J. Nutr. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity, Mediterranean Diet, and Premature Mortality and Life Expectancy Among Night Shift Workers: A UK Biobank Longitudinal Study.
Xu J, Chen Z, Niu F … +5 more , Chen Y, Sun X, Wei W, Tian Z, Sun C
J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42061717 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Night shift work is associated with circadian disruption and elevated premature mortality risk. Although physical activity (PA) and healthy diets such as the Mediterranean diet (MED) promote longevity, their...
BACKGROUND: Night shift work is associated with circadian disruption and elevated premature mortality risk. Although physical activity (PA) and healthy diets such as the Mediterranean diet (MED) promote longevity, their combined association with mortality and life expectancy in night shift workers is unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the individual and joint effects of accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and adherence to the alternate MED (AMED) score on these outcomes. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 12,044 night shift workers from the UK Biobank. MVPA was categorized per WHO guidelines (low: <150, medium: 150-300, high: ≥300 min/wk). AMED score (0-9) was derived from a 24-h dietary recall and categorized into tertiles. Multivariable Cox regression and life table methods assessed hazard ratios (HRs) for premature mortality and life expectancy. RESULTS: Over a median 12.72-y follow-up, 204 premature deaths occurred. Higher MVPA [HR: 0.677; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.473, 0.970] and higher AMED score (HR: 0.617; 95% CI: 0.384, 0.991) were independently associated with lower mortality risk. Life expectancy gains were sex-specific: higher MVPA was primary in males (gain of 4.90 y; 95% CI: 0.77, 9.02), whereas a higher AMED score was primary in females (gain of 7.64 y; 95% CI: 0.61, 13.56). The combination of medium MVPA and high AMED score showed the strongest protective effect (HR: 0.385; 95% CI: 0.161, 0.919). CONCLUSIONS: Among night shift workers, higher levels of MVPA and a Mediterranean-style diet are associated with a reduced risk of premature death, with the primary protective lifestyle factor differing by sex. An integrated strategy combining medium MVPA with high dietary quality may be optimal for reducing mortality in this high-risk group, supporting precision health interventions.
Whole Grains Perspective: Porridge or Popcorn.
Jia Y, Miller V, Jenkins DJ
J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42061716 · Publisher ↗
Terms such as "whole grains," "fiber," and "ultraprocessed food" are too broadly defined to guide specific disease-prevention strategies. More precise classification may be important for meaningful application in disease...
Terms such as "whole grains," "fiber," and "ultraprocessed food" are too broadly defined to guide specific disease-prevention strategies. More precise classification may be important for meaningful application in disease prevention. We wish to discuss the following 3 underexplored issues regarding whole grain consumption and noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention: 1) which foods are broadly recognized as "whole grains"; 2) whether the apparent health benefits of whole grains reflect food choice itself or broader lifestyle choices of those who consume them; and 3) whether specific types of whole grains confer distinct physiologic benefits. Of 12 major prospective cohorts (>100,000 participants), 10 assessed whole grain intakes, but only 3 whole grain foods (popcorn, oatmeal, and brown rice) were common to 7 of these cohorts, and 17 of 54 whole grain foods were listed by a single cohort only. This inconsistency highlights the need for standardized classification. Furthermore, some health benefits attributed to whole grain consumption may be partly explained by lifestyle characteristics of those who consume them. For example, whole grain consumers tend to smoke less, exercise more, and have higher levels of education, all of which independently reduce NCD risk. Finally, not all whole grains are equivalent, and the degree of processing matters. Intact whole barley, as consumed in barley stew, produces a lower postprandial glucose response (or glycemic index) than milled barley flour used in breads. Whole grains encompass a range of carbohydrate foods whose effects on NCD outcomes vary depending on whole grain type and processing. The physiological effects of different whole grain foods require exploration to promote more meaningful use for public health and clinical application. In cohort studies, despite covariate adjustment, some observed benefits may be due to the other lifestyle habits of those who select to be whole grain consumers.
Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Liver Cancer and Chronic Liver Disease Mortality.
Khil J, Zhao L, Zhang X … +14 more , Chen Y, Jung SY, Pichardo MS, Lopez-Pentecost M, Rohan T, Saquib N, Sun Y, Tabung FK, Zheng T, Wactawski-Wende J, Manson JE, Neuhouser ML, Keum N, Zhang X
J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42061715 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that diet plays an important role in the development of liver disease. Compared with individual nutrients or foods, dietary patterns better represent overall eating behaviors, b...
BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that diet plays an important role in the development of liver disease. Compared with individual nutrients or foods, dietary patterns better represent overall eating behaviors, but their associations with liver cancer and chronic liver disease (CLD) remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated whether greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns was associated with lower liver cancer risk and CLD mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from 78,345 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Four dietary patterns [Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020), alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED), Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH)] were calculated using dietary data collected via a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Liver cancer incidence and CLD death were ascertained by review of medical records or linkage to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 22.1 y, 176 liver cancer cases and 128 CLD deaths were documented. For liver cancer, significant inverse associations were observed with HEI-2020 (HR Quartile 4 compared with Quartile 1 = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.93, P-trend = 0.02) and DASH (HR Q4 compared with Q1 = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.98, P-trend = 0.07). For CLD mortality, significant inverse associations were observed with AHEI-2010 (HR Q4 compared with Q1 = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.92, P-trend = 0.02), HEI-2020 (HR Q4 compared with Q1 = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.04, P-trend = 0.04), aMED (HR Q4 compared with Q1 = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.90, P-trend = 0.02), and DASH (HR Q4 compared with Q1 = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.95, P-trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining an overall healthy diet may be associated with lower liver cancer risk and CLD mortality among postmenopausal women.
Artificial Intelligence Applications across the Spectrum of Malnutrition: From Undernutrition to Obesity.
Günalan E, Tartıcı G, Aladağ E … +1 more , Çonak Ö
J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42049175 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a significant global public health challenge, with rising prevalence and vital consequences. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed approaches to understanding, monit...
BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a significant global public health challenge, with rising prevalence and vital consequences. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed approaches to understanding, monitoring, and managing these conditions. In this context, a multidimensional approach, integrating digital anthropometry and precision nutrition with image processing and AI-based mobile applications, has progressed in the field. OBJECTIVES: This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric and critical analysis of AI applications in malnutrition, including undernutrition and obesity. METHODS: Using RStudio software (version 4.1.3) and the bibliometrix R package, 716 publications were identified in the Scopus database, of which 191 original research articles were analyzed. This context focuses on subfields such as digital anthropometry, precision nutrition, image processing technologies, and AI-supported mobile applications. RESULTS: The findings highlight AI as a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary field of research. Engineering journals frequently publish cutting-edge studies, with the United States, China, Spain, and Korea leading in productivity and citations. Although diet, nutrition, and diabetes themes dominate the literature, undernutrition and obesity remain underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes the importance of transitioning the current fragmented research landscape into a standardized and ethically governed framework for the sustainable development of AI in nutrition. By bridging identified thematic imbalances and prioritizing scalable digital tools, AI can be repositioned as a strategic pillar of public health, rather than just a clinical instrument. Such a shift is essential for effectively addressing the global double burden of malnutrition and ensuring long-term, sustainable progress in the field.
Factors Associated with Produce Prescription Program Enrollment and Benefit Use among Patients with Diabetes and at Risk for Food Insecurity.
Rader A, Buckman C, Pignone M … +7 more , German JC, Spratt SE, McPeek Hinz E, Brucker A, Hoeffler S, Kane RM, Drake C
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42036037 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Food insecurity (FI) exacerbates type 2 diabetes (T2D) by limiting access to nutritious foods and worsening glycemic control. Produce prescription (PRx) programs subsidize fruits and vegetables to improve foo...
BACKGROUND: Food insecurity (FI) exacerbates type 2 diabetes (T2D) by limiting access to nutritious foods and worsening glycemic control. Produce prescription (PRx) programs subsidize fruits and vegetables to improve food security and diet quality, yet factors associated with PRx engagement patterns remain understudied. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with enrollment and benefit use in a PRx program among patients with T2D at risk for FI. METHODS: This observational cohort study analyzed participants from a pragmatic randomized trial in a large integrated health system. Eligible adults (≥18 y) had recent glycated hemoglobin measurements and FI risk based on Medicaid enrollment, high Area Deprivation Index (ADI ≥7), or documented unmet social needs. Of 9644 contacted, 2177 enrolled and were randomly divided 2:1 to receive the EatWell PRx program, receiving a reloadable debit card providing $80/mo for 12 mo to purchase fruits and vegetables. We examined predictors of: 1) study enrollment, 2) any spending (>$0), 3) high spending (>$53/mo median), and 4) highest spending (>$70/mo). Multivariate logistic regression included demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical covariates. RESULTS: Of the 9644 contacted, 2177 enrolled (22.6%), 1450 were assigned to the PRx arm, and 1148 (79.2% of enrollees) activated their cards. Enrollment was lower among older adults [per 10-y increase: odds ratio (OR): 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.77], males (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.63), Medicaid enrollees (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.69), high-ADI (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.70), and non-Hispanic White (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.85) and Hispanic/Latino (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.90) participants compared with Black participants. Among card activators, high spending was associated with older age (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27), whereas highest spending was associated with being married (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.96) and Black compared with White race (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.22). CONCLUSIONS: Demographic and socioeconomic factors are significantly associated with PRx enrollment and utilization. Multimodal outreach strategies and targeted implementation approaches may be necessary to ensure equitable program reach and effectiveness. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05896644.
