Clin Anat [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Feasibility of Artificial Intelligence-Based Image Enhancement Program for Anatomical Dissection Photographs.
Ozturk S, Isık M, Fidan S … +4 more , Kantarcı K, Erol G, Sabancı PA, Gungor A
Clin Anat · 2026 Apr · PMID 41656520 · Publisher ↗
Anatomical photographs are essential in medical education and research as they document fine details of human anatomy. which may support visualization of dissection material. This study investigated the feasibility of an...
Anatomical photographs are essential in medical education and research as they document fine details of human anatomy. which may support visualization of dissection material. This study investigated the feasibility of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based image enhancement system for anatomical dissection photographs and explored whether subtle visual differences could be detected under magnification. A dataset of 50 anatomical photographs taken between 2001 and 2024 with four different digital cameras was processed using Upscayl (v2.11.5) with the preset "16× REAL-ESRGAN." Processing was performed on a Casper Excalibur G770 laptop, requiring approximately 3-5 min per image. Original and enhanced images were compared at magnifications of 1×, 5×, 10×, 15×, and 20× on a 55-in. Full HD display. Forty experts, including neuroanatomists and neurosurgeons, qualitatively assessed the images with respect to anatomical accuracy, noise reduction, edge definition, and training value. The visual differences between the original and enhanced images were generally subtle. However, subtle improvements in edge definition and noise reduction became more apparent in deep anatomical regions, such as ventricular cavities, particularly at higher magnification levels. High-resolution images showed limited observable differences, whereas lower-resolution images exhibited slightly more noticeable changes under magnification. The enhancement process did not introduce distortions of anatomical structures. A key limitation was the substantial increase in file size after enhancement. AI-based image enhancement appears feasible for anatomical dissection photographs and may provide modest visual benefits in selected settings, especially for older or lower-resolution images viewed at higher magnification. Further optimization is required to reduce file size and processing time before routine educational or publication use.
Contraction of the Deep Hip Muscles Contributes to Hip Capsulo-Ligamentous Complex Tension In Vivo.
Itsuda H, Yagi M, Tateuchi H … +4 more , Sakata H, Wang Z, Hyakutake S, Ichihashi N
Clin Anat · 2026 Feb · PMID 41630392 · Publisher ↗
The anterior hip muscles, especially the iliocapsularis, reflected head of rectus femoris and gluteus minimus, attach to hip capsulo-ligamentous complex directly, and may contribute to anterior hip stability by increasin...
The anterior hip muscles, especially the iliocapsularis, reflected head of rectus femoris and gluteus minimus, attach to hip capsulo-ligamentous complex directly, and may contribute to anterior hip stability by increasing the tension of the capsulo-ligamentous complex by muscle contraction. However, it has not been verified whether the contraction of these muscles actually increases the tension of the capsulo-ligamentous complex in vivo. The objectives of our study were to clarify (1) whether deep hip muscle contractions increase the tension of the hip capsulo-ligamentous complex, and (2) which muscles most affect the changes in the tension of the capsulo-ligamentous complex. Twenty-eight healthy young individuals (22.8 ± 1.6 years) participated. The tasks included isometric hip flexion, abduction, adduction, and knee extension contraction and rest in a supine position. The shear elastic moduli (G) of the capsulo-ligamentous complex, iliocapsularis, rectus femoris, and gluteus minimus were measured using shear wave elastography. Higher G values correspond to increased muscle activity and tension of the capsulo-ligamentous complex. The G of the capsulo-ligamentous complex showed higher in hip abduction contraction than in the resting position (p = 0.008). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that only the amount of change in G of the iliocapsularis was a significant variable, even when adjusted for maximum torque (R = 0.412, β = 0.513, p = 0.009). The tension of the hip capsulo-ligamentous complex increased with isometric hip abduction, implying tension transfer between the muscle and the capsulo-ligamentous complex. Furthermore, the iliocapsularis has been suggested to play an important role in the transmission of tension.
Innervation of the Uterus: An Anatomical Study With Application to Better Understanding Pelvic Pain in Women.
