. Drukala, F. G. Barr, J. Ratajczak, M. Kucia, and M. Z. Ratajczak, "Overlapping and Distinct Role of CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC and CXCR4-SDF-1 Axes in Regulating Metastatic Behavior of...K. Grymula, M. Tarnowski, M. Wysoczynski, J. Drukala, F. G. Barr, J. Ratajczak, M. Kucia, and M. Z. Ratajczak, "Overlapping and Distinct Role of CXCR7-SDF-1/ITAC and CXCR4-SDF-1 Axes in Regulating Metastatic Behavior of Human Rhabdomyosarcomas," International Journal of Cancer 127, no. 11 (2010): 2554-2568, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25245. This Expression of Concern is for the above article, published online on 16 February 2010 and available in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been published by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Christoph Plass; the Union for International Cancer Control; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Expression of Concern was agreed due to concerns raised by a third party after publication regarding the similarity of certain blots in Figures 1c & 1d and the underlying data that they represent. This affects the two T-MAPK 42/44 panels in the c) CW9019 ARMS and d) RD EMRS cell lines. The corresponding author, M. Z. Ratajczak, confirmed the similarity of the two panels in Figure 1 but could not provide the original data given the time that had elapsed. An investigation by the University of Louisville concluded that falsification of the data was likely. However, this could not be confirmed due to the lack of original data. The journal has decided to issue this Expression of Concern to alert the readers to these unresolved concerns regarding the integrity of the data and the results presented. The authors M. Z. Ratajczak, M. Wysoczynski, and F. G. Barr agree to this Expression of Concern. K. Grymula, M. Tarnowski, J. Drukala, J. Ratajczak, and M. Kucia were not reachable.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42198803
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Pediatric cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The etiologies of pediatric cancer are largely unknown, but environmental pesticide exposures are likely to contribute. Chronic low-dose exp...Pediatric cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The etiologies of pediatric cancer are largely unknown, but environmental pesticide exposures are likely to contribute. Chronic low-dose exposure to pesticide mixtures through drinking water is a growing concern in agricultural communities. This review examines epidemiological studies published between January 1980 and September 2022 that have evaluated the relationship between pesticide exposure and the risk of childhood brain tumors and leukemia. Exposures to pesticides used in the home or ingested through drinking water, residential proximity to agricultural areas where pesticides are used, parental pesticide exposure, and metabolic genotypes are discussed. Findings have shown increased risks for childhood cancers in areas of high agricultural crop density, which may imply a link to increased pesticide applications and pesticide drift from neighboring farm fields. Noted knowledge gaps include the contribution of genetics, exposure through drinking water, individual-level exposures, and pesticide mixtures to the risk of pediatric cancer. Identifying distinctive genetic traits that influence the metabolism and detoxification of pesticide formulations, and their transformation products is crucial. This knowledge could inform preventive strategies and personalized interventions to reduce the burden of pediatric cancer and protect children's health.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42198797
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality have increased significantly in the Asia-Pacific region over the past three decades. Taiwan is not reported but presents one of the globally highest age-standardized EOCRC...Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality have increased significantly in the Asia-Pacific region over the past three decades. Taiwan is not reported but presents one of the globally highest age-standardized EOCRC incidence and mortality rates. This population-based study in Taiwan from 1994 to 2018 examines changing CRC epidemiology among younger adults (aged 15-29 and 30-49 years) and older adults (aged ≥ 50 years). Age-period-cohort modeling (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) analyses indicated that the elevated risk of age-standardized EOCRC incidence and mortality was primarily driven by the aged 30-49-year-old cohort, whereas only modest increases were observed in adults aged ≥ 50 years. Significant cohort effects were observed in the APC analysis, with annual increases of 3580 and 1000 per 100,000 in incidence and mortality, respectively, among the 30-49-year-old cohort, compared with increases of 2600 and 800 per 100,000, respectively, in the ≥ 50-year-old cohort. Furthermore, participants aged 15-29 years were more frequently diagnosed at stages 3 and 4, resulting in a 7.8% lower survival rate compared with the 30-49-year-old cohort. The key risk factors unique to younger patients with CRC are summarized, highlighting the urgent need for tailored policy interventions.