Eating for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Assessing the Effect of Dietary Carbohydrates on Gut Microbiota and Implications for Disease Management.
Juritsch AF, Deehan EC, Armet AM … +2 more , Mannon PJ, Ramer-Tait AE
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42034241 · Publisher ↗
Targeting the gut microbiome through diet remains a priority in the treatment and management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) for patients and clinicians alike. However, expert consensus is lacking, and cross-section...
Targeting the gut microbiome through diet remains a priority in the treatment and management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) for patients and clinicians alike. However, expert consensus is lacking, and cross-sectional studies indicate that patients with IBD often adopt low-fiber, high-sugar, and high-protein diets in an effort to control gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammation, with negative implications for gut microbial functions and gastrointestinal inflammation. Although dietary carbohydrates are key modulators of gut microbial composition and function, substantial disagreement persists regarding how carbohydrate digestibility and structural properties influence IBD outcomes. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the role of dietary carbohydrates in IBD risk and progression, and critically evaluates recent dietary interventions in which the gut microbiota was included among outcomes to elaborate a potential role of dietary carbohydrates in the clinical management of IBD. We conclude by outlining research priorities needed to affirm a role for dietary carbohydrate modification in the clinical management of IBD and to support the development of practical, evidence-based dietary guidance.
A Critical Perspective on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025-2030: Methodological, Conceptual, and Communication Challenges.
Minari TP, Pisani LP
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42031300 · Publisher ↗
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025 to 2030 serve as a central framework for nutrition policy, food assistance programs, and public health communication in the United States. Although the new edition aims to promot...
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2025 to 2030 serve as a central framework for nutrition policy, food assistance programs, and public health communication in the United States. Although the new edition aims to promote healthier dietary patterns, several conceptual and practical aspects warrant critical examination. This Perspective evaluated the methodological, cultural, and socioeconomic considerations associated with the updated guidelines. Particular attention is given to the reintroduction of the hierarchical dietary pyramid imagery, the conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term "real food," and the challenges of implementing dietary recommendations across diverse socioeconomic contexts. Addressing these issues is important for strengthening the scientific transparency, cultural inclusivity, and practical feasibility of national nutrition guidelines. Given the global influence of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans in shaping nutrition research, policy discussions, and dietary recommendations in multiple countries, a critical evaluation of their conceptual framework and implementation challenges may also provide insights relevant to the development and refinement of dietary guidelines worldwide.
A Nutrient-Dense Diet with Optimal Protein Level Restores Goblet Cells and Alleviates Microbial Dysbiosis in a Mouse Model of Colitis.
Jiang L, Li J, Pramana AA … +3 more , Pan YX, Mei W, Chen H
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42031299 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Chronic intestinal inflammation is a key driver of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. A mouse model with intestinal epithelial cell-specific knockout (KO) of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRN...
