Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Update on the Pathophysiology and Management of Tics.
Casaletto E, Morse L, Miller D … +2 more , Deliz-Gonzalez J, Larson D
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Mar · PMID 41779259 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to collate takeaways from the most recent and relevant literature related to tics, from genetic studies to case studies elucidating Functional tic like behaviors (FTLBs) and clinical t...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to collate takeaways from the most recent and relevant literature related to tics, from genetic studies to case studies elucidating Functional tic like behaviors (FTLBs) and clinical trials of novel drugs in development. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional neuroimaging studies have enhanced the understanding of genetic and structural links to Tourette Syndrome (TS). The rise of FTLBs during the Covid-19 pandemic heightened our understanding of this phenomenon and led to the identification of social media’s influence on tics. New studies have identified sex-related difference in TS and common psychiatric co-morbidities. Tic treatment is evolving away from traditional anti-psychotics toward newer compounds including VMAT-2 inhibitors, Ecopipam, and cannabinoid formulations, as well as novel transcranial stimulation approaches. Our understanding of tic etiology and pathophysiology as well tics’ functional counterpart FTLBs and social media impact is expanding along with our ability to manage tics with novel treatments in development.
Sleep and Headache Disorders: What a Clinician Needs to Know.
Fretes Burgos A, Vgontzas A
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Mar · PMID 41774302 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sleep and headache disorders share a complex, bidirectional relationship. This review summarizes current evidence on various aspects of sleep and three primary headache disorders—migraine, tension-type...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sleep and headache disorders share a complex, bidirectional relationship. This review summarizes current evidence on various aspects of sleep and three primary headache disorders—migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. We also suggest inclusion of a clinical questionnaire and treatment pearls for clinicians treating patients presenting with headache and sleep complaints. RECENT FINDINGS: Several sleep disorders, particularly insomnia and restless legs syndrome, are highly prevalent in patients with migraine. Insomnia may contribute to or be a manifestation of a more severe migraine phenotype. Poor sleep is associated with worse pain severity for chronic tension type headache. Circadian studies in cluster headache further confirm hypothalamic and possibly, the trigeminal ganglion control. Behavioral interventions and pharmacologic considerations may optimize sleep and headache outcomes. Sleep symptoms and headache frequently co-occur, with emerging evidence identifying underlying networks and drivers. Individualized sleep assessments and interventions are an important part of comprehensive headache treatment for many patients.
Advanced Therapeutics in Parkinson's Disease: What's New?
Monje MHG, Karl JA, Cooper CS … +5 more , Yomtoob J, Deliz J, Morse LA, Shetty N, Verhagen Metman L
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Feb · PMID 41706242 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a concise, clinically oriented update on advanced therapies for Parkinson’s disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Subcutaneous infusion of foscarbidopa/foslevodopa and apomorphine reduce OFF time and im...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a concise, clinically oriented update on advanced therapies for Parkinson’s disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Subcutaneous infusion of foscarbidopa/foslevodopa and apomorphine reduce OFF time and improve “good ON time”, though infusion site reactions remain of some concern. Image-guided programming may shorten programming time while matching motor outcomes; while adaptive/closed-loop deep brain stimulation using local field potential signals may improve symptoms and quality of life with a lower energy use. Remote programming accelerates clinical benefit and expands access. Approved magnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound targets now include the ventralis intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, the globus pallidus pars interna and, recently, the pallidothalamic tract; while research investigates the subthalamic nucleus, each target with distinct benefits and adverse event profiles. Early studies using magnetic resonance guided low intensity focused ultrasound show safe, transient blood brain barrier opening. First-in-human stem cells-derived dopaminergic grafts show safety and graft functioning. The advanced therapeutic landscape for Parkinson’s disease has evolved through innovations in established and novel therapies. Future priorities for the field include standardized biomarkers and protocols for adaptive deep brain stimulation, long-term evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound outcomes, and rigorously controlled trials of low intensity focused ultrasound and cell-based therapies designed to assess disease-modifying potential.
