J Ethnopharmacol [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Rhubarb extract ameliorates slow-transit constipation in rats by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid homeostasis.
Du Y, Zhang Z, Huang W … +2 more , Gao W, Li X
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379537 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhubarb, the dried rhizome and root of Rheum species, is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for constipation relief. However, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects on s...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhubarb, the dried rhizome and root of Rheum species, is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for constipation relief. However, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects on slow-transit constipation (STC) remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the therapeutic effects of rhubarb extract (RE) on STC rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms using an integrated multi-omics approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical constituents of RE were characterized by LC-MS. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict potential targets and pathways. An STC rat model was established using loperamide, and the effects of RE were evaluated by constipation-related phenotypes, intestinal transit, histopathology, inflammatory cytokines, and serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and ELISA-based bile acid analysis were performed to investigate the regulatory effects of RE on gut microbiota and host metabolism. RESULTS: RE markedly alleviated STC symptoms in rats, increasing intestinal transit rate from 40.5% to 79.5% and serum 5-HT levels from 2.43 to 5.81 μg/mL. Network pharmacology identified serotonergic synapse signaling as a key pathway. RE also partially restored gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acid metabolic disturbances. Several bile acid-related metabolites were markedly altered in STC rats and partially normalized following RE treatment. ELISA analysis further indicated restoration of primary and secondary bile acid balance. Moreover, RE upregulated colonic TPH1 and TGR5 expression while downregulating SLC6A4, consistent with altered serotonergic signaling. CONCLUSIONS: RE alleviates STC by improving intestinal motility, modulating gut microbiota composition, and restoring bile acid metabolic homeostasis.
Ethnopharmacological potential and mechanistic study of Platycodon grandiflorum stems and leaves and Lonicera japonica stems and leaves against acute lung injury.
Zhao N, Li H, Guo Y … +6 more , Wu F, Wang X, Hua Y, Wei Y, Ji P, Ren J
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379536 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Platycodon grandiflorum and Lonicera japonica are two plants that have been widely used in traditional ethnic medicine for both medicinal and edible purposes. They are commonly applied in...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Platycodon grandiflorum and Lonicera japonica are two plants that have been widely used in traditional ethnic medicine for both medicinal and edible purposes. They are commonly applied in the prevention and treatment of lung-heat-related and inflammatory diseases. However, the stems and leaves of these plants have historically been regarded as by-products, and their therapeutic potential has not been thoroughly explored. Recent studies have shown that the Platycodon grandiflorum stems and leaves, and Lonicera japonica stems and leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds and exhibit notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigate the protective mechanism of Platycodon grandiflorum stems and leaves and Lonicera japonica stems and leaves (PLSL) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. This work aims to provide a theoretical basis for resource development and the sustainable, high-value utilization of non-medicinal parts of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. METHODS: In this study, an LPS-induced inflammatory model using RAW264.7 cells was employed to screen the optimal compatible ratio of PLSL. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze its chemical composition and identify the main active components. In the animal experiment, a mouse model of ALI was established by intranasal instillation of LPS. The severity of lung injury was comprehensively evaluated based on the lung index, lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's staining. Levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured using ELISA. The transcriptional levels of genes related to the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and p65 proteins were assessed by immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the cecal microbiota composition in mice, and gas chromatography was used to determine short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore correlations among inflammatory mediators, antioxidant markers and gut microbiota at the genus level. RESULTS: The in vitro results demonstrated that the 4:1 combination of PLSL promoted the migration and proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and effectively inhibited the overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Meanwhile, PLSL exhibited strong scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radicals and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). HPLC analysis revealed that PLSL contained key active components, including platycodin D, lobetyolin, loganin and chlorogenic acid. In vivo experiments confirmed that PLSL significantly alleviated LPS-induced ALI in mice by regulating the NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, suppressing the expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and modulating the mRNA expression of Keap1, Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, PLSL effectively improved intestinal microbial diversity, increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Lachnospiraceae and Alistipes, and significantly elevated cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. CONCLUSIONS: This study preliminarily elucidates the multi-target synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of PLSL from the perspectives of inflammatory signaling pathways and gut microbiota. It provides experimental evidence for the whole-plant development and utilization of Platycodon grandiflorum and Lonicera japonica as ethnomedicines.
Elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of Gomisin G from Guomin Gecoction for psoriasis treatment through targeting the PI3K-AKT/JAK3-STAT3 pathway.
