J Ocul Pharmacol Ther [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Not All that Clouds Is Infection: Intravitreal Precipitation after Sequential Antibiotic Injection.
Abukhaled Y, Alkhateeb A, Abu Serhan H
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jul · PMID 42394576 · Publisher ↗
Crystalline opacities appearing after intravitreal antibiotic injections can closely mimic worsening endophthalmitis, potentially prompting unnecessary surgical or pharmacologic interventions. This underrecognized phenom...
Crystalline opacities appearing after intravitreal antibiotic injections can closely mimic worsening endophthalmitis, potentially prompting unnecessary surgical or pharmacologic interventions. This underrecognized phenomenon, most commonly seen after sequential intravitreal administration of vancomycin and ceftazidime, results from physicochemical incompatibility leading to intraocular precipitation. Despite their alarming appearance, these crystalline deposits are benign, self-limited, and retain antimicrobial activity. Review of the few published human cases reveals favorable outcomes with conservative management once infection is excluded. Recognizing this entity is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis, overtreatment, and medicolegal implications. Awareness of preventive measures-such as using separate syringes, staggered injections, and warmed solutions-can further minimize risk. Ultimately, differentiating true infectious progression from sterile drug precipitation preserves both vision and clinical judgment.
Physicochemical Fingerprinting of Cyclosporine A Ophthalmic Emulsions as a New Approach Methodology for Clinical Tolerability.
Koh J
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jul · PMID 42387829 · Publisher ↗
The clinical tolerability profiles of cyclosporine A (CsA) ophthalmic emulsions differ markedly between anionic (Restasis, 0.05% CsA) and cationic (Ikervis, 0.1% CsA) formulations, despite delivering the same active comp...
The clinical tolerability profiles of cyclosporine A (CsA) ophthalmic emulsions differ markedly between anionic (Restasis, 0.05% CsA) and cationic (Ikervis, 0.1% CsA) formulations, despite delivering the same active compound. Anionic emulsions are more frequently associated with transient blurred vision, whereas cationic emulsions are more frequently associated with instillation-site pain. The mechanistic basis for this divergence has not been clearly defined, and conventional evaluation has relied on animal-based irritation assays or large clinical trials. This Commentary proposes a two-phase physicochemical interpretive framework, aligned with New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) and Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA), in which rotational rheometry is used to characterize early instillation-phase behavior (0-5 min) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to characterize sustained post-instillation-phase features (5-30 min). Preliminary observations on Restasis, Ikervis, and a 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose-sodium artificial-tear reference (a nonionic, nonsurfactant, low-nociceptive physicochemical control) are presented as supporting context. Restasis exhibited substantially higher viscosity than Ikervis across all shear rates, whereas Ikervis and the CMC reference showed comparable high-shear viscosity despite markedly different reported tolerability-a viscosity-discomfort dissociation. GC-MS putatively identified a long-chain tertiary amine signal exclusively in Ikervis (retention time ≈13.0 min), which was absent in Restasis and the CMC reference. The proposed framework is hypothesis-generating rather than mechanistically conclusive; it is intended to support future targeted validation studies rather than replace clinical evaluation. GC-MS may serve as a useful complementary fingerprinting tool within NAM/IATA-aligned ophthalmic formulation assessment.
Body Composition and Body Mass Index Show Comparable Associations with Adalimumab Exposure and Immunogenicity in Noninfectious Uveitis.
Pichi F, Shehab R, Neri P
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jul · PMID 42387828 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether bioimpedance-derived body composition parameters are associated with adalimumab exposure and immunogenicity in noninfectious uveitis (NIU) and whether they provide information complementary t...