Effects of Mind-body Movement Interventions for Managing Symptoms in People with Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Reviews.
Buttolph L, Bruton AM, Filbin P … +8 more , Wexler RS, Gray O, Mazure T, Wooliscroft L, Spain R, Yeh GY, Zwickey H, Goldenberg JZ
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Jan · PMID 41619131 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise is a recommended non-pharmacological approach to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms. Mind-body movement interventions (MBMIs) offer a multi-component exercise option that integrates moveme...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise is a recommended non-pharmacological approach to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms. Mind-body movement interventions (MBMIs) offer a multi-component exercise option that integrates movement, breathwork, and mindfulness. Using an umbrella review, we assessed the current best evidence on MBMIs (ai chi, dance, Pilates, qigong, tai chi, and yoga) for managing MS symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS: MBMIs significantly improved balance, equal to or superior to active controls (AC) or usual care (UC). Ai chi/tai chi/qigong significantly improved depression. Analyzed with other mind-body therapies, yoga reduced pain compared to AC/UC. Mixed results were found for fatigue. Physical function and quality of life were comparable to AC/UC. The certainty of evidence was low to very low for most MBMIs. Most reviews were "critically low" quality. MBMIs are commonly included in MS exercise reviews and may improve balance, pain, and depression. However, larger trials with active comparators and comprehensive reporting are needed to improve quality and certainty.
Effect of non-statin Therapy on the Composition and Characteristics of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques: A Systematic Review.
Garagoli F, Masson W, Barbagelata L
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Jan · PMID 41619110 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of non-statin lipid-lowering therapies on imaging-defined features of carotid plaque vulnerability. RECENT FINDINGS: Only studies assessing the effects...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of non-statin lipid-lowering therapies on imaging-defined features of carotid plaque vulnerability. RECENT FINDINGS: Only studies assessing the effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors or ezetimibe met inclusion criteria for this review. Recent clinical trials and cohort studies suggest that PCSK9 inhibitors are associated with reductions in lipid-rich necrotic core volume, intraplaque neovascularization, and inflammatory activity. In contrast, ezetimibe has shown neutral or inconsistent effects, particularly when combined with low- or moderate-intensity statins. PCSK9 inhibitors appear to contribute to early and multidimensional stabilization of vulnerable carotid plaques, whereas the evidence supporting ezetimibe remains limited. However, given the heterogeneity of imaging methods, study designs, and outcome definitions, further well-designed clinical studies with standardized imaging protocols are needed to better understand the role of these therapies in carotid plaque remodeling and stroke prevention.
Dystonia: Insights into Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutics.
Dzinovic I, Zech M
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Jan · PMID 41518464 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dystonia is a highly heterogeneous movement disorder with complex molecular underpinnings. This review aims to synthesize insights into pathophysiological mechanisms driving dystonia with emphasis on l...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dystonia is a highly heterogeneous movement disorder with complex molecular underpinnings. This review aims to synthesize insights into pathophysiological mechanisms driving dystonia with emphasis on latest advances. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent years, key molecular pathways in dystonia have been elucidated, among them: aberrant transcriptional regulation, altered protein turnover, nuclear envelope dysfunction, and mitochondrial impairment. Emerging data reveal the interplay and convergence of some of these disease-related processes, highlighting overarching molecular vulnerabilities critical to pathogenesis. Deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia facilitates the stratification of affected individuals into biologically defined subgroups, which will be essential for the development of targeted therapies. Patient assessment based on individual molecular profiles represents a promising avenue for future therapeutic and preventive strategies in dystonia.
Immunotherapies for Central Nervous System Tumors and their Neurologic Complications.