Robin F, Pinsard M, Roux L … +9 more , Astruc A, Dion L, Bessede T, Bertrand M, Bellaud P, Morandi X, Lavoué V, Duraes M, Nyangoh Timoh K
Clin Anat · 2026 Feb · PMID 41622873 · Publisher ↗
Pelvic pain has a significant impact on quality of life, especially when associated with benign pelvic diseases, such as endometriosis or chronic conditions leading to persistent discomfort. A substantial proportion of w...
Pelvic pain has a significant impact on quality of life, especially when associated with benign pelvic diseases, such as endometriosis or chronic conditions leading to persistent discomfort. A substantial proportion of women are affected in their reproductive years, making it a public health issue. Even though previous research has provided a map of intrauterine innervation, the origins and pathways of macro-uterine innervation are still poorly understood. A better understanding of the complex network of pelvic nerves is crucial for improving surgical techniques and patient outcomes. We performed immunohistochemistry on pelvic slices of four human fetuses by using a wide variety of neuronal markers. Then, a 3D reconstruction was performed, and the different anatomical structures were identified, as well as the path of the nerve fibers toward the uterus, and nerve specificity was determined. Our findings confirmed that the nerve fibers essential to uterine function and pelvic sensitivity mainly originate from the inferior hypogastric plexus, branching extensively to innervate the uterus, cervix, and surrounding pelvic structures. Two main pathways were identified, one medial and the other anterolateral to the ureter. Considering these pathways during surgical interventions is paramount as their integrity might inadvertently be impacted, leading to postoperative complications, such as pain or functional disorders. The implications of this research extend beyond the operating room, as they will undoubtedly enrich both clinical practice and medical education in the years to come.
Enhancing Anatomical Proficiency and Clinical Application Through Portfolio-Based Learning: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Medical Students.
Elhassan YH, Albadawi EA, Almughamsi AM … +6 more , Rajih E, Imam SN, Owaydhah WH, Alqarni RS, Mansour T, Albadrani MS
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41607362 · Publisher ↗
Integrating effective teaching methodologies in medical education is crucial for developing competent healthcare professionals. This study investigates the efficacy of portfolio-based learning in enhancing anatomical pro...
Integrating effective teaching methodologies in medical education is crucial for developing competent healthcare professionals. This study investigates the efficacy of portfolio-based learning in enhancing anatomical proficiency and student motivation among third-year medical students at the College of Medicine, Taibah University, utilizing self-determination theory (SDT) as a theoretical framework. Utilizing a randomized controlled trial with a mixed-methods design, this research comprehensively evaluates educational outcomes through quantitative and qualitative assessments. A cohort of 150 students was randomly assigned to either a control group, employing traditional lecture and dissection methodologies, or an experimental group, engaged in portfolio-based learning with integrated clinical applications. An Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE) quantitatively measured anatomical proficiency, while qualitative insights were garnered through focus-group discussions. The quantitative results demonstrated that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in anatomical proficiency on the OSPE. Thematic analysis from the focus groups revealed that portfolio-based learning enhanced the ability to apply anatomical knowledge, fostered a sense of autonomy, and enhanced intrinsic motivation, as aligned with SDT. By contrast, the control group reported difficulties with passive learning and rote memorization. These findings advocate for integrating active learning strategies, such as portfolio-based approaches, to augment the linkage between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice, thus supporting diverse learning needs and enhancing educational outcomes in medical education.
"It Is In The Pages Of Death That We Read the History Of Life".
Tubbs RS
Clin Anat · 2026 Mar · PMID 41607356 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Chiari I Malformation: Review and Update of Current Treatment Options.
Lo JJ, Shiino S, Shapiro SZ … +9 more , Hines BL, Komune N, Donofrio CA, Badaloni F, Fioravanti A, Lockwood J, Bui CJ, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41586467 · Publisher ↗
The pathophysiology of Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is complex, involving structural abnormalities at the craniovertebral junction that result in herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. In t...