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether bioimpedance-derived body composition parameters are associated with adalimumab exposure and immunogenicity in noninfectious uveitis (NIU) and whether they provide information complementary to body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Forty-five patients with NIU receiving adalimumab monotherapy (40 mg every 2 weeks) for at least 12 months were enrolled in this single-center cross-sectional study. Body composition was assessed by use of multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (InBody 770). Serum adalimumab trough concentrations and anti-adalimumab antibodies (AAA) were measured. Associations were evaluated using Pearson correlations, multivariable linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. RESULTS: Adalimumab trough concentrations were moderately inversely correlated with BMI ( = -0.51, = 0.0004), body fat mass ( = -0.51, = 0.0004), percent body fat ( = -0.48, = 0.001), and visceral fat area ( = -0.53, = 0.0002), but not with lean-mass parameters. In separate multivariable models adjusted for age and sex, each adiposity measure was independently associated with trough concentrations (adjusted 0.18-0.25). ROC analysis showed comparable discrimination of low drug exposure for BMI (area under the curve [AUC] 0.69) and body composition metrics (AUC 0.70-0.74; DeLong > 0.5). BMI showed the strongest correlation with AAA levels ( = 0.58, < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Bioimpedance-derived adiposity measures and BMI showed similar associations with adalimumab exposure in NIU. Body composition may offer complementary biological context for interpreting pharmacokinetic variability and immunogenicity. Future studies are warranted to determine whether body composition data improve therapeutic drug monitoring in uveitis.
Exploring the Role of the Zeis Gland in Dry Eye Disease Associated with Demodex Blepharitis.
Nguyen A, Sun MM, Penzner J … +3 more , Nhan L, Li P, Robinson MR
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jul · PMID 42387805 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Demodex blepharitis is caused by mite infestation of the eyelash follicles and associated sebaceous glands (the glands of Zeis) and is often associated with tear film instability and dry eye disease (DED). Info...
PURPOSE: Demodex blepharitis is caused by mite infestation of the eyelash follicles and associated sebaceous glands (the glands of Zeis) and is often associated with tear film instability and dry eye disease (DED). Information on the role of Zeis glands is limited. This study used surrogate Zeis gland secretions in healthy volunteers to evaluate whether Zeis gland secretions could potentially contribute to the tear film lipid layer. METHODS: The blinking status of each eye (partial or complete blinker) was assessed with interferometry. A surrogate Zeis gland secretion was applied with a moistened ophthalmic fluorescein strip across the center of the lower eyelid near the eyelash base. The presence of fluorescent dye in the tear film was evaluated at 2 and 5 min using a fluorescein angiography image acquisition system. RESULTS: Forty eyes (20 subjects) were enrolled; 31 (77.5%) partial blinkers, 4 (10.0%) complete blinkers, and 5 (12.5%) nonblinkers that did not blink during the interferometry assessment. Fluorescent dye was detected in the tear film of 18 (45.0%) eyes at 2 min and 24 (60.0%) eyes at 5 min, with similar proportions of partial blinker, complete blinker, and nonblinker eyes demonstrating a fluorescent signal. CONCLUSION: A surrogate Zeis gland secretion accessed the tear film in most eyes, suggesting that Zeis gland secretions may contribute to the tear film. In Demodex blepharitis, abnormal or reduced lipid production from the Zeis and/or meibomian glands may contribute to DED. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of DED in patients with Demodex blepharitis.
Eyes on New Product Development-Number 134.
Novack GD
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42322136 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Integrated Bioinformatics and Explainable Machine Learning Analyses Reveal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome-Related Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy.
Zheng L, Jiang J, Li J … +3 more , Su X, Peng S, Ding Z
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42311145 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aims to identify potential biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy (DR) by focusing on genes associated with mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo). METHODS: By integrating DR transcriptome dat...