Song KW, Scott BJ
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Jan · PMID 41484655 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the landscape of immunotherapy trials for central nervous system (CNS) tumors including immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine therapies, oncolytic viruses, and chimeric antigen receptor T-ce...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the landscape of immunotherapy trials for central nervous system (CNS) tumors including immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine therapies, oncolytic viruses, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy as well as explore the corresponding spectrum of neurologic toxicities. RECENT FINDINGS: As more clinical trials are underway in CNS tumors, we are starting to appreciate both the promise of immunotherapy and current limitations. While a subset of patients demonstrate benefit, immunotherapy trials have not transformed CNS tumor outcomes, which prompts the field to consider next generation therapies and combinatorial approaches. In addition, novel toxicities of CNS immunotherapy are being described such as tumor-inflammation associated neurotoxicity. Immunotherapy in CNS tumor is still in its nascent stages and shows early signs of promise. However, immunotherapeutic approaches in CNS tumors need to account for the unique physiology of the CNS and the corresponding neurologic toxicities that are associated with therapies targeting the CNS. Elucidating both will set the stage for advancement of safe and effective immunotherapy for CNS tumors.
Advances in Genetic Discoveries in Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Counseling.
Ortigoza-Escobar JD
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2026 Jan · PMID 41483429 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the expanding role of genetic factors in cerebral palsy (CP), with a focus on cryptogenic presentations and CP-masquerading conditions. It addresses how genomic insights refine dia...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the expanding role of genetic factors in cerebral palsy (CP), with a focus on cryptogenic presentations and CP-masquerading conditions. It addresses how genomic insights refine diagnosis, guide management, and influence counseling. RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging evidence demonstrates that de novo single-nucleotide variants, copy number variants, mitochondrial variants, and, rarely, repeat expansions contribute significantly to CP, particularly when neuroimaging is normal, progression is atypical, or additional neurodevelopmental features are present. Diagnostic yield is highest in these contexts. Trio-based whole-exome sequencing is recommended as first-line testing, supported by chromosomal microarray or whole-genome sequencing. Integration of genomic testing remains limited by inconsistent CP definitions, restricted test access, and under-recognition of genetic etiologies, especially in adults. Standardized CP classification frameworks, such as SCPE (Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe), combined with early genomic evaluation, can improve diagnostic accuracy, reveal treatable conditions, and enable precision care. This approach has potential to transform management and outcomes across the lifespan.
What a "Landscape of Consciousness" Means for Neurology and Neuroscience.
Kuhn RL
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41420689 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To gather (almost) all (reasonable) theories of phenomenal consciousness, describe them neutrally (largely in the words of their authors), and organize them in a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary taxon...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To gather (almost) all (reasonable) theories of phenomenal consciousness, describe them neutrally (largely in the words of their authors), and organize them in a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary taxonomy of categories-"Landscape of Consciousness." Perhaps the process can encourage novel ways of thinking among medical (psychiatry/neurology) practitioners and neuroscientists. RECENT FINDINGS: Landscape organizes more than 350 explanations of phenomenal consciousness across physicalist and non-physicalist traditions. There are 10 primary categories: Materialism. Non-Reductive Physicalism. Quantum & Dimensions. Information. Panpsychisms. Monisms. Dualisms. Idealisms. Anomalous & Altered States. CHALLENGE: Materialism, with the largest number of theories by far, has 12 subcategories: Philosophical. Eliminative/Illusionism. Neurobiological. Electromagnetic Field. Computational & Functionalism. Homeostatic & Affective. Embodied & Enactive. Relational. First-order. Higher-order. Language. Phylogenetic/Evolutionary. Representative theories are here summarized as (non-exhaustive) examples. The Landscape of Consciousness is a work-in-process-permanently. Two central theses: (i) understanding phenomenal consciousness at this point should not be restricted to selected ways of thinking or constrained by approved modes of knowing, but should rather seek expansive yet rational diversity, and (ii) issues of sentience, such as AI consciousness, virtual immortality, meaning/purpose, free will, life after death, etc., cannot be understood except in the light of particular theories of consciousness. Implications for psychiatry/neurology and neuroscience may be considered.
Sex Differences in Patient Reported Outcome Measures after Stroke: What's New and What's Next?