BACKGROUND: Chronic intestinal inflammation is a key driver of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. A mouse model with intestinal epithelial cell-specific knockout (KO) of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein I (hnRNPI KO) spontaneously develops colitis and reduces goblet cell numbers, mimicking the pathological symptoms observed in humans with chronic intestinal inflammation, making the hnRNPI KO mouse an invaluable model of gut inflammation. Although higher dietary protein has been associated with lower inflammation and restoration of immune adaptation, the mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of optimized dietary protein on colonic goblet cell functions and on correcting gut dysbiosis in the hnRNPI KO mouse model. METHODS: Male wild type (WT) and hnRNPI KO mice were fed either a control protein diet (CON; 14.41% kcal protein) or a nutrient-dense modified diet (MOD; 28.83% kcal protein) for 22 wk. Body weight, food intake, and colon histology were assessed. Goblet cells and mucin content were quantified using Alcian Blue/periodic acid-Schiff staining. CD4 T-cell subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry. Gut microbial composition was identified using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and analyzed using QIIME2 and phyloseq. Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparisons was used to assess diet and genotype interactions. RESULTS: Feeding the MOD restored goblet cell numbers and mucin content in KO mice (P < 0.05). MOD-fed KO mice had significantly lower IL-17 interferon-γ CD4 T-cell subset in the colon than the WT-MOD mice (873 and 1885 cells, respectively, P < 0.05). Feeding KO mice MOD significantly increased fecal Dubosiella sp. (24% in MOD-KO; 12% in CON-KO; P < 0.05) and decreased Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 abundance (0.18% in MOD-KO; 2.3% in CON-KO; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An optimized dietary protein restores colon goblet cells, modulates immune responses, and alleviates gut microbial dysbiosis. Our results highlight the benefits of optimized dietary protein in ameliorating intestinal inflammation and potentially enhancing gut health.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Utilization and Discontinuation among a Representative Sample of the Active-Duty US Military Service Members, 2020.
Beymer MR, Paolicelli CP, Reagan JJ
J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42031298 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Service members in the United States military experience a higher prevalence of food insecurity (25%) when compared with civilians (10%). However, little is known about utilization of federally funded program...
BACKGROUND: Service members in the United States military experience a higher prevalence of food insecurity (25%) when compared with civilians (10%). However, little is known about utilization of federally funded programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the association between demographics and nutrition assistance by examining food pantry utilization, SNAP participation, and WIC participation and discontinuation in a representative sample of US military service members. METHODS: The 2020 Status of Forces-Active Duty (n = 14,466) was a cross-sectional, probability-based survey of all US military service members. The association between demographics and nutrition assistance was analyzed with 4 separate multivariable weighted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Approximately 5.4% reported that they had accessed emergency food from a food pantry/food bank in the past 12 mo; 13.5% of service members reported that they had ever successfully applied for WIC benefits while serving on active-duty; and 2% of service members reported they had ever successfully applied for SNAP benefits while serving on active-duty. Lower rank and lower financial security demonstrated a consistent association with nutrition assistance utilization across all 4 models. Respondents living off the installation had lower odds of reporting current WIC participation compared with respondents living on the installation. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding educational resources into military support programs is needed for military and family members to understand the availability of nutrition assistance programs. Poor nutrition can lead to health problems that may impact a service member's well-being and ability to perform their duties effectively. Future qualitative research is needed to identify barriers to SNAP and WIC utilization, specifically to service members living off of the military installation, along with barriers for service members using WIC services in overseas locations.
SELENOS Is Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activation in Selenium Deficiency-Induced Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in Chicks Exposed to Heat Stress.
Yang JC, Sun H, Huang RH … +3 more , Zhao L, Lei XG, Sun LH
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42025965 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Broiler chickens are fast-growing and highly susceptible to dietary selenium (Se) deficiency, with environmental stressors like heat stress further intensifying their vulnerability. OBJECTIVES: Here, we inves...
BACKGROUND: Broiler chickens are fast-growing and highly susceptible to dietary selenium (Se) deficiency, with environmental stressors like heat stress further intensifying their vulnerability. OBJECTIVES: Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying Se deficiency-induced nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) in broilers under heat stress. METHODS: One-day-old male Cobb broilers (n = 6 cages/diet, 6 broilers/cage) were fed a Se-deficient diet (Se-Def, 47 μg Se/kg) or a Se-Def diet supplemented with 0.3 mg Se/kg NaSeO for 6 wk. RESULTS: Compared with the control, Se-Def induced NMD in the pectoral muscle, accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as indicated by reduced muscle size, severe fiber atrophy, and swollen ER with blurred lumen edges. Additionally, serum analysis revealed that Se-Def aggravated stress responses and immune dysfunction, with elevated cortisol, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), and lipopolysaccharide levels, and decreased T4 and interleukins-1β. Meat quality was also impaired, with lower pH and higher lightness (L∗). Mechanistically, Se deficiency was associated with increased markers of ER stress, shown by increased glucose-regulated protein 78, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and C/EBP homologous protein, along with changes consistent with apoptosis with upregulated Bax and Caspase-9 and downregulated Bcl-2. These changes coincided with reduced selenoproteins, notably SELENOW and SELENOS. Consistently, SELENOS knockdown in C2C12 cells and myotubes exacerbated ER stress-induced apoptosis and impaired differentiation under heat stress. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our findings support a contributory role for SELENOS in ER stress-related responses and apoptosis-associated signaling, providing insights into Se deficiency-induced NMD and suggesting SELENOS as a potential therapeutic target for muscle disorders under stress conditions.