The pathophysiology of Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is complex, involving structural abnormalities at the craniovertebral junction that result in herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. In this study, we aim to present and evaluate current treatment options for CM-I, with a focus on evidence-based clinical outcomes and emerging surgical techniques. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using a PubMed search with MeSH terms such as "Arnold-Chiari Malformation, Type 1," "syringomyelia," and "Arnold-Chiari malformation*/surgery." Original research articles, case reports, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and meta-analyses in English discussing treatments, surgical techniques, anatomical variations, and clinical outcomes were identified to assess the indications, efficacy, and outcomes of various CM-I management strategies. A total of 108 articles were included in the final review, with the majority being retrospective cohort studies, case series, and systematic reviews. Posterior fossa decompression remains the standard surgical treatment of CM-I, with caveats. There is substantial variability in surgical techniques, particularly in clinical decision-making regarding the use of duraplasty, arachnoid dissection, and cerebellar tonsil reduction. Minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques are emerging and have demonstrated promising preliminary outcomes. For managing concurrent pathological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, craniocervical instability, and ventral brainstem compression, the surgical approach should be individualized according to patient-specific conditions. Management of CM-I requires a tailored, symptom-driven approach that should balance efficacy and safety. While posterior fossa decompression, with or without adjunctive surgical techniques depending on patient-specific clinical features and concomitant pathological conditions, remains the standard treatment option, minimally invasive procedures may represent promising alternatives and have shown favorable outcomes in selected patients.
Grooved Surface of the Obturator Internus Muscle With Two Distinct Adjacent Parts.
Muro S, Tsuchiya J, Ibara T … +2 more , Nimura A, Akita K
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41586457 · Publisher ↗
The specific anatomical features of the obturator internus, particularly those of its medial surface, remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the morphology of the obturator internus muscle by focusi...
The specific anatomical features of the obturator internus, particularly those of its medial surface, remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the morphology of the obturator internus muscle by focusing on the shape of its medial surface and potential age-related changes. Through dissection of anatomical specimens and in vivo pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, we identified a consistent groove-like structure on the medial surface of the muscle and divided it into distinct regions: a superior portion with radiating muscle fibers and an inferior portion with parallel-aligned fibers. This division was characterized by differing fascicle orientations, with interspersed adipose tissue occasionally observed at the boundary. MRI scans of 27 women aged 25-83 years demonstrated that this groove was consistently visible; its location and depth were quantified. The groove position showed a weak negative trend with age, but this relationship was not statistically significant and may have been underpowered. No significant correlation was found for groove depth. By delineating the consistent bipartite architecture of the obturator internus and identifying its age-related variation, this study provides a detailed anatomical characterization of the medial surface of the obturator internus that may serve as a reference for future anatomical and clinical investigations involving the hip-pelvic interface.
The Cutaneous Branch of the Obturator Nerve: Common Finding or a Rarity Worthy of Note.
Fuchssteiner C, Stigger T, Gruber GM … +1 more , Brugger PC
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41575060 · Publisher ↗
According to textbook descriptions, branches of the femoral and obturator nerves provide the sensory innervation to the medial side of the thigh. However, as the exact prevalence of the obturator nerve's cutaneous branch...
According to textbook descriptions, branches of the femoral and obturator nerves provide the sensory innervation to the medial side of the thigh. However, as the exact prevalence of the obturator nerve's cutaneous branch is unknown, an anatomic study was conducted to reveal its role in providing cutaneous innervation to the medial thigh. Twenty-five formalin-fixed lower extremities were dissected with special attention to the nerves supplying the skin on the thigh's medial side. This study set out to determine the prevalence of the obturator nerve's cutaneous branch and its contribution to the sensory innervation of the medial thigh. The obturator nerve's cutaneous branch was observed in 24% of all cases (n = 6/25). Anastomoses between the obturator and femoral nerves were recorded in 12% of all cases. In 20% of all cases, the obturator nerve's anterior branch supplied the skin of the thigh's middle third, either by being the sole nerve supplying the skin or by forming anastomoses with femoral branches. While textbooks of anatomy have constantly created the impression that the obturator nerve plays a pivotal role in supplying the skin on the medial side of the thigh, this study supports the conclusion that, due to its inconsistent prevalence, the obturator nerve's cutaneous distribution plays a subordinate role in the sensory innervation of the thigh. We believe that our results provide refined anatomical insight that may help improve surgical approaches, diagnostic accuracy, and nerve repair strategies involving the medial thigh.
Understanding the Role of Anatomy Demonstrators in the United Kingdom.
