Horm. Metab. Res. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Determinants of Infant Participation and Non-Participation in Primary Prevention Trials.
Wörl F, Achenbach P, Bonifacio E … +24 more , Casteels K, Gemulla G, Haupt F, Hawkins S, Hommel A, King S, Kordonouri O, Elding Larsson H, Loff A, Lundgren M, Nenonen H, Ołtarzewski M, Owen C, Paulus J, Robson S, Roloff F, Snape M, Szypowska A, Vatish M, Weiß A, Winkler C, Zych A, Ziegler AG, Hummel S
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42385747 · Publisher ↗
Understanding the determinants that influence parents' decisions to participate with their infants in primary prevention trials is essential for achieving representative study samples and ensuring the generalizability of...
Understanding the determinants that influence parents' decisions to participate with their infants in primary prevention trials is essential for achieving representative study samples and ensuring the generalizability of outcomes. We analyzed quantitative and qualitative data collected from infants eligible for the Primary Oral Insulin Trial (=2,750) or the Supplementation with for Mitigation of Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity Trial (=3,309). Both trials were conducted within the Global Platform for the Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes between 07/2017 and 04/2024. Among all eligible infants, a longer decision time (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.01, and =0.002), having a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes (odds ratio: 2.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.95-2.43, and <0.001), and a higher maternal age (odds ratio: 1.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.05, and =0.003) were associated with a higher likelihood of participation, whereas infants born in fall (odds ratio: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.73-0.98, and =0.03) and families with longer travel distances to the study center (odds ratio: 0.97, 95% confidence interval: 0.95-0.99, and =0.01) were less likely to participate. Participation was lower in the Supplementation with for Mitigation of Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmunity Trial than in the Primary Oral Insulin Trial (odds ratio: 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.78-0.96, and =0.005), and stratified analyses indicated that some factors, such as recruitment during the COVID-19 pandemic, affected participation differently between studies. Analysis of qualitative data from 638 families identified additional factors, including the parental perception of the child's risk for type 1 diabetes and the burden of participation. In conclusion, this study identifies both general and study-specific determinants and reasons of participation and non-participation in infant primary prevention trials.
Inflammatory Profile of Lipedema: A Comparative Evaluation with Obese and Normal-weight Women.
Şahingöz Bakırcı E, Demir Karakılıç G
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379186 · Publisher ↗
Lipedema is a chronic disorder characterized by disproportionate subcutaneous fat accumulation and pain, with an incompletely understood inflammatory component. It remains unclear whether this inflammatory profile is dis...
Lipedema is a chronic disorder characterized by disproportionate subcutaneous fat accumulation and pain, with an incompletely understood inflammatory component. It remains unclear whether this inflammatory profile is disease-specific or primarily driven by coexisting adiposity. This study aimed to evaluate systemic inflammatory markers in women with lipedema compared with women with obesity and normal-weight controls. This retrospective study included 229 women aged 30-65 years: 78 with lipedema, 76 with obesity without lipedema, and 75 normal-weight controls. Demographic and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Inflammatory indices, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio, and C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index, were calculated. Group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance with appropriate post hoc tests. Age was similar across groups, whereas body mass index was significantly higher in the lipedema and obesity groups than in controls (<0.001). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, and CAR were significantly higher in both the lipedema and obesity groups compared with controls, whereas no significant differences were observed between lipedema and obesity groups. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index, and C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index did not differ significantly among groups. Inflammatory indices were generally comparable across lipedema grades. These findings suggest that lipedema is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation; however, its inflammatory profile largely overlaps with obesity, indicating shared inflammatory mechanisms rather than a distinct systemic inflammatory phenotype. Among the evaluated markers, C-reactive protein-based parameters, particularly the C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio, appeared to better reflect inflammatory burden than hematological composite indices.
Comparative Effects of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus and Glucocorticoid-Induced Hypercortisolemia on Pancreatic and Adrenal Endocrine Architecture: A Pathological Study in Rats.