Yang H, Tao C, Li X … +5 more , Zhang Y, Li Y, Dong R, Li S, Qu L
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379535 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Guomin Decoction (GMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been empirically used for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis. However, its active c...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Guomin Decoction (GMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been empirically used for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis. However, its active constituents and underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Gomisin G (GomG), a representative bioactive component of GMD, possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties; yet, its role in psoriasis has not been established. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to identify the key anti-psoriatic component of GMD and clarify its mechanism of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We predicted the active components and potential targets of GMD using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Swiss Target Prediction. Additionally, we integrated psoriasis-related targets from GeneCard and DisGeNET. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and network pharmacology analyses were conducted using STRING and Cytoscape. Molecular docking was employed to validate the binding affinity of GomG. The therapeutic effect of GomG was assessed in imiquimod-induced psoriatic mice through histopathological examination and ELISA, coupled with untargeted metabolomics to characterize metabolic reprogramming in skin lesions. In vitro studies were performed in HaCaT keratinocytes, and molecular mechanisms were validated using ELISA and Western blotting. RESULTS: We identified GomG as the core active constituent of GMD. GomG treatment was associated with significant anti-psoriatic effects, accompanied by suppression of the PI3K-AKT/JAK3-STAT3 signaling pathway, reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ameliorated metabolic disturbance, and attenuated epidermal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the traditional use of GMD and highlight GomG as a promising candidate for the treatment of psoriasis.
Optimization of extraction, chemical characterization, and in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Corydalis yanhusuo alkaloids.
Wang Y, Zhong R, Wang Q … +2 more , Jiang J, Zhu W
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372813 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Corydalis yanhusuo (C. yanhusuo) has long been used in traditional medicine for treating inflammatory disorders. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of its alkaloids...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Corydalis yanhusuo (C. yanhusuo) has long been used in traditional medicine for treating inflammatory disorders. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of its alkaloids remain insufficiently characterized. AIM OF THE STUDY: To systematically investigate the extraction, characterization, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Corydalis yanhusuo alkaloids (CYAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Optimization via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology yielded optimal extraction parameters: 89% ethanol, 83.5°C, liquid-to-solid ratio 20:1 mL/g, 2.7 h, giving 5.65 mg/g alkaloids. CYAs were enriched with AB-8 resin and characterized by UPLC-MS/MS as isoquinoline alkaloids. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS·, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays, as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages by measuring NO, TNF-α, IL-6 (ELISA), mRNA expression (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6 via qPCR), and protein expression (iNOS, COX-2 via Western blot). RESULTS: CYAs showed potent scavenging activities against all tested radicals, with particularly strong hydroxyl radical scavenging. In LPS-induced macrophages, CYAs dose-dependently suppressed NO production and TNF-α/IL-6 secretion, downregulated iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA, and attenuated iNOS and COX-2 protein overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: CYAs possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, potentially through the suppression of inflammatory mediators and inflammation-related enzymes. Further in vivo and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify their pharmacological effects and mechanisms.
Qufeng xuanbi formula attenuates HDM-induced allergic asthma by targeting the STING/HIF-1α/glycolysis axis.
Ye W, Wang B, Ye J … +5 more , Qiao Z, Guan Q, Ruan Y, Xu Y, Zhang C
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372812 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Qufeng Xuanbi Formula (QFXBF), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for asthma-like respiratory disorders, has shown anti-asthmatic activity. However, whether it attenuates all...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Qufeng Xuanbi Formula (QFXBF), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used for asthma-like respiratory disorders, has shown anti-asthmatic activity. However, whether it attenuates allergic airway remodeling through innate immune-metabolic regulation remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to determine whether QFXBF alleviates house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation and remodeling through targeting the STING/HIF-1α/glycolysis axis, and to evaluate the specific inhibitory potential of its constituent tectorigenin on STING-mediated immunometabolic signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An HDM-induced allergic asthma model was established in male C57BL/6 mice by intranasal sensitization and challenge, followed by oral administration of QFXBF at 12.5, 25, and 50 g/kg/day or dexamethasone at 2 mg/kg/day. Airway hyperresponsiveness, lung histopathology, mucus secretion, collagen deposition, α-SMA expression, inflammatory mediators in BALF and serum, and glycolytic metabolic indices were evaluated. BSMCs were stimulated with IL-4 and LPS, both at 5 ng/mL, and treated with QFXBF at 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL. Cell proliferation, migration, glucose consumption, lactate production, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence were performed to assess airway smooth muscle activation and metabolic reprogramming. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue, STING overexpression, HIF-1α pharmacological inhibition, LC-MS/MS-based identification of tectorigenin, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were further used to investigate the STING/HIF-1α/glycolysis axis and the potential STING-targeting activity of tectorigenin. RESULTS: QFXBF markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory infiltration, and collagen deposition in HDM-challenged mice, accompanied by decreased asthma-related markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. QFXBF also downregulated STING, HIF-1α, and key glycolytic enzymes at both mRNA and protein levels in lung tissue. In IL-4+LPS-stimulated BSMCs, QFXBF dose-dependently suppressed proliferation and migration, reduced glucose utilization and lactate accumulation, and concurrently inhibited STING/HIF-1α and glycolysis-associated factors. Mechanistically, QFXBF attenuated HIF-1α activity and glycolytic flux through suppression of STING. Liquid chromatography-based analysis identified tectorigenin as a bioavailable constituent of QFXBF. In STING-overexpressing BSMCs, tectorigenin significantly reduced STING expression, proliferative activity, and lactate metabolism, supporting STING inhibition as a key pharmacological basis of QFXBF. CONCLUSION: QFXBF can alleviate allergic remodeling by suppressing the STING/HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic program. Tectorigenin may act as a potential STING inhibitor that disrupts innate immune-metabolic signaling, providing mechanistic support for QFXBF-derived therapeutic strategies in asthma.