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W
… +6 more, Li R, Xia R, Hou X, Shen M, Zou Z, Zhuang G
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42186152
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China recently updated its colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines, lowering the recommended initiation age from 45 to 40 years for the general population in response to the rising burden and earlier onset. This stu...China recently updated its colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines, lowering the recommended initiation age from 45 to 40 years for the general population in response to the rising burden and earlier onset. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of earlier initiation and identifies the optimal screening strategy. A Markov model was developed to compare 48 screening strategies, combining different starting ages, methods (fecal immunochemical test [FIT], multitarget stool DNA [MT-sDNA] test, methylated Septin 9 [mSEPT9] test, computed tomography colonography [CTC], or colonoscopy), and frequencies, from the healthcare system perspective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated based on quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with willingness-to-pay thresholds set at one- and three-time China's per-capita gross domestic product (GDP). The results show that all screening strategies are cost-effective compared with non-screening under the three-time GDP threshold, with nearly half found to be cost-saving. Starting annual FIT screening at age 40 is the most cost-effective under both thresholds, with an ICER of US$5381/QALY and reductions of 5.5% in CRC cases and 7.4% in CRC-related deaths compared with the second-best strategy of starting at age 45. Starting 10-yearly colonoscopy screening at age 40 may be optimal, but only under very low thresholds. Both MT-sDNA and mSEPT9 tests would become the optimal options only if their costs were substantially reduced. The findings are highly robust across sensitivity analyses. This study supports the updated recommendation to lower the CRC screening initiation age for average-risk individuals and identifies annual FIT screening as the optimal strategy in the current context of China.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42184000
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M. Wysoczynski, D.-M. Shin, M. Kucia, and M. Z. Ratajczak, "Selective Upregulation of Interleukin-8 by Human Rhabdomyosarcomas in Response to Hypoxia: Therapeutic Implications," International Journal of Cancer 126, no. 2...M. Wysoczynski, D.-M. Shin, M. Kucia, and M. Z. Ratajczak, "Selective Upregulation of Interleukin-8 by Human Rhabdomyosarcomas in Response to Hypoxia: Therapeutic Implications," International Journal of Cancer 126, no. 2 (2010): 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24732. This Expression of Concern is for the above article, published online on 8 July 2009 and available in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been published by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Christoph Plass; the Union for International Cancer Control; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Expression of Concern was agreed due to concerns raised by a third party after publication regarding an overlap between the "RH30" and "RH30 scrambled" panels in Figure 5d. The corresponding author confirmed the overlap in Figure 5 but could not provide the original data given the time that had elapsed. An investigation by the University of Louisville concluded that there was no evidence of misconduct and that the overlap likely resulted from an inadvertent error during manuscript preparation. However, the journal is issuing this Expression of Concern because the concerns regarding the integrity of the data and the results presented cannot be resolved. The authors M. Z. Ratajczak and M. Wysoczynski agree to this Expression of Concern. D.-M. Shin and M. Kucia were not reachable.
Wen T, Dong L, Li J
… +8 more, Feng Y, Nie L, Li Z, Zhang L, Hu S, Huang W, Zhao F, Basu P
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42163577
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A comprehensive profile of immunogenicity induced by a single dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has yet to be presented. We report interim data from an ongoing non-interventional real-world study comparing t...A comprehensive profile of immunogenicity induced by a single dose of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has yet to be presented. We report interim data from an ongoing non-interventional real-world study comparing the memory cell and antibody responses following single- and two-dose regimens of the Escherichia coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine in Chinese girls aged 9-14 years. HPV-16/18-specific neutralizing antibodies, IgG antibodies, and memory B- and T-cell responses were assessed and compared between the single-dose and two-dose groups. The results showed that among 492 per-protocol participants (298 two-dose; 194 single-dose), the median time from Dose 1 to blood sampling was 12.07 months. Single-dose neutralizing antibody seropositivity exceeded 90% for HPV-16 and approached 80% for HPV-18. The antibody avidity index of HPV-16 IgG after a single dose was non-inferior to that after two doses (lower bound of the geometric mean avidity ratio > 0.5). Both dosing schedules induced HPV-16/18-specific memory B- and T-cell responses with similar positivity and geometric means (p > 0.05). Therefore, a single dose of the E. coli-produced HPV-16/18 vaccine elicited robust antibody quantity and quality, with memory B- and T-cell responses comparable to those induced by two doses, supporting its potential for population-level implementation and contribution to the WHO target of vaccinating 90% of girls.
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42163537
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Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for patients with resectable esophageal cancer (EC), yet the optimal therapeutic approach remains unclear. We performed an updated network meta-analysis to co...Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for patients with resectable esophageal cancer (EC), yet the optimal therapeutic approach remains unclear. We performed an updated network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of current neoadjuvant immunotherapy-based strategies using the most recent prospective randomized controlled trials. Eligible studies published before August 1, 2025 were systematically identified, and a Bayesian network meta-analysis with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods was conducted. The primary endpoints were pathological complete response (pCR) and major pathological response (mPR), while secondary outcomes included objective response rate (ORR), R0 resection rate, grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events (tr-AEs), and survival outcomes. A total of 41 trials involving 4624 patients were included. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery (nICRT+S) achieved the highest pCR rate and demonstrated superior efficacy compared with other neoadjuvant approaches. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy (nICT+S) showed the greatest probability of ranking first in improving mPR and ORR. Importantly, the addition of immunotherapy or radiotherapy did not increase the incidence of grade ≥ 3 tr-AEs, and maintenance immunotherapy after surgery did not confer additional survival benefit based on the currently available evidence with limited follow-up. Overall, these findings indicate that nI(C)RT+S may represent the most effective neoadjuvant strategy for patients with resectable EC, offering improved tumor response without increasing treatment-related toxicity.
