Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Dietary polyphenol intake in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies.
Helm MM, Buccini G, Schilling BK … +2 more , Lindsay AR, Basu A
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42105295 · Publisher ↗
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major clinical and public health concern because of its high population burden. Clinical trials report promising antidiabetic effects of dietary polyphenols using supplementation. This systema...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major clinical and public health concern because of its high population burden. Clinical trials report promising antidiabetic effects of dietary polyphenols using supplementation. This systematic review investigated habitual-level polyphenol intake associations in observational studies for pre-, type 1, type 2, and gestational DM prevention and management. This review aimed to evaluate whether these associations may have implications for public health nutrition guidance. Database searches were last conducted in January 2025. Only articles available in English were considered. We identified 32,662 articles, of which 53 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. We used The Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies-of Exposure (ROBINS-E) tool to assess risk of bias. Measures of association for each type of DM (primarily pre-DM and T2DM) were evaluated and synthesized. Strengths of associations between each polyphenol class and DM outcomes varied; however, flavonoids and lignans had repeated small to moderate DM risk reduction. Our findings suggest that higher habitual intake of polyphenol-rich foods may be associated with DM prevention, but the strength of evidence is not sufficient to justify dietary recommendations. T1DM and GDM were underrepresented in our review, warranting future investigations (PROSPERO registration #CRD420251003017).
From fiction to facts: on the safety, rules, perception, and role of food additives.
Meijer GW, Fogliano V, Lähteenmäki L … +3 more , Ahrné LM, Labbe D, Forde CG
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42105271 · Publisher ↗
Consumer perceptions of food additives are often negative, driven by unfamiliar terminology, associations with "ultra‑processed food," and concerns about reduced naturalness. Despite this, additives play essential roles...
Consumer perceptions of food additives are often negative, driven by unfamiliar terminology, associations with "ultra‑processed food," and concerns about reduced naturalness. Despite this, additives play essential roles in food preservation, sensory quality, and safety, and undergo rigorous safety evaluation in jurisdictions worldwide by authoritative bodies such as JECFA, EFSA, and the (US-)FDA. While some studies suggest possible effects of specific emulsifiers or sweeteners on the microbiome or metabolism, evidence is limited and often not reflective of real dietary exposure. Broader claims-such as additives causing "hyper‑palatability" or "food addiction"-lack scientific support, with research showing that overeating is more closely linked to energy density and food availability than additives themselves. Reducing additives use, without sound scientific justification, may inadvertently worsen nutrient profiles of foods, and increase food waste and health risks. Improving public understanding of additives safety and function is essential to counter misconceptions and avoid counterproductive reformulation decisions.
Examining widely held propositions on human dietary protein needs and benefits: a critical review of the science that shapes both the data and our understanding of an essential macronutrient.
Kanter MM, Aaron S, Austad SN … +27 more , Brown AW, Burd NA, Campbell WW, Cope M, Davis TA, Erdman JW, Freitas M, Hicks-Roof K, Klein S, Kriengsinyos W, Lamming DW, Layman DK, Leidy HJ, Maki KC, Mattes RD, McNeill S, Moore DR, Pasiakos SM, Phillips SM, Raubenheimer D, Reinhardt W, Rodriguez NR, Simpson S, Stein HH, van Loon LJC, Weaver CM, Allison DB
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42101036 · Publisher ↗
The essentiality of protein in the human diet is unequivocal. Yet researchers, clinicians, and lay people often believe numerous propositions about dietary protein despite insufficient supporting or refuting data in some...