Tianhuang Formula and its active ingredient GsRg1 ameliorate central insulin resistance and oxidative stress by enhancing hypothalamic autophagy.
Chen J, Lv X, Huang Z … +3 more , Chen J, Jian R, Cai J
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372811 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tianhuang Formula (THF) has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Maintaining functional hypothalamic autophagy is crucial for central metabolic homeostasis, as its dysregul...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tianhuang Formula (THF) has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Maintaining functional hypothalamic autophagy is crucial for central metabolic homeostasis, as its dysregulation leads to insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the precise functional role and mechanistic basis of THF in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism through the central nervous system require further elucidation. AIM: The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms through which THF and its principal component, Ginsenoside Rg1 (GsRg1), alleviate central insulin resistance and oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Network pharmacology was used to clarify THF's mechanisms in ameliorating central insulin resistance. The effects of THF and its active compound GsRg1 on hypothalamic insulin signaling, oxidative stress and autophagy were then examined in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and in GT1-7 neurons and BV2 microglia treated with palmitic acid or an autophagy inhibitor. RESULTS: THF's potential targets in pathways like PI3K/Akt relevant to neuronal activity and insulin resistance were identified through network pharmacology, highlighting GsRg1 as a key active component. In DIO rats and cellular models, THF and GsRg1 improved central insulin signaling by enhancing IRS expression and activating PI3K/Akt, and reduced hypothalamic oxidative stress via the Nrf2 pathway. Critically, they significantly enhanced hypothalamic autophagy in vivo. In vitro experiments using the autophagy activator Rapamycin and the inhibitor 3-MA showed that this autophagic upregulation underpins the improvements in insulin signaling and reductions in oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: THF and its key component GsRg1 alleviate central insulin resistance and hypothalamic oxidative stress primarily by upregulating hypothalamic autophagy, thereby regulating insulin signaling. GsRg1 is essential for THF's central metabolic benefits.
Total organic acids from Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Modulate MDM2 to promote neurogenesis and alleviate depression.
Ai L, Zhao Y, Zhao K … +6 more , Shuang R, Hou D, Sun T, Zhao M, Tao W, Wang H
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372810 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (CCL) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen kidney qi and alleviate mental fatigue as well as mood dysregulation and affective...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (CCL) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen kidney qi and alleviate mental fatigue as well as mood dysregulation and affective disturbances. Total organic acids, as major active constituents, have been reported to exert neuroprotective and mood-modulating effects, supporting their relevance to depression research. AIM OF THE STUDY: Investigating the antidepressant effects and elucidating underlying molecular mechanisms of total organic acids from Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Ora) on neurogenesis and neural plasticity through the MDM2 (E3 ubiquitin ligase)/FOXO3 (Forkhead box O3) ubiquitination regulatory pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organic acids were extracted and isolated from Cuscuta chinensis Lam., and their major components were qualitatively identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) analysis. Subsequently, a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established, and behavioral assessments were undertaken to delineate the influence of Ora in CSDS-exposed mice. Immunoblotting was used to quantify synaptic plasticity-associated proteins, and Golgi staining was subsequently applied to examine dendritic spine density. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were carried out to characterize neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, with Sholl analysis further providing an assessment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, an integrative in silico strategy incorporating network-level analysis and ligand-target interaction modeling was applied to identify potential targets and delineate the mechanistic basis of Ora-mediated antidepressant activity. Subsequently, co-immunoprecipitation assay was performed to evaluate protein interactions and ubiquitination levels; additionally, the effect of MDM2 knockdown on the antidepressant efficacy of Ora was further examined. RESULTS: Ora alleviated CSDS-induced depressive behaviors, enhanced synaptic plasticity-associated protein expression, and increased dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons. Moreover, Ora facilitated neural stem cell expansion and subsequent lineage commitment, thereby supporting hippocampal neurogenesis in adults. Furthermore, network pharmacology analysis revealed that CCL shares 387 common targets associated with depression, predominantly enriched in MDM2. Experimental validation demonstrated that Ora upregulated MDM2 expression, reduced FOXO3 levels, and enhanced FOXO3 ubiquitination to promote its degradation. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of Ora were markedly attenuated following MDM2 knockdown. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first integrated evidence that Ora counteracts CSDS-associated depressive-like symptoms through MDM2/FOXO3-dependent regulation of ubiquitination, which in turn augments hippocampal neurogenesis and neural plasticity. Collectively, these observations provide a conceptual basis supporting the future translational exploration of this herbal agent.