Munro R, Price J, Smith CF
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41575058 · Publisher ↗
The employment of anatomy demonstrators (ADs) has grown unexpectedly over two decades to meet increasing educational demands. However, their role is poorly understood and defined. There is therefore a need to better unde...
The employment of anatomy demonstrators (ADs) has grown unexpectedly over two decades to meet increasing educational demands. However, their role is poorly understood and defined. There is therefore a need to better understand ADs, to maximize their potential as educators and build the integrity and transparency of UK anatomical education. Through a mixed methods approach this study explored ADs: demographics, role descriptors, experiences within the role, barriers to the role, and the potential of ADs. An online questionnaire (n = 50) and three virtual focus groups (N = 13) were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify emerging patterns and themes. The findings highlight that ADs are generally young people from diverse backgrounds with an even gender split. The role and its responsibilities seemingly vary substantially between universities, with ADs employed in numerous different ways. Being an AD appears to be an overall positive experience and ADs enjoy their work. Furthermore, ADs care about anatomical education and want to engage in discussions to improve their role and develop medical education. This study has expanded the understanding of the UK AD role and concludes that the UK AD role is a varied and often rewarding post that is enjoyed by diverse, engaged individuals who are primarily resident doctors by background. This study provides practical recommendations for anatomy departments to improve the experience for ADs and hopes to stimulate greater interest in ADs in order to maximize their educational potential.
Lifespan Pancreas Morphology for Control Versus Type 2 Diabetes Using AI on Largescale Clinical Imaging.
Remedios LW, Cho C, Schwartz TM … +11 more , Su D, Rudravaram G, Gao C, Krishnan AR, Saunders AM, Kim ME, Bao S, Lasko TA, Powers AC, Landman BA, Virostko J
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41556492 · Full text
Understanding how pancreas size and shape change with normal aging is critical for establishing a baseline to detect deviations in type 2 diabetes and other pancreatic disease. We measure pancreas size and shape using mo...
Understanding how pancreas size and shape change with normal aging is critical for establishing a baseline to detect deviations in type 2 diabetes and other pancreatic disease. We measure pancreas size and shape using morphological measurements from early development through aging (ages 0-90). Our goals are to (1) identify reliable clinical imaging modalities for artificial intelligence (AI) based pancreas measurement, (2) establish normative morphological aging trends, and (3) detect potential deviations in type 2 diabetes. We analyzed a clinically acquired dataset of 2533 patients imaged with abdominal computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patients did not have cancer, pancreas pathology, sepsis, or trauma. We resampled the scans to 3 mm isotropic resolution, segmented the pancreas using automated methods, and extracted 13 morphological pancreas features across the lifespan. First, we assessed pancreas volume trajectories in 1858 control patients across contrast CT, non-contrast CT, and MRI to determine which modalities provide consistent lifespan trends. Second, we characterized distributions of normative morphological patterns stratified by age group and sex. Third, we used covariate-adjusted generative additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) regression to model pancreas morphology trends in 1350 patients matched for age, sex, and type 2 diabetes status to identify any deviations from normative aging associated with type 2 diabetes. We selected CT for the main analyses of this study, since the MRI appeared to yield different pancreas measurements than CT using our AI-based method on this dataset of clinically acquired scans. When adjusting for confounders, the aging trends for 10 of 13 morphological features were significantly different between patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls (p < 0.05 after multiple comparisons corrections). Additionally, we characterized normative morphological aging trends of the pancreas across 13 morphological measurements. We provide lifespan trends demonstrating that the size and shape of the pancreas are altered in type 2 diabetes using 675 control patients and 675 diabetes patients. Moreover, our findings reinforce that the pancreas is smaller in type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we contribute a reference of lifespan pancreas morphology from a large cohort of non-diabetic control patients in a clinical setting.
New Insights on Breast Anatomy Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Surgical Observations.
Duraes M, Rathat G, Coutureau J … +6 more , Mandoul C, Francini S, Rebel L, Captier G, Subsol G, Herlin C
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41549904 · Publisher ↗
Understanding anatomy of breast connective tissue is critical in contexts such as surgery and biomechanical modeling of breast deformations. Current descriptions remain contradictory and fail to explain breast biomechani...