The essentiality of protein in the human diet is unequivocal. Yet researchers, clinicians, and lay people often believe numerous propositions about dietary protein despite insufficient supporting or refuting data in some instances. To address this disconnect, and to "pressure-test" current beliefs about dietary protein, the Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington convened a workshop in February 2025 titled " More than 20 international experts discussed (1) methodologic issues affecting data acquisition and interpretation; (2) "optimal" dietary protein intakes and effects on muscle protein synthesis rates, muscle protein accretion, muscle growth, and muscle repair; (3) protein needs during weight loss; (4) acute protein intake thresholds above and below which protein is no longer related to anabolism; and (5) dietary protein intakes above which protein may be detrimental to health. The experts rated each proposition on a scale from "" to "" In most instances, the experts believed additional research was warranted. For many propositions the research base was insufficient in terms of quality (rigor), quantity (sample size, study duration), or pertinence (e.g., use of surrogate markers).
Adsorbents and biosorbents applied in the mitigation of mycotoxins in food: a systematic review.
Vendramin Comunello AF, Kupski L, Garda-Buffon J
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42090607 · Publisher ↗
Adsorption is a strategy for reducing mycotoxin contamination in food, standing out among other approaches due to its simplicity and efficiency. In addition, the potential use of biosorbents makes this strategy even more...
Adsorption is a strategy for reducing mycotoxin contamination in food, standing out among other approaches due to its simplicity and efficiency. In addition, the potential use of biosorbents makes this strategy even more promising. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to identify adsorbents used for mycotoxin removal in food and beverages, and evaluate the potential of biosorbents as an alternative material for mycotoxin mitigation. For this purpose, the review was conducted following the PRISMA methodology, with a bibliographic search performed in the ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, and Scopus databases. A total of 48 manuscripts were included in this systematic review, of which 58% used biosorbents and 42% employed synthetic adsorbent materials. The variability in food matrices, mycotoxin concentrations, and operational parameters prevented direct comparison between synthetic adsorbents and biosorbents. Overall, the findings highlight the diversity of adsorbent materials available for mycotoxin removal and point to the need for further studies standardizing experimental conditions to enable more comprehensive comparisons across adsorbents.
The formation mechanism and regulation of the unique flavor in fried dough products.
Fan F, Huang G, McClements DJ … +6 more , Zhong H, Chen L, Hong Q, Liu Z, Jin Z, Chen L
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087701 · Publisher ↗
The distinctive aroma of fried flour-based products results from synergistic high-temperature reactions, primarily the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation. However, these complex chemical pathways are prone to quality...
The distinctive aroma of fried flour-based products results from synergistic high-temperature reactions, primarily the Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation. However, these complex chemical pathways are prone to quality deterioration during processing and storage, including acrylamide formation, lipid rancidity, and flavor loss. This review systematically examines flavor formation mechanisms and establishes comprehensive control strategies across the entire industrial chain. It highlights modern flavor characterization techniques-including GC-MS, GC-O, GC-IMS, electronic nose, flavoromics, and artificial intelligence-based flavor analysis-that enable precise monitoring of volatile profiles and the degree of oxidation. The analysis covers the critical influence of ingredient ratios, oil selection, innovative pretreatments, novel frying methods, and post-frying processes on flavor precursors, reaction pathways, and product stability. Synergistic regulation via ingredient optimization and advanced technologies effectively enhances desirable aromas while suppressing harmful compounds and controlling oil absorption. This integrated approach provides a robust framework for advancing the sensory quality, food safety, and flavor stability of fried flour-based products in modern industrial manufacturing.
Upcycling of flaxseed meal from waste into functional ingredients toward zero-waste biorefinery concept: a comprehensive review for maximizing food and nutritional applications.
Wang S, Qin X, Chen Q … +3 more , Feng Y, Wang Y, Li Y
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42085650 · Publisher ↗
Flaxseed ( L.) has gained prominence in China, primarily attributed to its exceptional nutraceutical profile. However, defatted flaxseed meal is a major by-product that remains significantly underutilized, whose endogeno...