Integrating machine learning and pharmacology reveals NF-κB-mediated inflammatory regulation by Shuanghuanglian injection in acute lung injury.
Liu C, Qiao R, Tian Q … +1 more , He F
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372809 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shuanghuanglian Injection (SHLI) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation derived from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Scutellariae Radix, and Forsythiae Fructus and developed based on the...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shuanghuanglian Injection (SHLI) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation derived from Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Scutellariae Radix, and Forsythiae Fructus and developed based on the TCM principle of heat-clearing and detoxifying. It has been widely used for respiratory infections and inflammatory disorders, but its protective mechanisms in acute lung injury (ALI) warrant further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY: To characterize the chemical profile of SHLI and delineate its pharmacological mechanisms in ALI, with particular attention to inflammatory regulation and the NF-κB signaling cascade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UPLC-MS/MS profiling defined the chemical components of SHLI. Candidate targets were retrieved from TCMSP, GeneCards, DisGeNET, and the Open Targets Platform, then organized into a protein-protein interaction network with subsequent enrichment analyses. Transcriptomic data from GEO provided differentially expressed genes, which were further refined using a combination of machine learning approaches (LASSO, random forest, SVM-RFE, and XGBoost) to prioritize key targets. Molecular docking assessed the binding affinity between representative compounds and targets. An LPS-induced ALI rat model was used to verify therapeutic effects through hematological indices, histopathology, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot assays. RESULTS: 10 principal components were identified and quantified in SHLI, predominantly flavonoids and phenolic acids. Integrating network pharmacology with machine learning highlighted three genes (IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFAIP6) as central nodes. Docking analysis suggested that quercetin interacts stably with these key targets. In vivo, SHLI mitigated lung injury in a dose-dependent manner and partially restored disordered leukocyte responses while lowering pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. At the molecular level, SHLI modulated the transcription of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFAIP6 and reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and TNFAIP6. Concurrently, SHLI dampened NF-κB activation by limiting IκBα phosphorylation and restraining p65 activation. CONCLUSION: SHLI protects against ALI through coordinated multi-component, multi-target interactions, with its core mechanism associated with the suppression of NF-κB mediated inflammatory responses.
Medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases in French Polynesia: an ethnobotanical survey and antibacterial evaluation.
Titton D, Butaud JF, Ho R … +3 more , Bourgeade-Delmas S, Raharivelomanana P, Chassagne F
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372808 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In French Polynesia, traditional medicine remains an important component of primary healthcare and relies on nearly 300 medicinal plants, including species used against infectious diseases...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In French Polynesia, traditional medicine remains an important component of primary healthcare and relies on nearly 300 medicinal plants, including species used against infectious diseases that are prevalent in the territory. However, anti-infective medicinal plants remain insufficiently documented and scientifically evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to document medicinal plants used for common infectious disorders in the Society Islands and to assess, in their traditional forms, the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A semi-structured survey was conducted with 85 participants across five Society Islands. Data were collected on 11 infectious disorders. Eight species and one traditional remedy were then selected and prepared according to field-documented practices. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution against nine bacterial strains, and cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay on Vero, hIEC-6, and HaCaT cells. RESULTS: The survey documented 626 remedies involving 84 species from 49 families, mostly administered as oral fresh plant juices. Cutaneous and respiratory infections, together with leucorrhea (he'a), were the conditions most frequently treated with medicinal plants. Among the preparations tested, Thespesia populnea fruit exudate and Calophyllum inophyllum leaves showed the strongest antibacterial activity (MIC 8-512 μg/mL), supporting their traditional use. The he'a remedy was more active than Syzygium malaccense leaves alone. None of the tested preparations was cytotoxic according to the CC < 20 μg/mL threshold. CONCLUSION: This study documents Polynesian anti-infective remedies, supports testing traditional preparations, and provides ethnopharmacological validation for Thespesia populnea, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Syzygium malaccense as Polynesian anti-infective medicinal plants.