PURPOSE: This study aims to identify potential biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy (DR) by focusing on genes associated with mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo). METHODS: By integrating DR transcriptome data with the protein dataset of MSCs-Exo, we utilized a comprehensive array of bioinformatics techniques, including weighted gene coexpression network analysis, Mfuzz clustering, and machine learning algorithms such as least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and random forest to pinpoint key genes. Functional mechanisms were explored through functional enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, and single-cell RNA sequencing. The immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used for validation on DR mice models. RESULTS: Our comprehensive analysis identified 16 hub genes associated with MSCs-Exo. Through the application of interpretable machine learning techniques, YBX1 and PSMA7 were further identified as central genes within this network. A predictive diagnostic model for DR was developed and validated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, which demonstrated modest diagnostic efficacy, as indicated by an area under the curve exceeding 0.7. Importantly, experimental validation showed that the protein expression levels of YBX1 and PSMA7 were significantly reduced in the retinal tissues of DR mice compared with the control group ( < 0.05). Functional enrichment analysis suggested that YBX1 and PSMA7 are involved in critical biological processes, specifically the regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism. In addition, immune infiltration results show that they are significantly associated with the immune dysregulation of DR, especially in CD4T memory cells. Single-cell analysis also supported the above finding. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that YBX1 and PSMA7, derived from MSCs-Exo, may serve as potential biomarkers for DR. Further studies are needed to confirm their clinical utility and therapeutic relevance.
Real-World Anatomical Outcomes of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide Injections in a Large Retinal Practice over a 4-Year Period.
Miller CW, Scroggins CA, Wuller SL … +8 more , Hegarty MJ, Utrup JA, Griffin CD, Zaky JS, James ML, Sciulli HD, Miller DG, Coney JM
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42286944 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical role, durability, anatomical response, and safety for suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide (SCTA) (Xipere) in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Data were manually extracted from heal...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical role, durability, anatomical response, and safety for suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide (SCTA) (Xipere) in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Data were manually extracted from health records at a high-volume retina practice in Cleveland, Ohio. All patients with noninfectious inflammatory macular edema undergoing SCTA (≥1 billing code) between October 25, 2021, and July 17, 2025, were included. Patients with known systemic autoimmune or infectious associations were excluded. Unique eyes were defined by MRN + laterality, with "OU" entries split into OD/OS. Patient demographics, underlying diagnosis categorization, time between first and second injection (for eyes with ≥2 injections) were summarized. Pre- versus post-treatment central retinal thickness (CRT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were compared via paired t-tests. RESULTS: A total of 177 patients (195 eyes) received 340 SCTA injections for macular edema associated with an underlying diagnosis of intermediate uveitis (10%), pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (31%), and posterior uveitis (59%). The time between first and second injection was approximately 5 months [SD ± 72.5; median 144 (min 35, max 427)]. From baseline to follow-up, mean CRT decreased by 103 µm [95% CI: (-122,-83.2), < 0.001], while IOP increased minimally [mean difference 0.7 mmHg, 95% CI: (-0.02, 1.43), = 0.057]; and was medically managed when elevated. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world cohort, findings suggest that SCTA achieves robust anatomical improvement, a favorable IOP profile, and prolonged durability across patients with inflammation-related macular edema.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Modulators in Glaucoma and Ocular Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Translational Evidence, and Therapeutic Challenges.
Mohamed MSA
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42281259 · Publisher ↗
The purpose is to review the role of the nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in glaucoma, focusing on trabecular meshwork (TM) function, aqueous humor...