Gut-Liver Axis Disruption Induced by Total Fish Oil Substitution with Black Soldier Fly Oil Impairs Growth and Health in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Insights from Multiomics Analysis.
Liao Z, Chen Y, Wang L … +9 more , Chen A, Gu X, Li X, Guo Y, Du Z, Li W, Zhu B, Zhao W, Niu J
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42025964 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Black soldier fly oil (BSFLO) is a sustainable alternative to fish oil (FO), but its dose-dependent effects on fish health remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of dietary BSFLO on grow...
BACKGROUND: Black soldier fly oil (BSFLO) is a sustainable alternative to fish oil (FO), but its dose-dependent effects on fish health remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effects of dietary BSFLO on growth, liver health, fillet quality, and gut-liver metabolism in rainbow trout. METHODS: In a feeding trial, 480 rainbow trout (initial body weight: 215.16 ± 2.30 g; 12 mo old) were allocated to 6 dietary treatments (4 replicate tanks per treatment, 20 fish per tank): FO control or BSFLO replacing FO at 20% (BSFLO20), 40% (BSFLO40), 60% (BSFLO60), 80% (BSFLO80), or 100% (BSFLO100). After 8 wk of feeding trail, growth performance, plasma biochemistry, tissue histology, gut microbiota (16S rRNA), and multiomics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) were analyzed. RESULTS: The BSFLO60 and BSFLO80 groups had significantly higher growth rate compared with FO (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index increased in BSFLO40, BSFLO60, BSFLO80, and BSFLO100 groups (P < 0.05). The BSFLO100 group exhibited a lower aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine transaminase ratio in plasma, and hepatic tissue showed more lipid vacuolation. In muscles, hardness, springiness, and chewiness decreased in the BSFLO100 group, while adhesiveness and cohesiveness increased (P < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis showed higher abundance of Firmicutes and Staphylococcus species in the BSFLO100 group. Transcriptomics and qRT-PCR revealed upregulation of srebp1, pparα, pparγ, fasn, acc1, and atgl, with downregulation of cpt1. Proteomics and Western blotting indicated that BSFLO100 led to the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, along with inhibited phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Metabolomics showed reductions in SFAs and MUFAs, increases in omega-3 PUFAs, elevated glycolytic intermediates and amino acids, and declines in tricarboxylic acid cycle- and glutamate-related metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate BSFLO inclusion (60%) improves growth, whereas complete replacement (100%) reshapes the gut microbiota, activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ lipogenic axis, and suppresses AMP-activated protein kinase/oxidative pathways, jointly inducing hepatic steatosis and inferior muscle texture.
Ethics and Data in Precision Nutrition: A Roadmap for Responsible Innovation.
Martinho A, Ordovas JM, Daniel H … +5 more , Roche HM, Berry S, Thomas DM, Patra A, Booth SL
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42013964 · Publisher ↗
Precision Nutrition relies heavily on multimodal data to account for factors that drive variability in response to nutrition and develop more precise dietary recommendations. Despite the promising potential to improve th...
Precision Nutrition relies heavily on multimodal data to account for factors that drive variability in response to nutrition and develop more precise dietary recommendations. Despite the promising potential to improve the overall health of individuals, its implementation is not without ethical and practical challenges. To realize its potential, Precision Nutrition must be paired with measures that foster responsible innovation. Building on this premise, we present a normative yet practical roadmap that emphasizes the central role of high-dimensional, multimodal, and harmonized data in enabling Precision Nutrition initiatives, structured around 5 phases: 1) data acquisition, 2) data modeling, 3) data translation, 4) data communication, and 5) data evaluation. For each phase of this roadmap, we identify core challenges and propose initial strategies to address such challenges. We expect this roadmap to serve as a reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, as well as a blueprint for future research and governance.
Gaining Compliance For an Ingredient to be Added to Food, Feed, and Dietary Supplements.
Burdock GA, Foss K
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42002264 · Publisher ↗
The objective of this review is to acquaint the reader with how food, feed, and dietary ingredients (i.e., in supplements) are made compliant with laws written by Congress and subsequent regulations promulgated by the Fo...