Altintas Korkmaz M, Ozmen O
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42335969 · Publisher ↗
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercortisolemia are closely associated endocrine disorders that significantly affect glucose metabolism; however, their direct organ-specific interactions remain incompletely understood. This...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercortisolemia are closely associated endocrine disorders that significantly affect glucose metabolism; however, their direct organ-specific interactions remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the effects of experimental DM on the adrenal gland and glucocorticoid-induced hypercortisolemia on the pancreas. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were allocated into three groups: control, DM (streptozotocin, 20 mg/kg), and hypercortisolemia (prednisolone, 10 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. Postprandial glucose levels were measured. Pancreatic and adrenal tissues were examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods to assess insulin, glucagon, and insulin receptor expression. Both experimental conditions were associated with histopathological alterations in endocrine tissues. The DM group exhibited degenerative changes in pancreatic islets, while the hypercortisolemia group showed structural alterations in both pancreatic islets and adrenal cortex. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced insulin and insulin receptor expression in both groups. Postprandial glucose levels were significantly elevated (p<0.001), including in the hypercortisolemia group, supporting the hyperglycemic effect of glucocorticoid exposure. These findings suggest that both DM and glucocorticoid excess are associated with structural and functional alterations in endocrine tissues. These findings suggest that both DM and glucocorticoid excess are associated with parallel structural and functional alterations in endocrine tissues, rather than indicating a direct bidirectional interaction. Further molecular studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms and causal relationships. These findings highlight that each condition induces structural alterations in the reciprocal endocrine organ, suggesting cross-organ vulnerability under metabolic stress.
Psychiatric Symptoms in Women with Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion Versus Non-Functioning Adrenal Adenomas: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Cakir I, Mısıroğlu F, Elustu Belten Z … +7 more , Acarer D, Piskinpasa H, Karslı S, Yildirim YE, Mert M, Ciftci S, Hatipoglu E
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42229456 · Publisher ↗
The potential association between mild autonomous cortisol secretion and psychopathological symptoms remains inadequately studied. This study aimed to investigate whether women with mild autonomous cortisol secretion exh...
The potential association between mild autonomous cortisol secretion and psychopathological symptoms remains inadequately studied. This study aimed to investigate whether women with mild autonomous cortisol secretion exhibit greater psychological symptom severity and distress compared with patients with nonfunctional adrenal adenomas, as assessed by multidimensional self-report scales including the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Symptom Checklist‑90. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the endocrinology department of a tertiary-care hospital in Turkey between June 2022 and 2025. The study cohort included 91 women with adrenal adenomas, comprising 50 patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion and 41 patients with nonfunctional adrenal adenoma. Questionnaire-derived scores from the 10 subscales and Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist-90, as well as the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory-II, along with hormonal parameters, including morning cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 1-mg dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol, 24-hour urinary free cortisol, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ratio, and the cortisol/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ratio, were compared between the groups. Women with mild autonomous cortisol secretion exhibited higher overall psychological distress, as measured by the Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist-90. Depressive (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory) symptoms did not differ significantly between groups, although a non-significant pattern suggested that depressive symptom severity may increase with higher basal cortisol levels. No significant associations were found between hormonal parameters and psychological scores. These findings indicate that patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion may experience increased general psychological distress, highlighting the importance of considering mental health in their clinical evaluation and warranting further research into the relationship between mild cortisol excess and specific psychiatric symptoms.
Antisemitism as a Chronic Cardiometabolic, Endocrine, and Glutamatergic Stressor Requiring Psychometric Monitoring.
Ettrich B, Schulze UME, Hardt J … +3 more , Decker O, Bornstein SR, Ullmann E
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 42214416 · Publisher ↗
We are seeing an exploding expansion of antisemitic attacks worldwide, raising concerns about their potential impact on biological stress regulation and health. Antisemitism is a historically persistent and structurally...