The purpose is to review the role of the nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway in glaucoma, focusing on trabecular meshwork (TM) function, aqueous humor outflow, intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular fibrosis. A structured narrative review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science identified peer-reviewed studies published from January 2000 to March 2026 using terms including "soluble guanylate cyclase," "sGC stimulator," "sGC activator," "cGMP," "nitric oxide," "glaucoma," "trabecular meshwork," "aqueous humor outflow," and "ocular hypertension." Experimental studies involving TM cells, Schlemm's canal endothelial cells, ocular fibroblasts, anterior segment perfusion systems, animal models, and human clinical investigations were qualitatively reviewed. Evidence supports an important role for NO-sGC-cGMP signaling in regulating conventional aqueous humor outflow. sGC activation increases intracellular cGMP and promotes protein kinase G-mediated modulation of cytoskeletal organization and RhoA/Rho kinase signaling, reducing TM contractility and increasing outflow facility. cGMP signaling may also regulate extracellular matrix remodeling and transforming growth factor-β-associated fibrotic responses in ocular tissues. Preclinical studies demonstrate enhanced outflow facility and reduced IOP after pharmacologic pathway activation. Clinical evidence is strongest for NO-donating therapies such as latanoprostene bunod, whereas direct evidence for selective sGC stimulators and activators remains limited. The NO-sGC-cGMP pathway is a promising therapeutic target in glaucoma, particularly for trabecular outflow regulation and IOP control. Despite consistent mechanistic preclinical evidence, translational challenges remain, including drug delivery, tissue-specific pharmacodynamics, and limited clinical evaluation of direct sGC modulators. Further studies are needed to define the therapeutic role of selective sGC-targeted strategies in glaucoma management.
Geroprotective Agents, Including Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, for Ocular Health.
Nguyen A, Zhu AY, Khouri AS
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42281177 · Publisher ↗
Aging has long been implicated in the onset and progression of major retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Glaucoma is likewise i...
Aging has long been implicated in the onset and progression of major retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Glaucoma is likewise increasingly recognized as an age-related disorder. Across these conditions, converging patterns of neurodegeneration and microvascular injury contribute to age-associated ocular decline. Structural and neuronal degeneration of the retina, including loss of retinal ganglion cell axons, along with impaired microvascular circulation and chronic inflammation, contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma, AMD, DR, and RVO. Geroprotectors, a class of longevity-promoting pharmacologic agents investigated for systemic benefits in cardiovascular and neurological aging, have therefore drawn growing ophthalmic interest for their potential relevance to ocular health and the management of age-associated eye diseases. These agents are now frequently encountered as concomitant medications in ophthalmic practice, yet their ocular effects remain incompletely characterized, variably reported, and in some cases controversial. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, widely used for glycemic control and increasingly for weight management, have been associated with reduced risk of age-related glaucoma but also with unconfirmed reports of severe nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Similar uncertainties surround other geroprotective, metabolic, and weight-modifying therapies, creating challenges for clinicians attempting to incorporate evolving pharmacologic evidence without compromising patient safety. This review synthesizes reported therapeutic and adverse ocular outcomes across geroprotective agents to support clinical awareness, identify knowledge gaps, and guide future investigation. The agents reviewed include GLP-1 receptor agonists, metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, statins, cannabinoids, calcium channel blockers, spermidine, taurine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursors, rapamycin, and mifepristone.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Topical Bepotastine Besilate 1.5% Versus Sodium Cromoglycate 4% in Chronic Allergic Conjunctivitis: A Prospective Study.
Jhanwar M, Goyal S, Nathan A
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42267878 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of bepotastine besilate 1.5% versus sodium cromoglycate 4% eye drops in the management of chronic allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: In this prospective,...
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of bepotastine besilate 1.5% versus sodium cromoglycate 4% eye drops in the management of chronic allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS: In this prospective, double-masked comparative study, 100 adult patients with chronic allergic conjunctivitis were assigned to receive either bepotastine twice daily ( = 50) or cromolyn 4 times daily ( = 50) for 6 months. The primary outcome was the change in ocular itching severity on a standardized 0-3 scale. Secondary outcomes included changes in redness, tearing, swelling, discomfort, treatment compliance, adverse events, and patient satisfaction. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. RESULTS: Both treatments significantly improved symptoms from baseline after 6 months. Bepotastine showed superior reduction in ocular itching severity (74.4% improvement) compared to cromolyn (63.8%, < 0.01). Cromolyn was more effective in reducing conjunctival redness (70.0% vs. 59.3%). Bepotastine also showed numerical advantages in tearing, swelling, and discomfort relief. Adverse events were mild and comparable, with slightly more burning sensation reported in the cromolyn group. Compliance and patient satisfaction were higher in the bepotastine group, attributed to its convenient twice-daily dosing. CONCLUSIONS: Both bepotastine besilate and sodium cromoglycate are effective and safe for chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Bepotastine offers faster relief of itching and greater convenience, whereas cromolyn provides better control of conjunctival redness. Treatment choice should be individualized based on symptom profile and patient preferences.