The objective of this review is to acquaint the reader with how food, feed, and dietary ingredients (i.e., in supplements) are made compliant with laws written by Congress and subsequent regulations promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thus allowing these substances to enter interstate commerce. Some laws do not need interpretation, such as the definition of a drug or food, whereas other laws are relatively vague and must be given more definition to produce effective regulations. Regulations are not necessarily confined to the substance per se but may be based on the intended use of a substance; that is, the FDA may impute the use (or purpose) of a substance rather than its claimed use (e.g., food or supplement compared to a drug). Human food and dietary (supplement) ingredients are regulated by the Federal government, whereas most animal feed ingredients are regulated by the States and "approved" by a private organization. This article is not meant to be an exhaustive examination of each law and regulation and their exceptions but a brief overview of the distinguishing concepts of each category.
Modeling Usual Nutrient Intake Distribution: A Comprehensive Comparative Study Using Hierarchical Models.
Misaii H, Wang J, Perraud E … +2 more , Kesse-Guyot E, Mariotti F
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42002263 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Accurate estimation of the usual intake distribution is essential for assessing population-level nutritional risk and informing public health policy. Traditional approaches to dietary assessment often rely on...
BACKGROUND: Accurate estimation of the usual intake distribution is essential for assessing population-level nutritional risk and informing public health policy. Traditional approaches to dietary assessment often rely on short-term instruments, such as 24-h recalls, which are subject to significant within-individual variability. OBJECTIVES: This study comprehensively aims to compare several modeling approaches for usual intake distribution estimation and then to evaluate the impact of model selection on nutrient inadequacy prevalence estimation. METHODS: Dietary intake data were collected using repeated 24-h recalls (2 or 3 recalls) from a representative sample of individuals (n = 5800, Enquête Individuelle et Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires 3), in which weekends/holidays and weekdays were equalized with the survey's suggested weighting method. Proposing a model to capture the maximum variability in the data to accurately estimate usual intake has long been a methodological challenge. To address this issue, various statistical models were applied to estimate usual intake distribution, including crossed and nested random-effects models, as well as traditional regression-based approaches. After performance evaluation, descriptive statistics and prevalence of nutrient inadequacy were compared across models. RESULTS: Although the descriptive statistics of usual intake distributions were broadly similar across models, the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy varied substantially depending on the model used. Hierarchical models, particularly those with nested random effects, demonstrated superior fit and lower error rates and yielded prevalence estimates that differed from those based on simpler classical models, as expected with observed data. These differences were most pronounced for nutrients with high within-individual variability. CONCLUSIONS: The model choice can significantly affect the estimated prevalence of nutritional inadequacy. Hierarchical modeling approaches that account for within-individual variation provide more accurate and reliable estimates, underscoring the importance of rigorous statistical methodology in nutritional epidemiology. These findings have significant implications for the assessment of nutritional risk and the development of evidence-based public health interventions.
Plasma Amino Acids as Correlates of Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Linear Growth, and Fat-Free Mass: A Cross-Sectional Study among Ugandan Children with Stunting.
Larnkjær A, Mbabazi J, Mutumba R … +9 more , Ritz C, Filteau S, Briend A, Michaelsen KF, Mølgaard C, Savolainen O, Mupere E, Friis H, Grenov B
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42002262 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Stunting is widespread in low-income settings because of inferior quality diets and infections, which downregulate serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (serum IGF-1). Associations among plasma...
BACKGROUND: Stunting is widespread in low-income settings because of inferior quality diets and infections, which downregulate serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (serum IGF-1). Associations among plasma concentrations of amino acids (plasma AA), serum IGF-1, and growth remain underexplored in humans. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the role of plasma AA as a correlate of serum IGF-1, linear growth, and fat-free mass (FFM) among stunted children. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study nested in a nutrition intervention trial among 750 Ugandan children, aged 12-59 mo, with stunting, we assessed anthropometry, recent intake of animal-source foods (ASFs), fasting time, and body composition. Serum IGF-1, serum concentrations of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and α-acid glycoprotein, and 21 plasma AA were measured. RESULTS: Mean (standard deviation) age and height-for-age z-score (HAZ) were 32.0 (11.7) mo and -3.02 (0.74). Plasma AA data were available for 711-730 (95%-97%) children. For 18 AA, plasma concentrations were lower among children with elevated inflammatory markers. ASF intake within 24 h was associated with few AA; meat intake was associated with higher plasma methionine, whereas cow milk and egg intake were not associated with plasma concentration of any essential AA (EAA). Nearly all plasma AA, including all EAA, were positively associated with serum IGF-1, after adjusting for fasting and markers of inflammation. Only a few plasma AA, including methionine, threonine, and valine, were associated with FFM or FFM index. Only plasma tyrosine and taurine were associated with HAZ. CONCLUSIONS: Among stunted children, most plasma AA were positive correlates of serum IGF-1, but few correlated with HAZ or FFM. Further research is needed to clarify the role of plasma AA in the complex mechanisms underlying growth faltering in malnourished children.