Flaxseed ( L.) has gained prominence in China, primarily attributed to its exceptional nutraceutical profile. However, defatted flaxseed meal is a major by-product that remains significantly underutilized, whose endogenous bioactive compounds (e.g., lignans, gum, cyclolinopeptide, and protein) deserve to be exploited for value-added utilization. The comprehensive utilization potential of flaxseed meals remains largely unexplored, thereby posing a critical challenge for sustainable agricultural development and circular economy implementation. Whereas prior reviews have predominantly examined individual flaxseed components regarding extraction, bioactivity, or applications, few have integrated these perspectives under a unified biorefinery framework to advance meal upcycling from waste to functional ingredients. Considering the zero-waste biorefinery concept, flaxseed meal could be upcycled into functional ingredients to accomplish Sustainable Development Goals. This review outlines the research progress on value-added processing of the main bioactive components in flaxseed meals to maximize their food and nutritional applications, including their basic properties, conventional and innovative extractions, and promising biological activities for further applications. Moreover, the challenges facing the comprehensive utilization of flaxseed meals were identified by considering food safety and consumer acceptability. In addition, suggestions for future industrial development are proposed to reduce food waste with additional revenue streams.
Research progress and prospects of nutrient delivery systems in food design for the elderly.
Xie S, Liu W, McClements DJ … +7 more , Hong Q, Liu Z, Ji F, Zhang L, Ma K, Jin Z, Chen L
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42084448 · Publisher ↗
The global aging population has led to age-related digestive dysfunction, which has become a key driver of malnutrition and declining health. Physiological degeneration in older adults severely reduces nutrient bioavaila...
The global aging population has led to age-related digestive dysfunction, which has become a key driver of malnutrition and declining health. Physiological degeneration in older adults severely reduces nutrient bioavailability, making conventional single nutrient supplementation ineffective. Nutrient delivery systems tailored to the physiological constraints of the elderly show great value in alleviating geriatric malnutrition. Micro/nanoencapsulation, emulsions, and gels are particularly promising platforms for elderly-targeted food innovation due to their tunable structure, controlled targeted release, and good biocompatibility. Moreover, combining delivery systems with 3D printing for personalized nutrition and dysphagia-friendly texture design has emerged as an important trend in age-appropriate food development. This review outlines the digestive physiological constraints of the elderly and the design principles of nutrient delivery systems, highlights the adaptive optimization and recent applications of major delivery technologies in geriatric foods, and discusses intervention strategies, current challenges, and future directions. It aims to provide theoretical support for the research and innovation of functional foods tailored for older adults.
Yerba mate tea: a critical review on its phytochemicals, health benefits, safety, and food industry applications.
Zhang C, Chen J, Ruan S … +2 more , Wang Z, Dai X
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42083519 · Publisher ↗
The leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, known as Yerba Mate (YM), have been traditionally consumed as an infusion in South America. Drawing on research from major scientific databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, ACS, and Web of S...
The leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, known as Yerba Mate (YM), have been traditionally consumed as an infusion in South America. Drawing on research from major scientific databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, ACS, and Web of Science), this review provides an overview of YM's phytochemical composition, health effects, safety, and food applications. YM contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, methylxanthines, saponins, and flavonoids. Its chemical profile and biological activity are significantly influenced by processing methods such as drying, aging, and grinding. Once consumed, these compounds are bioavailable and widely distributed in the body, contributing to various physiological effects. Evidence supports several health benefits of YM, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and cardioprotective properties, along with potential prebiotic effects. However, safety concerns exist, particularly the possible formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during traditional drying processes. Beyond its use as a beverage, YM shows strong potential in the food industry for applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and natural preservatives. In conclusion, YM represents a promising source of functional ingredients with broad potential for health-oriented and culinary applications.
Is the experimental evidence on ultra-processed food and obesity reliable?
Ludwig DS
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42063358 · Publisher ↗
Public health experts have issued widespread calls to target ultra-processed foods (UPF) in nutrition policy to prevent obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases. Several short-term crossover feeding studies have e...