Understanding anatomy of breast connective tissue is critical in contexts such as surgery and biomechanical modeling of breast deformations. Current descriptions remain contradictory and fail to explain breast biomechanics. We described the anatomy of breast connective tissue based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and surgical observations. This prospective study was conducted at the breast surgery department of Montpellier University Hospital. A total of 196 patients were consecutively included between March and May 2022; 10 had breast MRI in 3 different positions (supine, prone, and lateral). Superficial fascia (SF) creates a "pocket" surrounding the breast, both anteriorly and posteriorly, as a consequence of dorsal development in the anterior body wall. SF appears to delimit two compartments of adipose tissue: a superficial and a deeper one, both crossed by retinacula cutis (RC). There is no continuity between the RC of both layers and therefore no RC running from the pectoralis major to the skin. An "anchoring ring," corresponding to a dense zone of connective tissue around the periphery of the breast, where the SF and deep fascia meet, is the main adhesion of the breast to the chest wall. Breast is shaped by the superficial fascial system and anchored to the chest wall at its periphery. It does not seem to be two distinct layers of SF and suspensory ligaments running through the breast from pectoralis major to the skin. Further studies based on these findings could evaluate the impact on biomechanical model performances. Surgeons should consider this description in order to optimize cosmetic results. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05301998.
Performance of Seven Large Language Models on Anatomy Examination Questions.
Chaba-Karnaś W, Kozioł N, Kalita N … +5 more , Tatarczyk E, Możdżeń K, Fibiger G, Walocha J, Kozioł T
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41518015 · Publisher ↗
Artificial intelligence is among the most rapidly developing branches of technology. It has proven to be a helpful tool in various fields, including medicine. Significant advances in the development of new language model...
Artificial intelligence is among the most rapidly developing branches of technology. It has proven to be a helpful tool in various fields, including medicine. Significant advances in the development of new language models prompt an evaluation of their effectiveness across various areas of medicine, including anatomy. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in solving theoretical anatomy exams designed for medical students. The study utilized 555 multiple-choice questions (150 in Polish and 405 in English) sourced from past anatomy exams for the medical program. The models tested included: ChatGPT-4o mini, ChatGPT-4o, DeepSeek, Copilot, Gemini, and two Polish models: Bielik and PLLum. Each question was asked only once. For analysis purposes, the questions were categorized by type and by the anatomical structure they addressed. Out of 555 questions, ChatGPT-4o mini answered 394 correctly (71%), ChatGPT-4o - 461 (83.1%), DeepSeek - 427 (76.9%), Copilot - 442 (79.6%), Gemini - 439 (78.8%), Bielik - 166 (29.9%), and PLLum - 222 (40.0%). The language models performed poorest on multiple-answer questions (37.6%) and best on questions concerning the function of a given organ (75%). Most of the tested language models are capable of independently passing the exam, which should serve as a warning to teaching staff supervising students during exams and assessments. Properly formulated questions can currently hinder students relying on artificial intelligence from passing, but ongoing AI advancements may result in even higher pass rates in the future.
Humanizing Donor Terminology in Anatomical and Clinical Research: Best Ethical Practice in Anatomy (BEPA) Consensus Statement From the Universal Anatomical Organization (UAO).
Tabira Y, Carrera A, Reina F … +5 more , Ottone NE, Iwanaga J, Kim HJ, Loukas M, Tubbs RS
Clin Anat · 2026 Apr · PMID 41494081 · Publisher ↗
Anatomical education and research are built on the generosity of individuals who donate their bodies to advance science. However, the terminology traditionally used to describe these individuals-"specimens," "cadavers,"...
Anatomical education and research are built on the generosity of individuals who donate their bodies to advance science. However, the terminology traditionally used to describe these individuals-"specimens," "cadavers," or "cadaveric specimens"-risks objectifying the donor and obscuring their humanity. This paper examines the historical roots of depersonalized language, its persistence in contemporary research, and the ethical implications of its continuing use. Drawing on comparisons with the organ donation and transplantation literature and on calls within anatomy for reforming terminology, we propose humanizing alternatives such as "body donor," "donor body," or "anatomical donor." The discussion emphasizes how terminology influences pedagogy, professional culture, and public trust in body donation programs. By embracing more respectful language, anatomists, surgeons, physicians, and dentists can better honor the gift of body donation and highlight the humanity of those who continue to teach us even after death, for example, Hic locus est ubi mors gaudet succurrere vitae.