Is It Time to Reassess the View of Linoleic Acid and Inflammation?
Calder PC
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42002261 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Egg Intake and the Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease in the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohort Linked with Medicare Data.
Oh J, Oda K, Chiriac G … +3 more , Fraser GE, Sirirat R, Sabaté J
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42002260 · Full text
BACKGROUND: A substantial knowledge gap remains regarding the relationship between modifiable dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease risk. Eggs are a source of key nutrients that support brain health. OBJECTIVES: The ai...
BACKGROUND: A substantial knowledge gap remains regarding the relationship between modifiable dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease risk. Eggs are a source of key nutrients that support brain health. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between egg consumption and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Adventist Health Study-2, a large, prospective cohort of United States Seventh-day Adventists, linked with Medicare records to identify Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. Diet and lifestyle factors were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Egg consumption was categorized by frequency, ranging from never/rarely to ≥5 times per week. The analytic sample included 39,498 participants (mean follow-up: 15.3 y), among whom 2858 developed Alzheimer's disease. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted using continuous egg intake (g/d). RESULTS: Egg consumption was inversely associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. Compared with never/rarely consuming eggs, HRs (95% CIs) after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, food groups, and comorbidities were 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) for 1-3 times per month, 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) for once per week, 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) for 2-4 times per week, and 0.73 (0.60, 0.89) for ≥5 times per week. In the spline model, zero egg intake was curvilinearly associated with an adjusted HR of 1.22 (1.11, 1.34) compared with 10 g/d. CONCLUSIONS: In this health-conscious population, moderate egg consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest a potential neuroprotective benefit of nutrients found in eggs when consumed as part of a balanced diet.
Serum Magnesium Concentrations in the United States-An Updated Population Reference Interval in Children and Adults.
Jiao K, Costello R, Gahche J … +2 more , Rosanoff A, Wallace TC
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000046 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Serum magnesium is a practical biomarker for assessing nutritional status in clinical settings, yet reference intervals commonly used in the United States largely reflect data from NHANES I (1971-1974). OBJEC...
BACKGROUND: Serum magnesium is a practical biomarker for assessing nutritional status in clinical settings, yet reference intervals commonly used in the United States largely reflect data from NHANES I (1971-1974). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe serum magnesium concentrations across the US population and establish contemporary population-based reference intervals for children and adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from nonpregnant and nonlactating civilian participants in the 2021-2023 NHANES data cycles. Reference intervals were estimated following the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry recommendations. Primary analyses categorized children (aged 12-18 y) by sex and adults (aged ≥19 y) by sex, age, and metabolic health status [total population, metabolically healthy, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)]. Linear regression models were used to compare subgroups, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess robustness of primary findings. RESULTS: The final analytic sample included 787 children and 5474 adults. Girls had significantly lower mean serum magnesium than boys (P = 0.003), although differences were small. The reference interval was 1.70-2.19 mg/dL (0.70-0.90 mmol/L; 1.40-1.80 mEq/L) for boys and 1.64-2.18 mg/dL (0.68-0.90 mmol/L; 1.35-1.79 mEq/L) for girls based on data from the total population. Mean serum magnesium concentrations were significantly lower in adult males and females with diabetes (P < 0.001; P < 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.012; P = 0.029), or CKD (P = 0.007; P = 0.002) compared with those who were metabolically healthy, respectively, and in females compared with males (P < 0.001). The reference interval was 1.72-2.26 mg/dL (0.71-0.93 mmol/L; 1.42-1.86 mEq/L) for males and 1.70-2.21 mg/dL (0.70-0.91 mmol/L; 1.40-1.82 mEq/L) for females based on data from the metabolically healthy population. Estimated prevalence of chronic latent magnesium deficiency (CLMD), represented by a serum magnesium concentration <2.06 mg/dL (0.85 mmol/L; 1.70 mEq/L), was 67.8% in adults. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides contemporary population-based reference intervals for serum magnesium for children and adults and suggests that a substantial portion of the US population is at risk of CLMD.