Public health experts have issued widespread calls to target ultra-processed foods (UPF) in nutrition policy to prevent obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases. Several short-term crossover feeding studies have examined the effects of UPF consumption on energy intake and body weight, but their findings remain inconclusive, largely due to methodological limitations and imprecision in the Nova classification used to define UPF exposure. Long-term data demonstrating the effectiveness of reducing UPF intake are lacking. Consequently, the available evidence does not establish a causal role of UPF consumption in obesity. Additional research is needed to determine whether UPF, as defined by Nova, exerts effects on energy intake and body weight beyond those attributable to established dietary factors such as energy density and nutrient composition.
A scoring system for validity assessment of biomarkers of food intake.
Hassenberg C, Mack CI, Favari C … +15 more , Baier S, Estruch R, Kastenmüller G, Lamuela-Raventós R, Landberg R, Mena P, Michelini C, Noerman S, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Stråvik M, Tomás-Barberán FA, Vehovec L, Wishart DS, Manach C, Kulling SE
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42053260 · Publisher ↗
Recently, numerous novel putative biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) have been discovered to complement self-reported dietary assessment. However, few BFIs have been properly validated for their intended applications due t...
Recently, numerous novel putative biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) have been discovered to complement self-reported dietary assessment. However, few BFIs have been properly validated for their intended applications due to lack of comprehensive validation frameworks, need for complementary expertise and scattered data in the literature. Although a few biomarker validation frameworks have been proposed, they still require improvement to fully encompass relevant criteria and provide precise guidance for harmonized evaluation of BFI validity. The FoodPhyt consortium developed a new scoring system based on the FoodBAll validation scheme, to standardize scoring and allow comparison of BFIs with varying validity. The following criteria were included: level of identification and plausibility (pass-or-fail criteria), specificity, variability in plants/foods and biological samples, dose-response, robustness, and analytical characterization. The score is bipartite and includes availability of supporting literature (data availability), and BFI quality (performance). Data availability helps assessing confidence in the assigned score, while highlighting knowledge gaps. Detailed guidelines and examples are provided to facilitate BFI scoring and reproducible application. An online repository, BFI-Hub (https://biomarker.plantintake.eu/app/), was developed to share validity scores of BFIs and detailed validation data. This database represents a key step to make BFI information universally accessible and facilitate application of BFIs in practice.
Concerns about the health effects of industrially produced seed oils are without scientific foundation: a scoping narrative review of the clinical and observational evidence.
Nagra M, Goldman DM, Belury MA … +1 more , Messina M
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42047660 · Publisher ↗
To reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, worldwide dietary guidelines emphasize limiting saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, and replacing SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF...
To reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, worldwide dietary guidelines emphasize limiting saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake, and replacing SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), when exceeding recommendations. Nevertheless, a largely social media-driven controversy challenging the healthfulness of oils high in PUFA, namely seed oils, a subset of vegetable oils, and diets high in linoleic acid (LA) has emerged. To aid health professionals in their understanding of this controversy, we conducted an extensive review of the human literature to determine the level of support for claims that seed oils and diets high in LA exert adverse health effects, with a focus on CVD. It is concluded that data overwhelmingly support the safety and health benefits of seed oils and LA, not only with respect to CVD, but possibly other chronic diseases as well. Conversely, claims about harm, such as LA increases inflammation and oxidative stress, and therefore raises CVD risk, were found to be without foundation. Concerns that the manufacture of seed oils leads to the creation of harmful substances, were also found to lack support. Overall, the evidence is consistent with historical dietary recommendations from established health agencies and organizations, which recommend emphasizing PUFA over SFA.
Natural polysaccharides as multifunctional regulators of energy metabolism: mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and cross-disease applications.
Wei S, Lv H, Li X … +1 more , Xue J
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42017809 · Publisher ↗
Dysregulated energy metabolism is a common pathological feature of various chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Natural polysaccharides, known...