Pirfenidone Inhibits Inflammatory Mediators in Human Cornea .
Hofmann AC, Sinha NR, Hurtado A … +5 more , Davis AR, Suleiman LA, Kamryn B, Kumar R, Mohan RR
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42213528 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Corneal inflammation is a common clinical condition that contributes to loss of corneal transparency. This study evaluated the potential of pirfenidone (PFD), an FDA-approved drug, to inhibit inflammation in the...
PURPOSE: Corneal inflammation is a common clinical condition that contributes to loss of corneal transparency. This study evaluated the potential of pirfenidone (PFD), an FDA-approved drug, to inhibit inflammation in the human cornea using an model. METHODS: Healthy cadaver human corneas and standard corneal inflammation models were used. Primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts (hCSFs) generated from donor corneas were used in the entire study. The dose-dependent assays identified optimal lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0-150 ng/ml) concentration to induce inflammation and PFD's (0-500 µg/mL) half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) to hCSF. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) commercial kits studied changes in inflammatory response. RESULTS: A significant upregulation of inflammatory markers in hCSF at 48 h was noted at 50 ng/ml of LPS concentration. The IC of PFD was found to be 200 µg/mL for hCSFs. Topical treatments of PFD (200 µg/mL) significantly reduced LPS (50 µg/mL)-induced levels of pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL6, and cyclooxygenase 2) markers and oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase 1 [GPX1], GPX4, and catalase) genes ( < 0.001 or < 0.0001) in human corneas . Moreover, PFD significantly inhibited LPS-increased ROS production ( < 0.001) in hCSF. PFD treatment reduced LPS-induced inflammatory stimulation and tumor necrosis factor alpha and IκB alpha phosphorylation in hCSF. CONCLUSION: PFD inhibits corneal inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Comprehensive preclinical animal testing is warranted to define the potential of PFD to treat corneal symptoms in traumatic eyes.
Eyes on New Product Development-Number 133.
Novack GD
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42213522 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Systemic Infliximab Is Efficacious for the Control of Pediatric Uveitis Including in Adalimumab-Refractory Patients.
Reekie IR, Ramm L, Al-Abadi E … +2 more , Gurney SP, William J
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42189144 · Publisher ↗
This retrospective study aims to assess the efficacy of infliximab by intravenous infusion in treating pediatric non-infectious uveitis, including as a second-line anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) for patients with insuf...
This retrospective study aims to assess the efficacy of infliximab by intravenous infusion in treating pediatric non-infectious uveitis, including as a second-line anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) for patients with insufficient control from adalimumab.
Integrative Mechanistic Insights into Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.
Motafeghi F, Ghassemi Barghi E, Gholami Gharab J … +1 more , Ghassemi Barghi N
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42189131 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to provide integrative mechanistic insights into benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-induced cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells, with a particular focus on the crosstalk between oxidative str...
This study aimed to provide integrative mechanistic insights into benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-induced cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells, with a particular focus on the crosstalk between oxidative stress, DNA damage, ferroptosis-related events, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling. HCE-T cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of BAK. Cell viability and membrane integrity were evaluated using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense markers, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Genotoxic effects were analyzed using the comet assay, while lipid peroxidation was quantified by malondialdehyde levels. To distinguish cell death mechanisms, ferroptosis-related events (iron accumulation) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3/7 activity and DNA fragmentation via TUNEL assay) were examined. Additionally, inflammatory responses were evaluated by measuring the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The results demonstrate that BAK induces dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HCE-T cells, characterized by excessive ROS generation, impaired antioxidant defenses, significant DNA damage, and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Iron accumulation and oxidative lipid damage suggested a prominent role for ferroptosis-related events, occurring alongside apoptosis. Moreover, BAK exposure markedly activated inflammatory signaling pathways. Collectively, these findings highlight a complex, interconnected network of oxidative stress, DNA damage, ferroptosis-related events, and inflammation underlying BAK-induced corneal epithelial toxicity. This study provides mechanistic evidence relevant to ocular safety and preservative formulation strategies.