Gall S, Dalli L, Reeves M
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41413720 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We examined recent literature on sex differences in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) after stroke and explored potential solutions to reduce these sex differences RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studi...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We examined recent literature on sex differences in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) after stroke and explored potential solutions to reduce these sex differences RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies confirm that women generally have worse health related quality of life (HRQoL) and greater participation restriction after stroke than men. These differences are mostly due to age, stroke severity and risk factors at the time of stroke, but also social factors like living alone and access to evidence-based care. Sex specific concepts of health, influenced by a range of social and psychological factors, may affect responses to PROMs. Some commonly used PROMs have measurement invariance by sex, which could influence the sex differences we see in outcomes after stroke. Potential solutions to address sex differences in outcomes after stroke include improving study design; increasing health professional awareness; improving the overall health of women and men in the population; and quality improvement programs to ensure women receive evidence-based stroke care.
Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Unique Features and Management Approaches.
Hickman J, Tsai A, Fullard M … +6 more , Korsmo M, Forbes E, Aslam S, Baumgartner AJ, Feuerstein JS, Bayram E
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41410819 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight the unique clinical features, risk factors, and management strategies associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD), and contrast these with late-onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD)....
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight the unique clinical features, risk factors, and management strategies associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD), and contrast these with late-onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD). We outline how these differences influence diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and identify key knowledge gaps critical to improving clinical care. RECENT FINDINGS: Compared to LOPD, EOPD (onset age 21-50) has a higher prevalence of monogenic risk factors, focal dystonia, depression, anxiety; slower motor progression; lower rates of cognitive decline; higher risk for delayed diagnosis. Treatment is complicated by earlier and more frequent dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, and unique considerations such as pregnancy and career impact. Risk factors, clinical presentation, progression, and management needs of EOPD can differ from LOPD. Despite advances in characterizing and diagnosing EOPD, most research remains focused on LOPD. There is a critical need to tailor research and clinical trials to address the distinct needs of people with EOPD.
Brain Sag: An Under-recognized Complication of Craniotomy.
Lopez-Ruiz A, Hawkes MA, Fugate JE
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41410732 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to summarize postoperative disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical implications of brain sag after craniotomy. RECE...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to summarize postoperative disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical implications of brain sag after craniotomy. RECENT FINDINGS: The literature on CSF hypovolemia and brain sag after craniotomy is comprised of single center retrospective studies and case reports with variable definitions. Brain sag, downward displacement of the brain due to CSF hypovolemia and loss of buoyancy, is an under-recognized cause of neurological deterioration after neurosurgery. This occurs most often in the context of perioperative CSF lumbar drainage but has occasionally been reported in the absence of lumbar drainage. CSF hypovolemia and brain sag can cause neurologic deterioration after craniotomy and treatment is opposite that of most other causes of deterioration and brain herniation in this population. For patients with signs of brain sag, immediate interventions such as Trendelenburg positioning and cessation of CSF drainage should be performed. Epidural blood patches or, more rarely, intrathecal saline infusions, have been used in severe cases. More research is needed, particularly on risk factors and effect on longer term outcomes.
From Detection to Decision: Managing Device-Detected Atrial Fibrillation After Stroke.
Korajkic N, Thijs V
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41410714 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarise contemporary strategies to detect atrial fibrillation (AF) after stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) with emphasis on implantable loop recorders (ILRs), evaluate who should receive anti...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarise contemporary strategies to detect atrial fibrillation (AF) after stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) with emphasis on implantable loop recorders (ILRs), evaluate who should receive anticoagulation in device detected AF/atrial high-rate episodes, and evaluate biomarkers that increase the likelihood of detecting AF. RECENT FINDINGS: ILRs substantially increase AF detection beyond 12-36 months of monitoring. General population screening with ILRs increases AF diagnosis without a definitive stroke reduction. For subclinical/device detected AF, anticoagulation may reduce stroke but comes at the expense of increased bleeding. The burden of AF, biomarkers and atrial cardiomyopathy markers show promise to stratify risk and guide extended monitoring. An individualized approach is needed to identify who benefits most from ILR and subsequent anticoagulation. Research priorities include outcome-powered trials after stroke/TIA, the role of AF burden in decision making and the role of wearables within clinical pathways.