We are seeing an exploding expansion of antisemitic attacks worldwide, raising concerns about their potential impact on biological stress regulation and health. Antisemitism is a historically persistent and structurally embedded form of social exclusion that may contribute to chronic psychosocial stress exposure. Building on research into intergenerational trauma, including neuroendocrine alterations in Holocaust survivors and their descendants, this commentary integrates psychometric, empirical, and conceptual approaches to propose a biologically grounded framework linking antisemitism to endocrine and cardiometabolic processes. Preliminary findings from a pilot study using a Checklist of Antisemitic Perception instrument, in combination with established psychometric measures, indicate an increased psychological burden associated with antisemitic experiences, with clinically relevant symptom levels observed across groups. Mechanistically, chronic stress is mediated by neuroendocrine pathways involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and immune regulation, contributing to allostatic load and cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence suggests that stress responses are heterogeneous and influenced by individual coping styles, with distinct allostatic set-points and associated neurobiological adaptations, including alterations in striatal glutamatergic signaling. Institutional and discursive contexts may further modulate exposure to antisemitic stressors, as reflected in heterogeneous professional engagement and variations in thematic emphasis within medical discourse. Taken together, these observations support the conceptualization of antisemitism as a chronic stressor with potential biological consequences and highlight the importance of integrating psychometric and biological approaches in future research.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and New Changes in Thyroid Function Parameters during Hospitalization and Follow-up.
Leitão Henriques F, Pestana Santos C, Quítalo A … +5 more , Judas T, Gonçalves Ferreira A, Vara Luiz H, Cordeiro MC, Delerue F
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 42167314 · Publisher ↗
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection is a systemic disease associated with metabolic and hormonal disturbances, including thyroid dysfunction such as primary hypothyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, and...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection is a systemic disease associated with metabolic and hormonal disturbances, including thyroid dysfunction such as primary hypothyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and changes in thyroid function during hospitalization and follow-up and evaluate whether these alterations are related to disease severity. We retrospectively analyzed a random cohort of 500 patients admitted to the Medicine Department of a central hospital between March 2020 and 2022. After excluding deaths, prior thyroid disease, and cases without thyroid evaluation, 218 patients were included. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine values were measured at admission and after hospitalization. Patients were classified as having thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia, and non-thyroidal illness syndrome. Thyroid dysfunction was defined by compatible biochemical findings with serological and/or imaging evidence of thyroid pathology and/or the need for therapy. COVID-19 cases were grouped by severity. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was the most frequent abnormality, followed by isolated hypothyroxinemia and primary hypothyroidism. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome was more common in severe cases of COVID-19, although no statistically significant association was found between disease severity and type of thyroid abnormality. Most reassessed patients showed normalization of thyroid function during follow-up. The small sample size may have limited statistical power. Thyroid function alterations are common in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection, transient, and more frequent in severe disease. These findings suggest an adaptive response to systemic stress and inflammation. Larger prospective studies are needed to clarify evolution and clinical impact.
Maternal Serum Epidermal Growth Factor Levels at 37 Weeks of Gestation in Late-Term Pregnancies.
Türkyılmaz Şener E, Ulubasoglu H, Hancerliogullari N … +2 more , Turgut MA, Tokmak A
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42155483 · Publisher ↗
Epidermal growth factor plays an important role in cervical maturation and tissue remodeling during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal serum epidermal growth factor levels measure...
Epidermal growth factor plays an important role in cervical maturation and tissue remodeling during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal serum epidermal growth factor levels measured at 37 weeks of gestation and late-term delivery. This single-center case-control study was conducted at a tertiary maternity hospital. Low-risk pregnant women were enrolled, and high-risk pregnancies were excluded. Maternal blood samples were collected at 37 weeks of gestation prior to the onset of labor. Serum epidermal growth factor concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Participants were classified according to the gestational age at delivery as late-term pregnancies or term controls. Demographic characteristics, obstetric outcomes, mode of delivery, neonatal outcomes, and serum epidermal growth factor levels were compared between groups. A total of 83 pregnant women were included, of whom 35 women delivered at the late term and 48 women delivered at term. The maternal age, body mass index, obstetric history, and Apgar scores did not differ significantly between groups. The gestational age at delivery and birth weight were significantly higher in the late-term group (=0.001 and =0.004, respectively). Cesarean delivery was more frequent among late-term pregnancies (70.8% vs 40%, =0.005). Mean maternal serum epidermal growth factor levels were significantly lower in the late-term group compared with term controls (28.8±9.8 ng/L vs 56.7±27.3 ng/l, =0.005). Maternal serum epidermal growth factor levels measured at 37 weeks of gestation were significantly lower in pregnancies resulting in late-term delivery. These findings suggest that altered epidermal growth factor regulation may be associated with prolonged gestation and delayed cervical maturation.