Chinese herbal medicine Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules in treating non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease with liver stomach stagnation heat syndrome: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Chen ZM, Li J, Huang Z … +14 more , Zhao G, Hou X, Liu C, Leng Y, Li H, Zhao W, Yu B, Hu Y, Zhang T, Zhao L, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Liu N, Chen HF
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372807 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules are an herbal preparation that has shown potential for controlling symptoms of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) in preliminary studies. Ho...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules are an herbal preparation that has shown potential for controlling symptoms of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) in preliminary studies. However, high-quality randomized controlled evidence for its use in NERD remains lacking. AIM: To verify the efficacy and safety of Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules in treating NERD with liver stomach stagnation heat syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase III trial included 480 patients (aged 18-65 years) with confirmed NERD (GerdQ≥8; negative H. pylori) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) liver stomach stagnation heat syndrome. Patients were randomized 3:1 to receive either Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules or placebo, thrice daily for 8 weeks. The primary outcomes were the effective rate of the response based on visual analog scale (VAS) scores for heartburn and acid regurgitation at week 8. The secondary outcomes included reductions in the TCM syndrome score, etc. RESULTS: 479 participants (mean age 48.5 years, SD10.2; 54.3% female) entered the full analysis set and safety set (360 tests group; 119 control group, 1 participant in the control group withdrawing before medication). At week 8, compared with the control group, the test group demonstrated significantly better effective rate of VAS score response for heartburn(76.39% vs 21.01%, 95% CI 55.38 (45.98, 62.94) %, p <0.01),acid regurgitation (79.72% vs 23.53 %, 95% CI56.39 (46.90, 64.12) %, p <0.01), and TCM syndrome score (69.23% vs 30.13%, p < 0.01) at week 8. CONCLUSION: In this selected population of NERD patients with liver-stomach stagnation heat syndrome (e.g., negative H. pylori, no pH-impedance phenotype, and low anxiety/depression scores), Xiangsu Tongjiang Hewei Granules demonstrated efficacy and safety in improving heartburn, acid regurgitation, and TCM syndrome scores. However, generalizability to the broader NERD population and its comparative effectiveness against standard proton pump inhibitor therapy require further investigation.
Harnessing natural herbaceous plants against ferroptosis: Implications for managing polycystic ovary syndrome.
Chang J, Wan W, Yang C
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42365862 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. It results from complex genetic and env...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. It results from complex genetic and environmental factors and progressively impairs reproductive and metabolic health. Natural phytotherapy provides holistic regulation through multiple components and targets and is recognized for its favorable safety profile, including low organ toxicity. Consequently, it represents a promising avenue for comprehensive PCOS management. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to comprehensively analyze the ethnopharmacological applications of natural herbs in modulating ferroptosis within the context of PCOS. METHODS: This study systematically reviewed natural herbal interventions for PCOS, with a focus on their mechanisms in regulating ferroptosis. It consulted traditional medical classics, ethnomedicinal records, and clinical literature, and searched databases including PubMed and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Keywords such as "PCOS," "ferroptosis," "natural herbal medicines," "traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound preparations," "single-herb extracts," and "plant active ingredients" were used to retrieve research from ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Recent relevant publications were comprehensively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Integrating natural herbal medicines into the comprehensive management of PCOS offers several advantages, which can be primarily explained from two perspectives. First, the pathological mechanisms of PCOS involve multiple interconnected biological processes, including hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. The onset and progression of PCOS are closely linked to cell death pathways such as ferroptosis and are regulated by various molecular pathways, including GPX4/COX2, SLC7A11/GPX4, circ_0097636/miR-186-5p/SIRT3, and AMPK/Nrf2 signaling. Drugs targeting a single molecule often struggle to effectively regulate such a complex network. In contrast, various herbal medicines and their active components-such as platycodin D, nuciferine (NF), baicalein, and berberine (BBR)-exhibit multi-target properties, enabling them to simultaneously modulate key molecules involved in ferroptosis in PCOS, including GPX4, SLC7A11, COX2, FTH1, ACSL4, and ferritin. This allows for synergistic intervention in multiple pathological processes of the disease. Additionally, natural herbal medicines and their active components have demonstrated a high level of safety with long-term use, particularly exhibiting relatively lower risks of liver and kidney toxicity. They offer certain advantages compared to traditional hormones or insulin sensitizers. For example, classic compound prescriptions such as Wenshen Tiaojing decoction (WSTJD), Shoutai pill, and Erchen decoction are commonly used in TCM clinical practice to regulate menstruation, improve insulin resistance, and promote ovulation, supported by extensive practical evidence. In recent years, to clarify their scientific basis, an increasing number of studies have extracted key active components from these effective compound formulations using modern separation techniques. With the aid of cell and animal experiments, researchers have thoroughly elucidated the mechanisms by which these components improve PCOS through pathways such as the regulation of ferroptosis, thereby bridging traditional knowledge and modern pharmacology CONCLUSIONS: Traditional Chinese compound formulations hold significant promise for developing drugs targeting PCOS. Notably, certain prescriptions and herbal extracts that focus on regulating ferroptosis as a key mechanism are attracting increasing attention and research within the academic community.