Headache After Stroke: An Update for the Clinician.
Im JJ, Kingston WS
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Dec · PMID 41364395 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Headache in the context of stroke is common and represents significant morbidity in the acute and outpatient settings. This article reviews recent research on the incidence, pathophysiology and managem...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Headache in the context of stroke is common and represents significant morbidity in the acute and outpatient settings. This article reviews recent research on the incidence, pathophysiology and management of headache secondary to ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. RECENT FINDINGS: Multiple studies have attempted to characterize the incidence and risk factors of post-stroke headache. Some studies regarding proposed pathophysiology exist but no clear consensus has been reached. Management strategies are limited and are typically guided by harm reduction rather than efficacy. There are some studies indicating that procedural based therapies can be both safe and effective with multiple ongoing trials focusing on ganglion blocks. The use of calcitonin-gene related peptide based therapies are limited in this setting with no robust evidence to its safety or efficacy. Headache following ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke is prevalent and likely impedes recovery and quality of life. Management options are limited, though studies show promising initial results and trials are ongoing.
Emergency Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update.
Li M, Frontera JA
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Nov · PMID 41251986 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Antithrombotic-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Rapid and effective antithrombotic reversal is critical for mitigating risk of hemorrh...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Antithrombotic-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Rapid and effective antithrombotic reversal is critical for mitigating risk of hemorrhage expansion and neurological deterioration. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances in emergency antithrombotic reversal in ICH. RECENT FINDINGS: Rapid coagulopathy reversal within the first 60-90 min of hospital presentation may limit massive ICH expansion and improve outcomes. Current data suggests reversal of vitamin K antagonists with intravenous vitamin K and 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrates (4f-PCC), reversal of dabigatran with idarucizumab, and reversal or direct oral factor Xa inhibitors with either 4f-PCC or andexanet-alfa. While platelet transfusion is not suggested for antiplatelet-associated ICH, DDAVP may be reasonable, and a new reversal agent is under development for ticagrelor. Rapid reversal of antithrombotic-associated coagulopathy in the context of ICH may prevent ICH expansion and improve neurological outcomes.
Nocturnal Hypokinesia and Early Morning OFF in Parkinson's Disease: State-of-the-Art and Systematic Review of Treatment Availability.
Sringean J, Carandang RAM, Zhunusova E … +1 more , Bhidayasiri R
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Nov · PMID 41247590 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation methods, and current treatment strategies of nocturnal hypokinesia and early morning OFF in Parkinson's disease. A comprehensive literat...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation methods, and current treatment strategies of nocturnal hypokinesia and early morning OFF in Parkinson's disease. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library for relevant treatment strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 31 clinical trials. Pharmacologic treatments include standard and sustained-release levodopa, dopamine agonists (rotigotine, ropinirol, pramipexole, and apomorphine), MAO-B inhibitors (rasagiline, safinamide), COMT inhibitors (opicapone), and rescue therapies like inhaled or dispersible levodopa or apomorphine injection. We propose a tiered treatment algorithm based on disease stage and symptom severity. Non-pharmacological treatment is recommended in all stages. For mild, disturbing symptoms in early PD, inhaled or dispersible levodopa or apomorphine injection are advised. In moderate to advanced stages, treatment options include long-acting dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, sustained-release levodopa, or COMT inhibitors selected based on factors such as daytime motor symptoms, and non-motor symptoms.
Non-Invasive Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Headache.