Dysregulated energy metabolism is a common pathological feature of various chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Natural polysaccharides, known for their structural diversity, biocompatibility, and safety, have emerged as promising modulators for metabolic disorders due to their multi-target regulatory capabilities. Despite extensive research on their immunomodulatory functions, there is a gap in understanding their direct and systematic mechanisms in regulating energy metabolism across diseases. This review systematically explores three key mechanisms by which natural polysaccharides regulate energy homeostasis: (1) direct modulation of cellular energy pathways, enhancing glucose uptake, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function; (2) indirect regulation via the gut microbiota-metabolism axis, with microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids; and (3) reshaping the metabolic microenvironment through immunometabolic coupling, including macrophage polarization to alleviate metabolic inflammation. Additionally, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides is analyzed, linking molecular features like molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bonds, and branching with their metabolic effects. Finally, this review provides an overview of recent advances in natural polysaccharides' potential applications for metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration, cancer, aging, and more, offering a solid foundation for their clinical translation as novel metabolic modulators.
Nutritional modulation of the glymphatic system: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.
Ko JW, Jeon S
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42011629 · Publisher ↗
The glymphatic system is a brain-wide perivascular clearance pathway mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels at astrocytic endfeet and plays a key role in eliminating neurotoxic proteins, including amyloid-β, tau,...
The glymphatic system is a brain-wide perivascular clearance pathway mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels at astrocytic endfeet and plays a key role in eliminating neurotoxic proteins, including amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein. Impaired glymphatic function has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. While sleep and physical activity are established modulators of glymphatic activity, the role of nutrition remains less clearly defined. This review summarizes current evidence on how nutritional factors may influence glymphatic-relevant biology and the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms. Emerging studies suggest that micronutrients, bioactive lipids, and phytochemicals may influence glymphatic-relevant processes by regulating AQP4 expression and polarization, preserving blood-brain barrier integrity, reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, improving cerebrovascular function, and supporting sleep and circadian regulation. In contrast, high-fat diets, excessive alcohol intake, and iron overload are associated with adverse glymphatic-relevant changes, including altered AQP4 regulation and less favorable clearance-related markers. Although mechanistic and preclinical evidence is increasing, large-scale human studies with standardized imaging approaches are still needed to determine whether targeted nutritional strategies can meaningfully alter glymphatic-related biology and whether such changes are accompanied by favorable neuroimaging or clinical outcomes.
Fish allergy facing the Blue Transformation: gaps and opportunities.
Yang Y, Xu D, Alvarez E … +6 more , Pan Z, Yang T, Li B, Argiz L, Goikoetxea MJ, Gasset M
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42003389 · Publisher ↗
To cope with the impacts of climate change and the expected food demand of a growing population, FAO has launched a Blue Transformation program aiming the expansion and intensification of sustainable aquaculture, the eff...
To cope with the impacts of climate change and the expected food demand of a growing population, FAO has launched a Blue Transformation program aiming the expansion and intensification of sustainable aquaculture, the effective management of all fisheries and the upgrade of value chains. Despite its well-known unique nutritional value, fish is one the Big Nine allergenic foods and provokes both IgE-mediated and non-IgE mediated allergies that affect at least 25 million people. Fish allergy management has relied on fish extensive exclusion diets and prevention of accidental exposures, being oral immunotherapy exceptional. However, the different phenotypes of fish allergic patients have shown several tolerance opportunities that must be taken into account in the FAO roadmap. In this review, we briefly described key features of fish as a source of food allergens, analyzed its production and processing trends and underline the opportunities and challenges to tackle the burden, the allergenicity modulation and bioaccessibility of fish allergens under the Blue Transformation goals.
Metabolomic patterns of dietary protein intake and their link to cardiometabolic risk: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wong NMY, Ting M, Liu MH … +1 more , Kim JE
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41992867 · Publisher ↗
Dietary protein is a key macronutrient influencing cardiometabolic health, but metabolomic mechanisms linking protein quantity and source to cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) remain unclear. This study aimed to charact...