Prenatal and Postnatal Maternal Psychological Distress and the Metabolomic Profile of Human Milk.
Ryan N, Sundekilde UK, Dickens AM … +12 more , Kalant HM, Leahy-Warren P, Philpott LF, Mulcahy H, Lamichhane S, Isokääntä H, Perasto L, Tarro S, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, O'Mahony SM, Aatsinki AK
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000045 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Human milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, providing nutrients and bioactive metabolites that shape infant immune, cognitive, and metabolic development. Maternal psychological distress, including st...
BACKGROUND: Human milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, providing nutrients and bioactive metabolites that shape infant immune, cognitive, and metabolic development. Maternal psychological distress, including stress, anxiety, and depression, is prevalent during the perinatal period and may influence milk composition. Emerging evidence suggests that these alter metabolite classes, with potential long-term consequences for infant health. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify whether maternal stress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms are associated with differential metabolomic signatures in human milk from 2.5 to 24 mo postpartum. METHODS: Human milk samples were collected longitudinally at multiple postpartum time points from 424 mothers in the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study, yielding 718 samples. Human milk metabolite concentrations were quantified using H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics. Maternal depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms were assessed using validated self-report scales prenatally and postnatally. Simple linear regression and linear mixed models examined associations between maternal symptom scores and human milk metabolite concentrations across lactation (false discovery rate <0.05). RESULTS: Human milk oligosaccharides such as Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I), and lacto-N-difucohexaose I/II (LNDFH I/II) showed negative associations with depressive and stress symptoms, whereas 3'-fucosyllactose (3'FL), 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) were positively linked, particularly with prenatal symptoms.. Among amino acids, threonine concentrations declined with higher maternal symptom scores, whereas glutamate, glutamine, and taurine exhibited time-dependent associations across lactation. Succinate and hippurate showed positive associations with prenatal maternal symptom scores that shifted to negative associations later in lactation, whereas lactose and caprylate were negatively associated with postnatal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Both prenatal and postnatal maternal distress are associated with human milk metabolites. Human milk may buffer infants from some effects of maternal psychological distress because increases in key metabolites suggest potential compensatory roles in immune modulation and healthy gut microbiota. However, reductions in metabolites with established prebiotic and immune regulatory functions reinforce the importance of interventions that support maternal mental health during the perinatal period.
The Effect of Daily Vitamin B-12 Supplementation on the Incidence of Common Childhood Infections in Nepal: Secondary Outcomes from a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
Strand TA, Chandyo RK, McCann A … +7 more , Ranjitkar S, Ulak M, Kvestad I, Bakken KS, Ueland PM, Shrestha M, Shrestha L
J Nutr · 2026 Jun · PMID 41997492 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common and affects cell division and differentiation, erythropoiesis, and immune function. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the effect of daily vitamin B-12 for 1 y in infant...
BACKGROUND: Vitamin B-12 deficiency is common and affects cell division and differentiation, erythropoiesis, and immune function. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the effect of daily vitamin B-12 for 1 y in infants at risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency on the incidence of common infections. METHODS: This is a predefined, exploratory secondary analysis of a community-based, individually randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Bhaktapur, Nepal. We randomly assigned 600, 6-11-mo-old infants in a 1:1 ratio to 2 μg of vitamin B-12 or a placebo daily for 12 mo. We recorded the number of signs and symptoms of 20 common illnesses and the number of visits to the health clinic throughout the 1-y intervention period. Only 26 children were lost to follow-up, and almost 95% of scheduled daily vitamin B-12 doses or placebo were taken. The primary and other key secondary outcomes, including growth, neurodevelopment, cobalamin status, and hemoglobin concentration, have been previously published. In this report, we also reassess the effect of supplementation on biomarker concentrations by baseline vitamin B-12 status. RESULTS: There were 1474 visits to health clinics in the vitamin B-12 group and 1498 in the placebo group, corresponding to an incidence rate ratio of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.14). We found no statistically significant effect of the intervention on any of the 20 clinical outcomes, including infection incidence and facility visits. CONCLUSIONS: Our results from a population at risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency and with prevalent childhood infections do not indicate that vitamin B-12 supplementation reduces the burden of common infections. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02272842.
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