Nayak K, Phoumthipphavong V, Oakley C
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Nov · PMID 41239057 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article aims to summarize the key evidence supporting the use of non-invasive neuromodulation devices in the treatment of various headache disorders in adults and children. RECENT FINDINGS: Over t...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article aims to summarize the key evidence supporting the use of non-invasive neuromodulation devices in the treatment of various headache disorders in adults and children. RECENT FINDINGS: Over the last decade, different modalities have emerged for the non-invasive management of various headache disorders, with increasing evidence in recent years demonstrating their safety and efficacy in the treatment of migraine and trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, as well as other headache disorders. These devices include external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS), single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS), non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS), remote electrical neuromodulation (REN), and external concurrent trigeminal and occipital nerve neurostimulation (eCOT-NS). These non-pharmacologic options for the management of headache are safe, have evidence to support their use, and they are a particularly appealing option for patients vulnerable to the side effects of pharmacologic treatments or those who are looking to avoid them.
Continuous Ventricular Irrigation for Intraventricular Hemorrhage.
Dunbar EG, Vegiraju T, Carlson AP
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Nov · PMID 41231322 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite decades of research, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality. Traditional external ventricular drains (EVDs) have long served as the...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite decades of research, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality. Traditional external ventricular drains (EVDs) have long served as the cornerstone of surgical management but are limited by various complications. This review evaluates recent literature on continuous ventricular irrigation as an alternative approach to treating IVH. RECENT FINDINGS: Early data surrounding continuous ventricular irrigation systems, including retrospective comparative studies and case series are encouraging. However, existing randomized data are limited by small sample size and methodological flaws. Larger, ongoing studies such as ACTIVE and ARCH aim to provide more definitive evidence. Continuous ventricular irrigation offers theoretical and practical advantages over static drainage in IVH patients, including enhanced clot clearance and improved catheter patency, particularly when combined with continuous thrombolytic therapy. Optimized protocols for irrigation rates, medication dosing, and timing are still being investigated. Robust clinical trials are necessary to validate the approach and establish best practices.
Neurogenetic Disorders with Hearing Loss: Mechanisms, Classifications, and Emerging Insights.
Owrang D, Vona B
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Nov · PMID 41191133 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurogenetic disorders associated with hearing loss represent a rapidly expanding field, with recent gene discoveries revealing convergent mechanistic themes affecting both the nervous and auditory sys...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurogenetic disorders associated with hearing loss represent a rapidly expanding field, with recent gene discoveries revealing convergent mechanistic themes affecting both the nervous and auditory systems. Collectively, these findings highlight shared vulnerabilities of neural and auditory tissues. We summarize gene discoveries from 2021 to 2025, moving beyond classic syndromes to highlight newly implicated genes within mechanistic categories and discuss their implications for diagnosis, counseling, and therapeutic development. RECENT FINDINGS: We describe 38 genes with combined neurodevelopmental and auditory phenotypes, providing an updated view of the field. We explore common developmental pathways and, when possible, propose explanations for the variable expression of hearing impairment observed across disorders. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking the nervous and auditory systems is essential for clarifying the pathogenesis of auditory syndromes. The emerging picture underscores that hearing loss can serve as an early marker of systemic neurogenetic disease that may offer a window of opportunity for timely intervention.
Sensors in Multiple Sclerosis.
Filippatou AG, Mowry EM
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep · 2025 Oct · PMID 41152575 · Full text
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Biosensors and digital tools may enhance monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and support timely, data-driven clinical decisions. We review current and emerging applications of biosensors...
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Biosensors and digital tools may enhance monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and support timely, data-driven clinical decisions. We review current and emerging applications of biosensors to monitor function in MS. RECENT RINDINGS: Biosensors track diverse physiological and kinetic metrics, allowing assessment of function across several key domains in MS, including physical activity, circadian rhythmicity, gait, balance, fine motor function, and bladder control. A consistent cross-study finding is that novel technologies reliably capture subtle abnormalities that are often missed by traditional assessment methods. Digital health technologies hold significant promise for transforming MS care by enabling precise, continuous monitoring of functional status and disease progression. They may facilitate personalized management, allowing clinicians to tailor interventions based on each person's unique disease trajectory. Further studies are essential to validate the predictive value and responsiveness of these tools and ensure their effective integration into clinical practice and trials.
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