Endocrine Regulation of Appetite: Interactions between Gut Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Appetite-related Hormones.
Arvas S, Ozcelik O, Beyhan YE … +1 more , Algul S
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42086072 · Publisher ↗
The gut microbiota has emerged as a key endocrine modulator that shapes host appetite regulation through its metabolites and their interactions with enteroendocrine and central neuroendocrine pathways. Microbial metaboli...
The gut microbiota has emerged as a key endocrine modulator that shapes host appetite regulation through its metabolites and their interactions with enteroendocrine and central neuroendocrine pathways. Microbial metabolites-including short-chain fatty acids, bile acid derivatives, indole compounds, and tryptophan-derived serotonin-activate receptors such as G-protein-coupled receptor 41/43, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5, and Toll-like receptor 4 on enteroendocrine cells, influence the secretion of appetite-related hormones including ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, nesfatin-1, and cholecystokinin. These hormones subsequently modulate hypothalamic circuits, particularly the NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART pathways, establishing a mechanistic link between microbial signaling and central appetite control. Ghrelin serves as the primary orexigenic hormone, whereas leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, nesfatin-1, and cholecystokinin collectively exert anorexigenic effects that promote satiety and energy homeostasis. Dysbiosis disrupts receptor-mediated endocrine signaling, alters hormonal secretion, and contributes to leptin resistance, impaired glucagon-like peptide-1 responsiveness, and dysregulated appetite-key features in obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. This review synthesizes current mechanistic insights into the microbiota-hormone axis and highlights how microbial modulation influences endocrine appetite regulation. Understanding these interactions provides a translational framework for developing microbiota-targeted endocrine therapies aimed at restoring metabolic balance and preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Contemporary Trends in Calcium Levels and Related Clinical Conditions: A Two Decade Analysis of U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey Data.
Frank E, Adjei Boakye E, Stack BC
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 42044662 · Publisher ↗
Ambulatory hypercalcemia is a proxy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Reports of an increased incidence of hypercalcemia and undiagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism in several electronic medical record studies have prompt...
Ambulatory hypercalcemia is a proxy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Reports of an increased incidence of hypercalcemia and undiagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism in several electronic medical record studies have prompted a population-based trend analysis of serum calcium. Data from the 2000-2020 U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were used to study the trend of serum calcium and related factors. The NHANES has contemporary insight into the ambulatory state of health in the large and diverse U.S. population. Joinpoint regression estimated yearly changes of serum calcium and related factors using annual percentage changes. Serum calcium levels increased by an average of 0.65 mg/dL/y from 2000 to 2004 and then decreased on average by 0.12 mg/dL annually from 2004 to 2020. Among women, serum calcium levels increased by an average of 0.69 mg/dL/y from 2000 to 2004 but then decreased on average by 0.13 mg/dL annually from 2004 to 2020. Among men, serum calcium levels increased by an average of 0.61 mg/dL/y from 2000 to 2004 and then remained stable. Trends of body mass index increased by an average of 0.49/y from 2014 to 2020. Ambulatory hypercalcemia is a proxy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Over 20 years in the U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2000-2020), calcium levels have been decreasing slightly since 2004 after an increase while body mass index has been increasing since 2014. These data conflict with reported observations of the undiagnosed and increased incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism. These data may ultimately serve to refine primary hyperparathyroidism data phenotype for machine learning deployed within an electronic medical record.
The Effect of 12 Weeks of Endurance Physical Training Associated with the Administration of Melatonin on Bone Parameters of Rats under Hypoestrogenism.
Pejon TMM, Castro MR, Cipriano AE … +1 more , Beck WR
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42025201 · Publisher ↗
Hypoestrogenism causes an imbalance in bone homeostasis, which can affect bone microarchitecture and result in loss of tissue strength and increased risk of fractures. Physical training and melatonin can act on bone form...