Effect of pH and Benzalkonium Chloride in Low-Dose Atropine on Pupil Dilation in Dutch Belted Rabbits.
Murphy T, Kirkeby L, Gieschen L … +3 more , Baker D, Cheetham JK, Johnson P
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42189004 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of altering common components of ophthalmic formulations, specifically pH and benzalkonium chloride (BAK), on efficacy and bioavailability of low-dose atropine compositions as measured...
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of altering common components of ophthalmic formulations, specifically pH and benzalkonium chloride (BAK), on efficacy and bioavailability of low-dose atropine compositions as measured by pupil dilation. METHODS: Sixty Dutch Belted rabbits were screened for atropinesterase, and 20 were selected for functional testing with 0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, and pH 7. After a 7-day washout, 6 rabbits were randomized to group 1 (0.02% atropine, 0% BAK, HO, pH 4) and 6 to group 2 (0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, DO, pH 7). Rabbits received a single drop in each eye of the assigned treatment. Pupillometry was performed at baseline, and 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, and 720 min post-dose. After a 7-day washout, the rabbits received a single drop of the crossover treatment and repeated the same exam. Pupil diameters were averaged for both eyes and then averaged for the 6 rabbits at each time point, in group 1 and in group 2 for each treatment. Mean pupil diameters were also pooled for the same treatment. Change from baseline pupil diameter and standard deviations/errors were calculated. Between-group differences were evaluated with a paired test. RESULTS: Change from baseline pupil diameter demonstrated that the eyes treated with 0.02% atropine, 0% BAK, HO, and pH 4 were statistically significantly smaller at all post-baseline time points compared to those treated with 0.02% atropine, 0.01% BAK, DO, and pH 7. CONCLUSIONS: Formulation, specifically the addition of BAK and near physiological pH, makes a profound difference to the efficacy of low-dose atropine eye drops.
Effects of Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas on Allergic Conjunctivitis Model Mice.
Sakata H, Kanzaki S, Kai H … +5 more , Morii H, Haraoka N, Takayama S, Seki S, Sugimoto Y
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42101321 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Over the past decades, the prevalence of ocular allergies has increased worldwide. Molecular hydrogen is the lightest chemical element, and in recent years, there have been multiple reports on its therapeutic ef...
PURPOSE: Over the past decades, the prevalence of ocular allergies has increased worldwide. Molecular hydrogen is the lightest chemical element, and in recent years, there have been multiple reports on its therapeutic effects. Animal studies have also reported the effects of hydrogen gas on various models of inflammation and circulatory disorders. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the effects of hydrogen gas inhalation in a mouse model of allergic conjunctivitis. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin. Local sensitization was performed once daily by instilling ovalbumin in both eyes. Conjunctivitis model mice were challenged with antigens, and eye-scratching behavior induced by antigen stimulation was evaluated. The hydrogen gas exposure group was exposed to hydrogen gas after the antigen challenge. In addition, the same mice were exposed to hydrogen gas after antigen challenge, and the number of eosinophils in the tears was evaluated. RESULTS: An increase in eye-scratching behavior induced by antigen was observed. Hydrogen gas suppressed the increase in eye-scratching behavior. Moreover, hydrogen gas inhibited the increase in eosinophil count in tears. CONCLUSIONS: Active oxygen has a profound effect on itching and eosinophilic function. Therefore, it is thought that inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses itching of the eye and the migration of eosinophils into the tissue by removing reactive oxygen species. Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppressed the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Mini-Series Title: "Nuclear Receptors in Ocular Health and Disease: Therapeutic Horizons from Cornea to Retina" Title: Part 1: Setting the Stage.