Corrigendum to "Study of the acute and subacute toxicity of alkaloids from Tetraena gaetula" [J. Ethnopharmacol. 368 (2026) 121808].
Boudaia O, Sekkout Z, El Amrani N … +2 more , Radallah D, El Youbi AEH
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364963 · Publisher ↗
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Iridoids in medicinal herbs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.
Yuan H, Wei Y, Yang C … +2 more , Kuang H, Wang Z
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364674 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a major challenge to global public health. Although various pharmacological and surgical interventions are available, their long-term use may be limit...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a major challenge to global public health. Although various pharmacological and surgical interventions are available, their long-term use may be limited by adverse effects and dependence risks. Therefore, the development of safer and more effective therapeutic agents remains an important goal. Iridoids, a class of bioactive constituents widely distributed in medicinal plants, have shown considerable promise in cardiovascular protection. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review summarizes current evidence regarding the cardioprotective effects of iridoids, explores their underlying mechanisms, and evaluates their prospects for clinical translation, with the aim of providing guidance for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang, and CNKI from January 2015 to December 2025. A Boolean-based search strategy was used to identify studies involving representative iridoids (e.g., geniposide, catalpol, and aucubin) and cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Eligible experimental studies were analyzed to clarify their chemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, and associated signaling pathways. RESULTS: Iridoids exert cardiovascular protective effects through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress, and anti-apoptotic activities. Collectively, the available evidence highlights their potential as multi-target therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disorders. CONCLUSION: Iridoids represent promising candidates for cardiovascular therapy. However, successful clinical translation will require further advances in improving bioavailability, clarifying toxicological profiles, and generating high-quality clinical evidence to validate their efficacy and safety.
An integrated approach combining transcriptomics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation are used to investigate the mechanism of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus extracts against acute lung injury in chickens.
Guo Z, Wu Q, Han Y … +2 more , Zhao X, He X
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364673 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory disease characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. In the poultry farming industry, bacterial pathogens are the primary cause o...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory disease characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. In the poultry farming industry, bacterial pathogens are the primary cause of respiratory health issues in poultry. Severe Gram-negative bacterial infections leading to endotoxemia can easily result in ALI. Currently, there are limited effective treatment options for ALI. Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus are a classic and widely used herbal pair in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with a long-standing clinical application for treating heat-toxin-related respiratory diseases, fever, cough, and inflammatory syndromes. This classic combination is documented to clear heat, detoxify, and relieve lung inflammation, matching the pathological features of bacteria-induced ALI in chickens. Despite its long-term ethnopharmacological use for respiratory disorders, the specific mechanism underlying its protective effect against LPS-induced ALI in poultry remains largely unclear. This study is the first to integrate UPLC-MS/MS, transcriptomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments to reveal that LF alleviates LPS-induced ALI in broilers by suppressing MAPK signaling and regulating apoptosis. Elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanisms of action of the Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Forsythiae Fructus extracts (LF) in the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, providing a theoretical foundation for the use of this herbal pair in improving ALI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Broilers were used to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of the LF against LPS-induced ALI. The bioactive compounds in the LF were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Histopathological evaluation of lung tissues was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. ELISA was conducted to measure the levels of inflammatory factors in the serum and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the lung tissue. Network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular docking techniques were employed to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of the LF on ALI. RESULTS: LF significantly improved pathological damage in the lungs of chickens, reduced the degree of pulmonary edema, and modulated the levels of inflammatory factors and antioxidant enzyme activity. This combination reduced inflammatory responses and enhanced antioxidative capacity in the chickens. Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptomic data highlighted MAP kinase activity, antioxidant activity, and inflammation control as key roles of LF in treating ALI. Combined UPLC-MS/MS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking analyses revealed that luteolin, β-sitosterol, and phillyrin may treat ALI by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis, and these were identified as potential active compounds. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the LF improved LPS-induced ALI in chickens by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and regulating apoptosis. Luteolin, β-sitosterol, and phillyrin were identified as key active compounds, providing a theoretical basis for further research.
Bu-Sui-Dan promotes angiogenesis to mitigate age-related osteoporosis via the ZEB1/Notch1 axis.