Chen Q, Campbell I, Elwood M
… +3 more, Cavadino A, Aye PS, Tin Tin S
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42163530
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This population-based cohort study investigated whether the subsequent risk of breast cancer after ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has changed over time in New Zealand women diagnosed between 2000 and 2022, using data fr...This population-based cohort study investigated whether the subsequent risk of breast cancer after ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has changed over time in New Zealand women diagnosed between 2000 and 2022, using data from the New Zealand Breast Cancer Foundation National Register. The primary outcome was ipsilateral breast event, including invasive cancer (iIBC) or DCIS (iDCIS). Fine-Gray subdistributional hazard models assessed associations with demographic and clinical factors, and a 5-year landmark analysis evaluated subsequent risk among women who remained event-free at 5 years. Among 5830 patients (median follow-up 4.8 years), the overall 5-year cumulative risk of iIBC was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.7%, 3.9%). In the 5-year landmark cohort, the subsequent 5-year risk was 4.1% (3.3%, 5.0%). Corresponding iDCIS rates were 2.5% (2.0%, 3.0%) and 1.7% (1.2%, 2.3%), respectively. Age < 45 years at diagnosis and DCIS size > 20 mm were associated with a higher iIBC risk, but the association with younger age attenuated in the landmark analysis. Compared with breast conserving surgery (BCS) alone, both radiotherapy following BCS and mastectomy were associated with a lower iIBC risk; however, the association for radiotherapy was not evident at the 5-year landmark. Overall, women with DCIS had a 5.25-fold higher risk of invasive breast cancer than the general population (95% CI: 4.79, 5.73). Our findings support the importance of long-term mammographic surveillance, particularly for women with larger DCIS, those treated with BCS, and possibly younger women.
Bonet C, Rizzolo-Brime L, Montañés S
… +23 more, Hajji M, Marques C, Severi G, B Schulze M, Dahm CC, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, De Magistris MS, Pala V, Catalano A, Skeie G, Brustad M, Jensen TE, Sánchez MJ, Guevara M, Castro NC, Papier K, Weiderpass E, Knaze V, Park JY, Murphy G, Agudo A, Jakszyn P
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42162965
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Whether meat consumption increases the risk of gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal cancer or not remains unclear. Moreover, the number of prospective studies evaluating the associations by anatomical and histological type...Whether meat consumption increases the risk of gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal cancer or not remains unclear. Moreover, the number of prospective studies evaluating the associations by anatomical and histological types of GC is limited. We aimed to assess the associations of red, processed, and white meat with all gastric adenocarcinomas by anatomical site and histological type, and with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study of 450,112 individuals (131,426 men/318,686 women). Over 14.1 years of follow-up, 876 GC and 215 EAC cases were identified. Among the GC cases, 233 were located in cardia and 329 in non-cardia regions. Histologically, 624 were classified as intestinal type and 208 as diffuse type. The associations between meat intake and risk of GC or EAC were assessed using multivariable Cox models. A 30 g/day increase in processed meat consumption was associated with a 9% (95% CI: 2-17) increase in GC risk and a 13% (95% CI: 0-27) increase in EAC risk. Additionally, a 20 g/day increase in white meat intake was associated with a 12% (95% CI: 2-24) increase in non-cardia GC risk. Processed meat was also associated with intestinal GC (11%, 95% CI: 2-20) and higher consumption with diffuse GC. Only processed meat was associated with GC among men while processed and white meat were both positively associated with GC among women. In conclusion, processed meat may increase the risk of GC and EAC, although further research is needed to clarify the effects of white meat consumption.
Tuesley KM, Caristo F, Spilsbury K
… +5 more, Pearson SA, Donovan P, Coory MD, Steer CB, Jordan SJ
Int J Cancer
· 2026 May · PMID 42159068
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Bisphosphonates are used widely to treat osteoporosis and to manage bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Some studies suggest that nitrogen-based bisphosphonates (NBBs) may also reduce cancer risk more broadly...Bisphosphonates are used widely to treat osteoporosis and to manage bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Some studies suggest that nitrogen-based bisphosphonates (NBBs) may also reduce cancer risk more broadly, although evidence is inconsistent. Using linked administrative health data from Australian women aged > 50 years, we conducted nested case-control studies and used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between use of bisphosphonates (nitrogen-based and other) and other medicines approved for treatment of low bone mineral density, and risk of breast, colorectal, lung, uterus, thyroid, pancreas, kidney, cervical, stomach, liver, brain, bladder and gallbladder cancers and melanoma. In total, 243,629 incident cancer cases were matched to 1,218,075 controls. Compared to no use of osteoporosis medicines, use of nitrogen-based bisphosphonates (NBBs) was associated with reductions in breast (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.87), uterine (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.66) and cervical cancer risk (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.97) with the greatest reduction in risk observed for women who used NBBs for over 5 years. However, NBBs were also associated with increased risk of lung (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.21) and liver cancers (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.29), although there was no clear dose response. Raloxifene was also associated with lower risk of breast, colorectal, uterine and cervical cancer. Our exploratory study suggests links between some osteoporosis medicines and cancers related to reproductive hormones. Our results require confirmation but may provide new insights for cancer prevention.