Malek G
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 May · PMID 42101320 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Eyes on New Product Development-Number 132.
Novack GD
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 42057653 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Inhibition of Corneal Neovascularization and Pharmacokinetic Study of Cyclodextrin Inclusion of Oroxin B Eye Drops.
Zhao X, Wang X, Chen S … +3 more , Tong Y, Yang Q, Lin J
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 42053133 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an eye drop formulation of Oroxin B, assess its stability and local tolerability, and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy against corneal neovascularization (CNV) along with it...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop an eye drop formulation of Oroxin B, assess its stability and local tolerability, and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy against corneal neovascularization (CNV) along with its ocular pharmacokinetic profile. METHODS: The anti-angiogenic activity of Oroxin B was assessed in VEGF-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Oroxin B eye drops (0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0% w/v) were prepared using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). Their stability was tested under stress and long-term conditions, and ocular tolerance was evaluated in a 21-day rabbit study (1.0% drops). Efficacy was then tested in an alkali-burn rat CNV model. Ocular pharmacokinetics and metabolites were analyzed in rabbits using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Oroxin B demonstrated dose-dependent anti-angiogenic effects in VEGF-induced HUVECs. A corresponding 25% HP-β-CD eye drop formulation was developed and shown to be stable under stress testing. All concentrations remained stable for 3 months at 25°C, though the 1.0% formulation precipitated at 2-8°C. In rabbits, the drops were well-tolerated, causing no ocular irritation or damage. In an alkali-burn rat model, they significantly reduced CNV and inflammation. Pharmacokinetic studies confirmed rapid corneal absorption, high local exposure, partial metabolism to baicalein, and negligible systemic absorption. CONCLUSION: Oroxin B shows potent anti-angiogenic properties. The developed cyclodextrin-based eye drops are stable at room temperature and well-tolerated. They effectively reduced CNV through targeted corneal delivery of the active parent compound and its local bioactive metabolite, with minimal systemic exposure. These findings establish Oroxin B as a viable candidate for anti-angiogenic therapy.
Intense Pulsed Light Therapy for Post-LASIK Dry Eye: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Lin T, Chao A, Kou M … +4 more , Lee KAV, King T, Mhaskar RS, Jarstad JS
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 42050421 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy in managing dry eye syndrome (DES) following laser-assisted keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery through a systematic review and meta-analysis....
PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy in managing dry eye syndrome (DES) following laser-assisted keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies reporting outcomes of IPL treatment in post-LASIK DES. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, observational studies with control groups, and retrospective or prospective chart reviews. Outcomes analyzed included tear breakup time (TBUT), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, artificial tear use (ATU), corneal staining, lipid layer thickness, and meibomian gland function. Analyses were restricted to pre-post single-arm comparisons. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using inverse-variance weighting with DerSimonian-Laird estimation and Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment. Heterogeneity was assessed using and τ statistics, and design-effect corrections were applied for eye-level clustering. RESULTS: Four studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 146 treated eyes. IPL was associated with a significant improvement in patient-reported symptoms measured by OSDI ( = 0.005). Improvements in TBUT, ATU, corneal staining, lipid layer thickness, and meibomian gland function were directionally favorable but did not reach statistical significance after conservative correction. Between-study heterogeneity was substantial, and follow-up duration was limited (0-24 weeks). CONCLUSION: IPL therapy may improve subjective dry eye symptoms following LASIK, while objective clinical outcomes remain uncertain. Current evidence remains limited, underscoring the need for larger, controlled studies with standardized protocols and longer follow-up to further define IPL's role in managing post-surgical dry eye.
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