Hypoestrogenism causes an imbalance in bone homeostasis, which can affect bone microarchitecture and result in loss of tissue strength and increased risk of fractures. Physical training and melatonin can act on bone formation; however, in a state of hypoestrogenism, the potential effect of the combination of both interventions is not understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of swimming physical training associated with melatonin administration on the mineral content and biomechanical parameters in bone tissue under hypoestrogenism conditions. The animals (Wistar rats) performed an incremental swimming test to determine the individual anaerobic lactacidemic threshold and underwent bilateral ovariectomy. The interventions consisted of physical training (30 min, 5 d/wk, 90% of individual anaerobic lactacidemic threshold) and melatonin administration (10 mg/kg/d via gavage). After 12 weeks, the femur was collected for the analysis of calcium and phosphorus contents and the three-point flexion test to obtain biomechanical parameters. Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation, subjected to factorial analysis of variance and the Newman-Keuls post hoc test (a significance level of 5%). The association of endurance physical training with melatonin administration resulted in a significant increase in calcium and phosphorus contents, while presenting a significant increase in the capacity to support a greater maximum load and promote rigidity to bone tissue. Considering the detrimental impact of hypoestrogenism on bone tissue, both interventions, endurance physical training and melatonin administration, were able to generate beneficial results regarding the bone mineral content, influencing the improvement of biomechanical parameters that determine tissue strength, which can prevent bone fracture.
Thyroid Hormone Excess in Sudden Death: A Clinicopathological Spectrum in an Autopsy Study.
Hata Y, Saito Y, Hirono K … +2 more , Ichimata S, Nishida N
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41997212 · Publisher ↗
Thyrotoxicosis is associated with heightened adrenergic activity, arrhythmogenic susceptibility, and procoagulant alterations; yet, its contribution to sudden death outside overt thyroid storm remains incompletely unders...
Thyrotoxicosis is associated with heightened adrenergic activity, arrhythmogenic susceptibility, and procoagulant alterations; yet, its contribution to sudden death outside overt thyroid storm remains incompletely understood. We retrospectively screened 975 consecutive autopsies and identified 7 cases with biochemical evidence of thyroid hormone excess defined by elevated free T3 and/or free T4 levels. Clinical background, medication exposure, thyroid-related biomarkers, including thyroglobulin, thyroid autoantibodies, and interleukin-6, together with detailed histopathological examination of the thyroid gland and the cardiovascular system, were integrated to assess the potential contribution of thyroid hormone excess to the fatal outcome. Targeted genetic analysis was additionally performed in selected cases. Two cases fulfilled clinicopathological criteria for thyroid storm and showed markedly elevated IL-6 concentrations, suggesting severe systemic decompensation. In the remaining cases, death was attributed to structural cardiovascular or cerebrovascular pathology, including intracerebral hemorrhage, acute coronary thrombosis with plaque rupture, hydrocephalus, or presumed arrhythmic mechanisms. Biochemical thyrotoxicosis was observed even in the absence of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, and exogenous or treatment-associated thyrotoxicosis was sometimes accompanied by thyroid atrophy rather than hyperplasia. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone excess detected at autopsy represents a clinicopathological spectrum ranging from primary thyroid-driven death to contexts in which thyrotoxicosis functions as a physiological modifier that lowers the threshold for fatal cardiovascular events. Integrative interpretation of biochemical, pathological, and clinical findings may improve the understanding of thyroid hormone-mediated vulnerability in sudden death.
Cushing's Shadow: An Overlooked Diagnosis in Endocrinology.
Soltanova L, Sahin S, Erbilgin Y … +5 more , Kocaman BB, Muradov I, Duman S, Sayitoglu M, Kadioglu P
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41990851 · Publisher ↗
The purpose of this study was to describe a novel heterozygous missense variant in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 ligand-binding domain causing primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance and highlig...
The purpose of this study was to describe a novel heterozygous missense variant in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 ligand-binding domain causing primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance and highlight diagnostic pitfalls that can mimic Cushing's disease.A 22-year-old woman was evaluated for suspected Cushing's disease after elevated cortisol levels and pituitary imaging findings. She underwent three transsphenoidal surgeries, but hypercortisolism and clinical symptoms including hirsutism, acne, menstrual irregularities, and weight gain persisted. The absence of classical Cushing's stigmata prompted genetic evaluation, which led to the diagnosis of primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance.Whole-exome sequencing was performed in the index case. The identified variant was validated by Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis was carried out in her sister. A novel heterozygous, likely pathogenic missense variant (NM_000176.3:c.1940T>C, p.(Leu647Pro)) in the gene was detected in two siblings. We describe a novel variant associated with primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance, expanding the mutational spectrum of glucocorticoid receptor defects. This case underscores the importance of considering primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance in patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent hypercortisolism lacking typical Cushing's features to prevent unnecessary invasive procedures and guide appropriate genetic counseling.