Dietary protein is a key macronutrient influencing cardiometabolic health, but metabolomic mechanisms linking protein quantity and source to cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize metabolomic responses to dietary protein quantity and source and examine their associations with changes in CRFs. A systematic review and meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials comparing higher versus lower protein intake, or animal versus plant protein consumption, was conducted. Metabolomic and CRF outcomes were synthesized using MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and R package, with study quality assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2. Eighty-seven studies were included, comprising 85 comparisons of higher versus lower protein intake and 17 comparisons of animal versus plant protein intake. Higher protein intake was associated with metabolomic profiles marked by increased concentrations of most amino acids, alongside alterations in nitrogen-related and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Protein quantity also influenced phospholipid metabolism, which was associated with multiple CRFs, including lipid-lipoprotein panels. Differences between animal and plant protein intake were characterized by shifts in amino acid, bile acid, and microbial metabolite profiles, with links to CRFs through pathways in bile acid signaling and energy metabolism. Overall, dietary protein quantity and source shape distinct metabolomic signatures that may influence CRFs.
The industrial formulation fallacy: a critical appraisal of the Nova classification system.
Louie JCY
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41988784 · Publisher ↗
The Nova food classification system has become highly influential in nutritional epidemiology, linking negative health outcomes to "ultra-processed foods" based on industrial formulation. It assumes that products made wi...
The Nova food classification system has become highly influential in nutritional epidemiology, linking negative health outcomes to "ultra-processed foods" based on industrial formulation. It assumes that products made with substances and processes uncommon in home cooking form a distinct and inherently harmful category. This analysis evaluates whether industrial formulation is a valid basis for causal claims in food classification and public health policy. Drawing on epidemiology, food systems economics, and research on dietary behavior, I assess whether this criterion captures meaningful variation beyond nutrient content. The evidence suggests a temporal and causal error. Nova treats manufacturing practices as primary drivers of consumption without adequately addressing prior structural conditions such as labor market shifts, time scarcity, income inequality, and urban food constraints that shape demand for convenient, energy-dense products. The commercial intent criterion offers little discrimination, since all commercial foods are produced for profit. Empirical research indicates that socioeconomic status, food access, and time availability predict dietary patterns more strongly than processing category. In addition, Nova coding in large datasets relies mainly on ingredient-based proxies, creating confounding between nutrient profile and processing class. Effective food policy should prioritize nutritional quality, access, and equity rather than process-based taxonomy.
The role of artificial intelligence in combating food fraud: a systematic literature review.
Fragkos N, Bouzembrak Y, Erasmus SW
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41983954 · Publisher ↗
This study presents a systematic literature review evaluating the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in combating food fraud. Following the Kitchenham framework, 69 primary studies from peer-revie...
This study presents a systematic literature review evaluating the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in combating food fraud. Following the Kitchenham framework, 69 primary studies from peer-reviewed journals across four academic databases were identified and analyzed. The aim was to examine the types of fraud detected by AI, the food products involved, the specific AI techniques used, and the performance evaluation metrics utilized. Most of the included studies focused on the detection of adulteration and mislabeling, particularly origin and quality mislabeling, with spices, herbs, meat and dairy being the most frequently investigated food product categories. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) were the primary approaches utilized, ML was the most dominant, with Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) emerging as the most frequently applied algorithms. Regarding the data types, spectral and imaging data were predominantly used, and most models were developed using supervised approaches. Nevertheless, despite strong model performance with data gathered from controlled environments such as labs, issues such as data availability and interpretability remain. The findings underscore the importance of AI applied in food fraud detection and the need to explore underrepresented fraud types and food categories.
Call to action: the future of evidence-based, adolescent-focused dietary guidance.