Liao Y, Zeng W, Xiao Q … +4 more , Xie X, Yang Y, Li C, Zhang X
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364672 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bu-Sui-Dan (BSD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation first recorded in the Song Dynasty text Shi Zhai Bai Yi Xuan Fang for the treatment of "Gu-Wei" (bone flaccidity), a conditio...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bu-Sui-Dan (BSD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation first recorded in the Song Dynasty text Shi Zhai Bai Yi Xuan Fang for the treatment of "Gu-Wei" (bone flaccidity), a condition clinically corresponding to osteoporosis. Although BSD demonstrates definite anti-osteoporotic effects, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. AIM OF STUDY: To explore the therapeutic mechanisms of BSD in age-related osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Herein, we utilized LC-MS/MS to analyze the chemical composition of BSD. Naturally aged mice were utilized to establish the age-related osteoporosis model. Therapeutic effects were evaluated utilizing micro-CT, histomorphometry, and immunofluorescence. Interactions between BSD components and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were analyzed via molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Epigenetic regulation of Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)/Notch1 signaling was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. ZEB1's function was validated in vivo via short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown. RESULTS: We identified 576 bioactive constituents within BSD. Docking and MST assays indicated that BSD active compounds interacted with ZEB1, exhibiting low-micromolar affinities. In vivo, BSD dose-dependently ameliorated osteoporosis, significantly improving bone mineral density, trabecular microarchitecture, and type H vessel formation. Mechanistically, BSD upregulated ZEB1 in endothelial cells, promoting its interaction with CREB-binding protein (CBP). This enhanced histone H3 (H3K4ac, H3K14ac, and H3K18ac) acetylation at Dll4 and Notch1 promoters, activating their transcription. Crucially, targeted ZEB1 knockdown in vivo abolished the BSD-induced histone acetylation, angiogenesis, and bone protection. CONCLUSION: The present study uncovered that BSD could effectively improve bone mass and type H vessels in age-related osteoporosis through the ZEB1/Dll4/Notch1 signaling pathway, suggesting that BSD could be a promising therapeutic agent for age-related osteoporosis. However, one limitation of this study is that only a single batch of BSD was used. Therefore, future research employing multiple batches is needed to verify the reproducibility of these findings.
Yang-Xue-An-Tai Decoction Treats URSA by regulating the differentiation of proliferating decidual stromal cells through multiple targets.
Li G, Hu L, Tang J … +8 more , Zhao X, Xu S, Yang B, He X, Xu Z, Wang J, Lu Y, He J
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364671 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) accounts for approximately 50% of all recurrent spontaneous abortion cases, severely endangering the physical and mental health of women o...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) accounts for approximately 50% of all recurrent spontaneous abortion cases, severely endangering the physical and mental health of women of childbearing age. Yang-Xue-An-Tai Decoction (YXAT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in-hospital preparation, has been clinically effective and safe for URSA treatment for over 30 years, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to explore the pharmacological mechanism of YXAT in the treatment of URSA, focusing on clarifying its multi-target mechanism in regulating the differentiation of decidual stromal cell (DSC) subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The classic Clark mouse model of URSA was established to verify YXAT's improvement effect on abortion. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to construct the uterine single-cell atlas of model and YXAT-treated mice at gestational day 7.5 (GD7.5). YXAT's regulation on decidualization was verified by detecting decidualization markers; decidual stromal cell subtypes were analyzed, and its regulatory effect on subtype differentiation was confirmed via pseudotime analysis and intercellular communication. Moreover, YXAT's role in regulating abnormal decidual stromal cell differentiation in URSA was validated in animal and clinical samples. RESULTS: YXAT significantly improved decidualization and improved pregnancy outcomes in URSA mice. Subcluster analysis of DSCs revealed that proliferating DSCs (proDSCs)-a central hub for DSC differentiation-were abnormally downregulated in URSA mice, and this reduction was restored by YXAT, with a significantly better effect than that of the positive drug dydrogesterone. Integrated analysis identified Lgals1 as a key overlapping gene regulated by YXAT and linked to proDSC differentiation. We propose that Lgals1 acts as a candidate regulator, and the recovery of Lgals1 expression coincides with the restoration of proDSC differentiation following YXAT treatment. Additionally, URSA mice exhibited enhanced NK cell-proDSC communication with excessive inflammatory activation (e.g., Spp1-Cd44, Gzma-Pard3) and immune suppression-related ligand-receptor pairs (e.g., Spp1-(Itgav + Itgb5), Lamb2-Dag1), which were attenuated by YXAT. The abnormal downregulation of proDSCs was further verified in human URSA samples, highlighting its clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Disordered proDSC differentiation correlates with defective decidualization and adverse pregnancy phenotypes in URSA mice. Multiple favorable cellular and molecular changes are observed alongside YXAT intervention, including recovered proDSC abundance, restored expression of the differentiation-associated gene Lgals1, and normalized abnormal NK cell-proDSC intercellular signaling. These correlative observations offer new insights into the clinical potential of YXAT and advance our understanding of TCM interventions against URSA.