Comparative Study of Subcutaneous 6-Month Versus Intramuscular 3-Month Leuprorelin Use in Central Precocious Puberty.
Lopes AEM, Brito LS, Sampaio AG … +9 more , Lot RG, Brambilla IR, Dias RRB, Oliveira JAC, Ribeiro ACR, Iajarin FCA, Rodart IF, Kochi C, Longui CA
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41962547 · Publisher ↗
This study in central precocious puberty girls receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for 18 months aimed to compare leuprorelin biannual (6-mo subcutaneous leuprorelin, group 1, =13) with the quarterly (3-mo...
This study in central precocious puberty girls receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for 18 months aimed to compare leuprorelin biannual (6-mo subcutaneous leuprorelin, group 1, =13) with the quarterly (3-mo intramuscular leuprorelin, group 2, =10) on height, pubertal progression, and adverse events.Twenty-three girls aged 5.7-9.0 years with median bone age advancement (2.7 y and 2.3 y, respectively) underwent clinical visits every 3 months, including pelvis, breasts and injection site ultrasound and luteinizing hormone measurements 2 hours after and 1 week after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue administration. Bone age was determined every 6 months.Both protocols were able to stop height lost (stabilization of one age adjusted height standard deviation score: group 1=-1.1 to -1.1 and group 2=-0.2 to -0.1, respectively). The difference between bone age and chronological age was significantly reduced in group 1 (=0.001) and showed a trend in group 2 (=0.08). The body mass index-standard deviation score remained similar. A decreased breast diameter (=0.04) and a reduction in uterine volume (=0.02) were observed in patients from group 1. Local non-inflammatory nodules were identified in groups 1 and 2 (100% and 50%, respectively). Local nodules were larger in group 1 (1.3 vs. 0.1 cm; =0.03). Luteinizing hormone levels were reduced in all groups, with random luteinizing hormone levels remaining below 0.6 IU/L. Luteinizing hormone values 2 hours after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue administration showed a more homogeneous suppressive effect in group 1. Mild to moderate pain was present in both groups, but higher in group 1. Scores for acceptance, easiness and satisfaction were similar between groups.Six month subcutaneous leuprorelin deaccelerated bone age, preserving the predicted final height in a manner similar to 3-month intramuscular leuprorelin. Only 6-month subcutaneous leuprorelin could reduce uterine and breast volumes. Pain was more prominent with six-month subcutaneous leuprorelin, and drug deposition in the subcutaneous tissue was identified more frequently, without an inflammatory process or a risk of therapeutic failure.
Diagnostic and Management Challenges in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: A Clinical Review.
Phadte A, Karlekar M, Sarathi V … +5 more , Lila A, Memon SS, Barnabas R, Shah N, Bandgar T
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41956124 · Publisher ↗
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare neuroendocrine tumors with a prevalence of less than 0.05%. Being rather uncommon, they pose significant diagnostic challenges as the symptom complex is nonspecific. We present...
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare neuroendocrine tumors with a prevalence of less than 0.05%. Being rather uncommon, they pose significant diagnostic challenges as the symptom complex is nonspecific. We present a clinical review based on the published literature and our center's experience in managing pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas over the past two decades. At the onset, summaries of three representative pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma cases are provided to highlight common diagnostic challenges. A holistic approach, combining biochemical evaluation with particular attention to pretest probability, accurate interpretation of imaging data, and differentiation from other adrenal masses, can aid in establishing the diagnosis and guiding appropriate management. Thus, the careful selection and interpretation of clinical, biochemical and imaging parameters are essential to improve diagnostic accuracy and optimize patient management.
Diagnostic Usefulness of Subcutaneous Triptorelin Stimulation Testing in the Evaluation of Central Precocious Puberty in Girls.