Maximizing Neurovascular Outcomes of Facial Transplantation: A Comprehensive Review.
James OA, Bennett F
Clin Anat · 2026 Jan · PMID 41481821 · Publisher ↗
Facial transplantation is a division of reconstructive surgery which aims to improve the function and appearance of a face that has endured severe disfigurement. Currently, the face transplant procedure uses allogenic ti...
Facial transplantation is a division of reconstructive surgery which aims to improve the function and appearance of a face that has endured severe disfigurement. Currently, the face transplant procedure uses allogenic tissue, harvested from a brain-dead donor, to replace damaged facial components. To date, 50 face transplants have been performed worldwide. Survival and functional success of the transplant is dependent on multiple factors; however, effective neurovascular recovery of the graft is arguably the most important. An effective vasculature system is essential to avoid necrosis and death of the transplanted tissue, and an effective nervous system is required for the graft to regain function. This comprehensive review examines and evaluates recommendations found in different studies to try and determine techniques for achieving optimal neurovascular graft outcomes. Sensory recovery of the graft occurs spontaneously through natural regeneration of the trigeminal nerve's cutaneous branches. Motor recovery, however, relies on precise coaptation of donor and recipient nerves using microsurgical sutures, reinforced by fibrin glue. Additional considerations, including parotid gland exclusion and use of a nerve graft, can further improve outcomes. Pre-operative vascular assessment of both the donor and recipient is another crucial consideration. Computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and digital subtraction angiography can be used to plan and enable successful end-to-end or end-to-side anastomosis of vessels. If applied in future facial transplantation procedures, these techniques could enhance recovery, improve functional outcomes, and lead to a greater patient quality of life.
Analysis of Progress and Trends in Histology and Education Research Based on VOSviewer and Citespace (1936-2024).
Cai P, Li X, Zhang Z … +4 more , Wang M, Xu Z, Niu B, Yu X
Clin Anat · 2025 Dec · PMID 41474076 · Publisher ↗
Innovations in histology and education are widespread. However, the field currently lacks a systematic analysis of trends. Therefore, this study employed bibliometric methods to systematically review research on histolog...
Innovations in histology and education are widespread. However, the field currently lacks a systematic analysis of trends. Therefore, this study employed bibliometric methods to systematically review research on histology and education, filling a gap in the field and providing a reference for further studies. We retrieved articles related to histology and education from 1900 to 2024 from the Science Citation Index-Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. Data on publication trends, countries, leading institutions, prolific authors, influential journals, co-cited references, and popular keywords were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. The analysis revealed that a total of 3004 research papers and reviews related to histology and education were published globally (1936-2024). The United States emerged as the core research power in this field. Hortsch, Michael was identified as the most prolific author. The journal "Anatomical Sciences Education" published the highest number of articles. Notably, the current hot topic is artificial intelligence technology. This research provides a comprehensive knowledge map of histology and education. As a current hot technology, artificial intelligence will see further global research in this field focus on how to more organically integrate AI technology into histology education in the future.
Reclaiming Anatomy as Method: From Morphological Reasoning to Clinical Relevance.
Cortese K, Frascio M
Clin Anat · 2025 Dec · PMID 41460831 · Publisher ↗
In recent decades, molecular biology and omics technologies have profoundly reshaped biomedical research, with genomics, proteomics, and other high-throughput approaches dominating scientific agendas and funding prioriti...