Bailey RL, Leidy HJ, Shlisky J … +1 more , Davis TA
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41983695 · Publisher ↗
Diet quality and nutritional adequacy are lower during the adolescent period than at any other stage of life. Poor food choices during this life stage are related to increased risk for adverse short- and long-term health...
Diet quality and nutritional adequacy are lower during the adolescent period than at any other stage of life. Poor food choices during this life stage are related to increased risk for adverse short- and long-term health outcomes. Identification of nutrient needs as well as effective approaches to intervene during this translational time of growth and development are critically needed. An expert panel of scientists from the academic, clinical, industry, and federal sectors were convened to highlight the unique dietary, physiological, social, behavioral, and challenges of adolescents and to discuss the limited high-quality research that is available on nutritional status in adolescence. Research to support evidence-based, adolescent-focused dietary guidance and its implementation are vitally needed to promote healthy dietary patterns that can be sustained across the life span.
Exploring the dairy milk matrix beyond isolated nutrients-a narrative review.
O'Sullivan TA, Nicholl A
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41983252 · Publisher ↗
The concept of the food matrix considers individual components along with how they are structured, interact, and are modified during processing. There is increasing interest around the health effects of individual nutrie...
The concept of the food matrix considers individual components along with how they are structured, interact, and are modified during processing. There is increasing interest around the health effects of individual nutrients versus whole foods, creating a need to better understand how the matrix may influence health outcomes. This narrative review explores the dairy milk matrix and compares health effects with those of isolated components, with additional comparisons to plant-based milk alternatives. Comparative evidence suggests that while calcium from food and supplements generally has similar effects (depending on the form of the supplemental calcium), consumption of food-based sources such as milk may have fewer adverse effects associated with high-dose supplemental intake. Fermented milk products appear to offer additional health benefits compared with unfermented milk, likely due to bioactive compounds produced during fermentation. Structural and functional manipulation of milk proteins, such as whey and lactoferrin, can also modify matrix functionality; for example, appropriate processing conditions can preserve lactoferrin's iron-binding capacity, supporting iron transport and bioavailability. Compared with plant-based milks, which often require fortification and extensive processing, the dairy milk matrix is particularly effective at promoting nutrient absorption. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting a whole food perspective when considering milk in dietary recommendations and research.
Dietary nutritional strategies for circadian rhythm regulation: advances, challenges and future directions.
Guo Y, Brenna JT, Zhang T … +5 more , Xu Y, Cao M, Chang M, Liu R, Wang X
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41982068 · Publisher ↗
The escalation of urban light pollution and the trend toward a globalized lifestyle have led to a notable increase in circadian rhythm disruption (CRD), which is emerging as a concealed epidemic in contemporary society....
The escalation of urban light pollution and the trend toward a globalized lifestyle have led to a notable increase in circadian rhythm disruption (CRD), which is emerging as a concealed epidemic in contemporary society. Dietary nutritional strategies (DNS) that optimize meal timing, dietary structure, and nutrient composition show promising potential for regulating CR and improving metabolic health. This review systematically analyzes the characteristics, mechanisms of action, and clinical applicability of current lipid-based nutritional strategies. This review critically assesses the challenges in CR regulation, analyzes characteristics and mechanisms of action, and discusses integrating precision nutrition concepts and emerging technologies to advance DNS for CR regulation and health management in special populations. We propose a four-dimensional classification for DNS: time window-based, energy intake-based, macronutrient-based, and natural bioactive compound-based dietary regulation. Challenges include the absence of standardized assessment frameworks for CRD, the limited predictive value of preclinical models in translating findings to human responses, insufficient development of phenotype-driven precision nutrition protocols, and an incomplete understanding of structure-activity relationships among chrono-nutrition compounds. Integration of multimodal dietary strategies, establishment of CRD-based population stratification systems, and utilization of artificial intelligence to create intelligent monitoring networks are essential steps in advancing adaptive and personalized precision nutrition interventions.
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