Cho MH, Kim J, Shim YS … +1 more , Lee HS
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41956123 · Publisher ↗
The limited availability of gonadorelin has resulted in an increased use of subcutaneous triptorelin to diagnose central precocious puberty; however, studies validating its diagnostic value remain limited. This study aim...
The limited availability of gonadorelin has resulted in an increased use of subcutaneous triptorelin to diagnose central precocious puberty; however, studies validating its diagnostic value remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of subcutaneous triptorelin stimulation testing for central precocious puberty evaluation. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 662 girls aged less than 8 years who were tested for central precocious puberty at the Ajou University Hospital in 2021. Luteinizing hormone responses were analyzed to compare the timing of the maximal luteinizing hormone response and the earliest diagnostic point between the triptorelin and gonadorelin groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess discriminatory ability. Central precocious puberty was diagnosed in 219 girls (130 in the gonadorelin group and 89 in the triptorelin group). Both stimulating agents elicited significant luteinizing hormone level rises in patients with central precocious puberty to similar peak luteinizing hormone levels (13.9±12.8 vs. 12.8±12.1 IU/L). Gonadorelin responses peaked at 30 minutes, whereas triptorelin responses peaked later, with 31.5% of patients with central precocious puberty showing a maximal luteinizing hormone level at 120 minutes. All patients with central precocious puberty were identified 60 minutes after gonadorelin administration, whereas approximately 10% of patients with central precocious puberty were diagnosed at 90 and 120 minutes after triptorelin administration. Single-time-point luteinizing hormone measurements showed high concordance with serial sampling, peaking at 60 minutes for gonadorelin and at 120 minutes for triptorelin. A 120-minute triptorelin stimulation test demonstrates luteinizing hormone response patterns similar to those observed with gonadorelin testing and may serve as a practical option for central precocious puberty evaluation.
Evaluation of Endothelial Responses in Individuals With Primary Hyperparathyroidism.
Chagas TS, Lopes KG, Torres JAGB … +6 more , Gehrke B, Assumpção LR, Maya MCA, Bouskela E, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, Coelho MCA
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 41956122 · Publisher ↗
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder marked by excessive parathyroid hormone secretion. Beyond its classical biochemical features, accumulating evidence suggests that primary hyperparathyroidism...
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder marked by excessive parathyroid hormone secretion. Beyond its classical biochemical features, accumulating evidence suggests that primary hyperparathyroidism may adversely affect cardiovascular homeostasis. In this context, we aimed to evaluate whether patients with primary hyperparathyroidism exhibit impaired vascular function and heightened systemic inflammation compared with matched healthy controls. This cross-sectional study initially recruited 39 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. After predefined exclusion criteria were applied, 30 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were included and compared with 45 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Endothelium dependent and independent vasodilation were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured. Endothelium-independent vasodilation was reduced in primary hyperparathyroidism compared to controls (-15.5%; =0.01), indicating vascular smooth muscle dysfunction. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in primary hyperparathyroidism (905.7%; <0.001). The mean arterial pressure was elevated (~12.2%; <0.001), with a higher prevalence of hypertension (60% vs. 35.6%; =0.03). These findings suggest that primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with impaired vascular function and systemic inflammation, even in patients without overt cardiovascular disease. This highlights a possible subclinical cardiovascular risk in primary hyperparathyroidism and supports the need for further longitudinal studies to confirm these associations and their clinical relevance.
Parathyroid Cancer in the United Kingdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 10-year Post-surgical Recurrence.
Azeez TA, Nagamangala Sathisha RH, Ayodeji B
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 41927017 · Publisher ↗
Parathyroid cancer is an uncommon malignant condition that usually presents with symptoms of hypercalcaemia. The standard treatment involves surgery, which has a broad spectrum of post-operative recurrence rates. This me...