In recent decades, molecular biology and omics technologies have profoundly reshaped biomedical research, with genomics, proteomics, and other high-throughput approaches dominating scientific agendas and funding priorities. Within this molecular paradigm, however, the anatomical sciences face an epistemic and institutional tension: morphology, historically grounded in the study of form, structure, and spatial relationships, is increasingly framed as merely descriptive or obsolete. This Viewpoint moves beyond the familiar narrative of a "decline of anatomy" to argue for its strategic reinvention as a core scientific method. Anatomy is not simply a body of knowledge but a way of seeing and reasoning that remains essential for understanding biological systems. Morphological thinking-linking structure to function in situ-provides integrative insights that cannot be derived from molecular data alone. Based on historical perspectives, epistemology, and recent advances in imaging and integrative methodologies, we show how anatomy continues to drive hypothesis generation, biomedical innovation, and clinical decision-making. Using the Italian academic system as a case study, we highlight the growing institutional disconnect between anatomical teaching and morphologically grounded research, exacerbated by metric-driven evaluation frameworks. Finally, we propose a roadmap for embedding morphology within emerging platforms such as spatial biology, high-resolution imaging, and AI-assisted analysis, reclaiming anatomy as a methodological compass for navigating biological complexity and clinical translation.
The Retropharyngeal Internal Carotid Artery: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis of the Current Literature, and Evidence Sampling.
Tudose RC, Stan AD, Vrapciu AD … +5 more , Munteanu IM, Dumitru CC, Triantafyllou G, Piagkou M, Rusu MC
Clin Anat · 2025 Dec · PMID 41455123 · Publisher ↗
A retropharyngeal internal carotid artery (RP-ICA) is a cervical ICA variant that courses adjacent to or abuts the pharyngeal wall, reducing the safety margin during procedures such as nasotracheal intubation and transor...
A retropharyngeal internal carotid artery (RP-ICA) is a cervical ICA variant that courses adjacent to or abuts the pharyngeal wall, reducing the safety margin during procedures such as nasotracheal intubation and transoral surgery. Although described for over a century, relatively few cohort studies have investigated its prevalence, and no pooled estimate has been established. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (as of August 2025) for adult imaging cohorts that reported both the numerator (RP-ICA cases) and the denominator. Two reviewers independently performed study screening and data extraction. Exclusion criteria included non-ICA vascular variants, studies of low quality, those written in languages other than English, and those with unavailable full text. The risk of bias was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Study-specific proportions were logit-transformed and pooled using a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Of 743 records identified, 595 titles/abstracts were screened and 89 full texts assessed; 47 studies were included qualitatively, and five imaging cohorts were meta-analyzed. Across these cohorts, 150 RP-ICA cases were identified among 10,066 adults. Prevalence in individual studies ranged from 0.07% to 7.97%. The pooled prevalence was 1.51% (95% CI, 0.53%-4.21%), with substantial heterogeneity. The oropharynx was the most frequent site of RP-ICA. Several reports described carotid arteries within a few millimeters of the pharyngeal mucosa or in direct contact, and positional changes were observed on serial imaging. The qualitative synthesis detailed pharyngeal level, laterality, and carotid-pharyngeal distances. Original imaging evidence of cases involving multiple RP-ICAs and additional carotid segments was further reported. RP-ICA is an uncommon but clinically significant vascular variant. Standardized reporting of minimum carotid-pharyngeal distance, pharyngeal level, laterality, and core imaging parameters would enhance comparability across studies and facilitate risk communication in otolaryngology, anesthesia, dentistry, vascular surgery, and spine surgery.
Anatomical Study of the Biceps Sheath for Safe and Accurate Unguided Anterior Shoulder Injections.
Keigo S, Tabira Y, Harano T … +5 more , Tanaka M, Inoue S, Nakamura H, Murotani K, Watanabe K
Clin Anat · 2025 Dec · PMID 41452110 · Publisher ↗
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii (LHBT) contributes to shoulder joint stability, but can become a source of shoulder pain because of trauma or degeneration. Injection of local anesthetics into the biceps...