Corrigendum to "Shengxian decoction mitigate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via MerTK mediated macrophage efferocytosis" [J. Ethnopharmacol. 365 (2026) 121583].
Zhao P, Liu Y, Liu S … +7 more , Li L, Song H, Zhao G, Sun Y, Di G, Lu X, Hu H
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42362403 · Publisher ↗
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Corrigendum to "Nobiletin from Citrus reticulata Blanco alleviates pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition" [J. Ethnopharmacol 349 (2025) 119965].
Yu S, Liu K, Zhou F … +8 more , Yang X, Zhang J, Yu K, Zhu Y, Qin L, Peng T, Zhang C, He Y
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42362402 · Publisher ↗
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Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang ameliorates IBS-D: Potential role of Alistipes finegoldii-associated gut tryptophan indole metabolism.
Ying Y, Zheng X, Yang J … +6 more , Ye H, Dong Z, Ji Y, Li S, Tan X, Zhang W
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42361932 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a prevalent chronic gastrointestinal condition characterized by visceral hypersensitivity, low-grade mucosal inflammation, and impaired ep...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is a prevalent chronic gastrointestinal condition characterized by visceral hypersensitivity, low-grade mucosal inflammation, and impaired epithelial barrier integrity. Current therapies remain limited, highlighting the need for more alternative strategies. Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang (TXYF), a classical Chinese herbal formula, has shown clinical efficacy in IBS-D, however, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate whether and how TXYF exerts therapeutic effects by modulating colonic tryptophan metabolism, with a particular focus on the gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IBS-D model was induced by combining chemical irritation and wrap restraint stress in C57BL/6J mice, and multi-omics approaches were employed to identify specific microbiota and metabolites modulated by TXYF. The multi-omics findings were further verified in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: TXYF treatment significantly alleviated IBS-D symptoms in our model. Non-targeted metabolomics identified the tryptophan-indole pathway as a key axis modulated by TXYF, with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) emerging as a prominent differential metabolite in colonic tissue. Western blot analysis showed that TXYF activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in the colon. Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a strong association between Alistipes finegoldii and colonic indole and IAA levels. Consistent with these findings, transplantation of A. finegoldii combined with tryptophan supplementation, or administration of IAA alone, recapitulated the therapeutic effects of TXYF against IBS-D. In vitro, both IAA and faecal supernatant from TXYF-treated mice protected against tumour necrosis factor-induced epithelial barrier disruption in an AhR-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the present study suggests that the therapeutic efficiency of TXYF against IBS-D is closely associated with its ability to modify microbiota-derived colonic IAA production, with gut microbiota member Alistipes finegoldii playing a key role in this effect.
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by promoting fibroblast mitophagy.
Zhang X, Duan N, Xue Y … +4 more , Chen F, Zhou Z, Lin J, Zhang W
J Ethnopharmacol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42361931 · Publisher ↗
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM), a traditional medicinal herb, demonstrates potential in treating pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Although preclinical studies suggest anti-fibrotic properties, its...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM), a traditional medicinal herb, demonstrates potential in treating pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Although preclinical studies suggest anti-fibrotic properties, its mechanisms remain unclear. This study elucidates the efficacy and molecular pathways of SM in pulmonary fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rodent model of pulmonary fibrosis and an in vitro lung fibroblast system were established. RNA sequencing and gene interference were used to investigate the core mechanism of SM action. RESULTS: We found that SM remarkably alleviated pulmonary fibrosis by reducing pulmonary edema and inflammation in PF rats. SM inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation and collagen formation. Mechanistically, SM inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 signaling. RNA-seq analysis revealed that SM enhanced mitophagy, thereby preserving mitochondrial membrane potential, a process implicated in fibroblast activation. Moreover, we observed that SM activated PINK1/parkin signaling in cultured fibroblasts and in fibroblasts isolated from fibrotic lungs. SM promoted PINK1 spot formation and increased the mitochondrial LC3BII/I ratio. Furthermore, we found that PINK1 knockdown or AKT inhibition weakens the anti-activating effect in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results showed that SM could alleviate pulmonary fibrosis. SM promotes mitophagy to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby inhibiting fibroblast activation. These effects of SM may depend on the regulation of AKT/PINK1 signaling. Taken together, we suggest that SM is a substitution therapy for pulmonary fibrosis with a protective effect on mitochondria.
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