Parathyroid cancer is an uncommon malignant condition that usually presents with symptoms of hypercalcaemia. The standard treatment involves surgery, which has a broad spectrum of post-operative recurrence rates. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and the 10-year recurrence rate of parathyroid cancer in the UK. This study was a systematic review carried out in strict compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The meta-analysis was performed utilizing MetaXL version 5.3, applying the DerSimonian Laird random effects model. A total of five studies, encompassing 115 participants, fulfilled the eligibility requirements. The mean age of the subject was 53.8 years. The ratio of women to men was roughly equal. Additionally, 10.5% of the patients presented with metastatic disease. Hypercalcaemia was noted in every case. The combined 10-year post-operative recurrence rate for parathyroid cancer in the UK stands at 9.0% (95% confidence interval: 4.0-15.0). The recurrence rate after surgery for parathyroid cancer is significantly elevated; therefore, it is highly recommended to establish long-term, and possibly lifetime, monitoring. The high occurrence of synchronous metastases in parathyroid indicates a necessity for sensitive biomarkers to facilitate early detection.
Correction: Extracellular Matrix-Guided Islet Cell Transplantation Results in Improved Glycemic Control in a NOD-SCID Mouse Model.
Korol R, Even-Ram S, Molakandov K … +12 more , Puchinsky D, Hemed M, Mizrahi N, Toledo I, Lazar D, Chebath J, Tritel M, Ofir R, Ludwig B, Revel M, Shapiro AMJ, Bornstein SR
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41887653 · Publisher ↗
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Clinical and Metabolic Outcomes of Adrenalectomy Versus Conservative Management in Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion.
Karslı S, Çelik S, Şahin Kimyon Ö … +3 more , Turgut S, Aydin H, Ciftci S
Horm Metab Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41875903 · Publisher ↗
Adrenalectomy and conservative management are therapeutic approaches for mild autonomous cortisol secretion; however, their comparative clinical impact in routine practice remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate real-wor...
Adrenalectomy and conservative management are therapeutic approaches for mild autonomous cortisol secretion; however, their comparative clinical impact in routine practice remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate real-world hormonal, clinical, and metabolic outcomes according to the treatment strategy in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion. This single-center retrospective observational study included consecutive patients with adrenal incidentaloma fulfilling guideline-based diagnostic criteria for mild autonomous cortisol secretion between January 2015 and December 2024. Sixty-five patients with complete hormonal evaluation and follow-up data were analyzed and classified into surgery (=23) and conservative (=42) groups. Demographic characteristics, adenoma features, comorbidities, hormonal parameters, and metabolic outcomes were assessed at baseline and at the final follow-up. The median follow-up duration was approximately 3 years and similar between groups (>0.05). At baseline, the body mass index, adenoma size, and cortisol levels after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test were significantly higher, while adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were lower in the surgery group (=0.02, =0.02, =0.036, and <0.01, respectively). During the follow-up, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels increased and post-dexamethasone suppression test cortisol levels significantly decreased after adrenalectomy (=0.001 and =0.036, respectively), whereas metabolic parameters and comorbidity profiles remained largely unchanged. In the conservative group, total cholesterol increased modestly over time (=0.048), with no significant changes in other clinical outcomes. No significant difference in comorbidity progression was observed between treatment strategies. In this real-world cohort, adrenalectomy resulted in clear hormonal improvement without parallel short-term metabolic or clinical benefits compared with conservative management. These findings highlight the heterogeneous clinical expression of mild autonomous cortisol secretion and underscore the importance of individualized patient selection for surgery.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Manifestations.
Azeez TA, Awofisoye O, Adeyemi OO
Horm Metab Res · 2026 May · PMID 41850293 · Publisher ↗
Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hypercalcaemia resulting from the unregulated excessive production of parathyroid hormone. This study aimed mainly to determine the clinical m...
Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hypercalcaemia resulting from the unregulated excessive production of parathyroid hormone. This study aimed mainly to determine the clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism within the African population. This study was a systematic review carried out in strict compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The meta-analysis was executed utilizing Meta XL version 5.3, applying the DerSimonian Laird random-effects model. A total of 52 studies met the eligibility criteria, resulting in an overall sample size of 2,807 patients. The average age was 55.1 years. Seventy-nine percentage of the patients were women. Asymptomatic individuals represented 26% of the population. The most common symptoms include bone pain, lethargy, and features related to renal stones. Familial primary hyperparathyroidism is observed in 6% of patients. The majority of individuals diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism are women in their sixth decade. In contrast to developed countries, a considerable number of Africans suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism have already shown symptoms, which are frequently non-specific or have encountered complications before obtaining a diagnosis.
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