The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii (LHBT) contributes to shoulder joint stability, but can become a source of shoulder pain because of trauma or degeneration. Injection of local anesthetics into the biceps sheath (BS) is an effective treatment for managing anterior shoulder pain and is widely performed clinically; however, the accuracy of unguided injections remains low. This study aimed to clarify the anatomical characteristics of the BS and identify the optimal injection site to improve the accuracy and safety of unguided anterior shoulder injections. Eight 5% formalin-fixed cadavers (16 shoulders) and 1 Thiel-embalmed cadaver were examined at Kurume University School of Medicine. Morphological measurements and histological evaluations were performed on cadaveric shoulders. In addition, ultrasound examinations were performed on 28 shoulders from 14 healthy adults. Vascular distribution around the BS was evaluated using latex injection in the Thiel-embalmed cadaver. The mean BS length in cadavers was 36.2 ± 8.4 mm, and the mean width was 9.4 ± 1.2 mm; these were not significantly different than those in live subjects. Macroscopic observations confirmed continuity between the BS and the shoulder joint capsule. The anterior circumflex humeral artery ran along the lateral aspect of the LHBT, while the transverse humeral ligament was located approximately 23 mm proximal to the BS. The BS is continuous with the joint capsule, and injections into the BS allow intra-articular delivery of medication. The optimal injection site is approximately 1.5 transverse fingerbreadths distal to the superomedial edge of the greater tubercle and medial to the LHBT. This location minimizes the risk of injuring the anterior circumflex humeral artery and the extended tendon of the subscapularis muscle while improving the accuracy of needle placement.
The Applications of Photogrammetry in Medical Education: A Review.
Alleyne C, Montalbano MJ, Zurada A … +2 more , Gielecki J, Loukas M
Clin Anat · 2026 Jul · PMID 41452098 · Publisher ↗
Photogrammetry has emerged as a powerful tool in medical education, offering precise and cost-effective 3D anatomical models that enhance spatial learning and accessibility. This systematic review synthesizes evidence fr...
Photogrammetry has emerged as a powerful tool in medical education, offering precise and cost-effective 3D anatomical models that enhance spatial learning and accessibility. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from forty-eight (48) peer-reviewed studies (2000-2025) to evaluate photogrammetry's applications, technical workflows, and educational outcomes in anatomy and surgical training. Findings demonstrate its effectiveness across training levels, with high learner satisfaction (e.g., 96.4% preference over traditional methods) and sub-millimeter accuracy in rendering complex structures like neuroanatomy and musculoskeletal systems. Photogrammetry's adaptability for remote learning and specimen preservation addresses critical gaps in resource-limited settings. However, challenges persist, including the lack of tactile feedback and difficulties in visualizing deep anatomical relationships. Future directions should focus on integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted processing, hybrid digital-physical models, and immersive technologies like virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) to bridge these gaps. By balancing innovation with evidence-based implementation, photogrammetry can further solidify its role as a transformative adjunct in modern medical curricula.
A Novel Patient-Specific Landmark-Guided Approach for Intramuscular Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections Into the Rotator Cuff: A Cadaveric Study.
Duru DO, Lee DKR, Jarvis GE … +3 more , Kang N, Chaudhury S, Brassett C
Clin Anat · 2025 Dec · PMID 41432728 · Publisher ↗
Myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS) causes chronic shoulder pain. Supraspinatus and infraspinatus, rotator cuff muscles innervated by the suprascapular nerve, are commonly affected. Intramuscular botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)...
Myofascial pain syndrome (MFPS) causes chronic shoulder pain. Supraspinatus and infraspinatus, rotator cuff muscles innervated by the suprascapular nerve, are commonly affected. Intramuscular botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections near motor points (i.e., visible nerve branch entry sites used as a proxy for motor endplates) are an effective treatment for such pain. However, current techniques limit accessibility. This study aimed to develop a patient-specific, landmark-guided technique for BoNT delivery into supraspinatus and infraspinatus using scapular dimensions. Ten pairs of cadaveric shoulders (n = 20) were dissected to identify supraspinatus and infraspinatus motor points. Distances from scapular landmarks to these motor points were measured in two axes. These distances were correlated with scapular dimensions (height, spine length, width) using linear regression. Patient-specific predictive formulae were derived. For validation, landmark-guided methylene blue dye injections were performed on four additional shoulders using calculated coordinates. For supraspinatus, motor points were predicted using deltoid tubercle and root of the scapular spine (r = 0.58-0.64, p = 0.0016-0.021). For infraspinatus, root of the scapular spine and lateral acromion were used (r = 0.46-0.60, p = 0.0054-0.0500). In all validation specimens, injected dye accurately reached the motor points. This study provides a validated, patient-specific, landmark-guided technique for BoNT delivery into the rotator cuff, offering an approach for accessible analgesia.
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