Domosławska-Żylińska K, Tomczyk PT, Dudzik K
… +2 more, Wasiluk A, Olejniczak D
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110635
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INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women are at increased risk of developing caries and periodontal disease due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. The main preventive measure is health awareness and behaviours supporting oral hyg...INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women are at increased risk of developing caries and periodontal disease due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. The main preventive measure is health awareness and behaviours supporting oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to assess oral hygiene health behaviours of pregnant women in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted using the computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) method, in a group of 1,000 women who were in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. The Hiroshima University Dental Behaviour Inventory (HU-DBI) questionnaire was used to assess oral health behaviours. The HU-DBI index was calculated based on 12 questions verifying the respondents' oral health attitudes and behaviour. RESULTS: The majority of the women participating in the study (62%) assessed the condition of their teeth as good or very good. At the same time, 79.7% of the women reported a history of dental caries treatment. The mean HU-DBI index was 5.6 points. The most frequently indicated health-promoting behaviour for oral hygiene was careful oral cavity brushing. Analysis of factors influencing self-assessed oral health behaviours showed significant differences in the HU-DBI index according to financial situation and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Access to dental care should be promoted among pregnant women, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Oral health care measures for pregnant women should include education, prophylaxis, and treatment. It is important to increase the awareness of the expectant mothers that their oral health behaviour has a very strong impact on both their and their children's health, during the fetal period and from birth on.
Mielniczek K, Leśniewska M, Chawrylak K
… +4 more, Pelc Z, Sędłak K, Polkowski WP, Rawicz-Pruszyński K
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110629
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Although malignancies during pregnancy are relatively rare, breast cancer is the most common neoplasm affecting pregnant women. Diagnostic workup and multimodal treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy must be weighed...Although malignancies during pregnancy are relatively rare, breast cancer is the most common neoplasm affecting pregnant women. Diagnostic workup and multimodal treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy must be weighed against the potential risk to the fetus. With the increasing number of breast cancer diagnoses during pregnancy, this narrative review aimed to outline the epidemiological and molecular background, followed by presenting available therapeutic options. Surgery remains the treatment of choice among patients with breast cancer during pregnancy. However, systemic therapy based on anthracyclines, fluoropyrimidines, taxanes, and platinum derivatives is possible after 12 weeks of gestation and can be administered in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. Hormone therapy should not be used during pregnancy as it may affect the fetus. Studies suggest that estrogen or progestogen therapy during pregnancy may cause malformations in children exposed in utero. One known phenomenon is the congenital fetal defect Goldenhar syndrome (manifested by hemifacial hypoplasia and genital malformations). There are no absolute contraindications for radiotherapy in pregnant patients. The potential benefits and risks of radiotherapy, including the potential risk to the fetus, should be carefully considered. Although it is recommended that radiation be delayed until after delivery, the critical threshold for teratogenic effects has been set at 0.1 Gy. The dose can be further reduced by using additional shielding in the pelvic region. Importantly, the sensitivity of fetal tissues to radiation and the risk of radiation-induced toxicity depend on gestational age. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic directions are being investigated. Due to its complexity, the treatment process should be managed by a multidisciplinary team, in which the presence of an oncologist, surgical oncologist, obstetrician, and neonatologist is essential.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110628
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INTRODUCTION: Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) poses a significant clinical challenge, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the influence of M1-polarized macrophage-derived ex...INTRODUCTION: Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI) poses a significant clinical challenge, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the influence of M1-polarized macrophage-derived exosomes on the proliferation and ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (HK2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We polarized THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells to the M1 phenotype and validated their polarization through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Exosomes isolated from these macrophages were applied to treat HK2 cells, resulting in a significant reduction in cell proliferation, as demonstrated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Furthermore, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and Fe levels, decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and altered mitochondrial morphology indicated enhanced ferroptosis. RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses showed upregulation of the ferroptosis-promoting gene TFR1, while other related genes remained unaffected. RESULTS: We identified miR-582-5p as a key exosomal miRNA significantly upregulated in HK2 cells following treatment with M1-polarized macrophage exosomes. Overexpression of miR-582-5p in HK2 cells mirrored the exosomal effects, inhibiting proliferation and promoting ferroptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR-582-5p binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of ZBTB10, suppressing its expression. This suppression led to increased H3K27ac modification of the TFR1 promoter, enhancing TFR1 transcription and ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings uncover a novel pathway by which M1 macrophage exosomes deliver miR-582-5p to induce ferroptosis in HK2 cells, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for S-AKI.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110627
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INTRODUCTION: Ketogenic diets (KD) recapitulate certain metabolic aspects of dietary restriction such as reliance on fatty acid metabolism and production of ketone bodies. This study aimed to investigate whether a KD mig...INTRODUCTION: Ketogenic diets (KD) recapitulate certain metabolic aspects of dietary restriction such as reliance on fatty acid metabolism and production of ketone bodies. This study aimed to investigate whether a KD might, like dietary restriction, affect brain functions in epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Kainic acid (KA) injection was used to establish an epilepsy model . Histone deacetylation 4 (HDAC4) mRNA expression was determined using RT-qPCR. Protein expression was detected using western blot. Gene expression was determined using immunofluorescence. The release of malondialdehyde (MDA), ferrous iron, and glutathione (GSH) was detected using corresponding commercial kits. The interaction between HDAC4 and transferrin receptor (TFRC) was verified using co-immunoprecipitation assay. Neuronal viability was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Neuronal death was detected using propidium iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS: Epilepsy mediated iron accumulation- and lipid peroxidation-induced neuronal ferroptosis. Interestingly, KD treatment alleviated epilepsy as well as the accumulation of ferrous iron and lipid peroxidation, resulting in the inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis in epileptic models and . Mechanically, KD promoted the upregulation of HDAC4, which inhibited the acetylation of TFRC and suppressed its protein expression. However, downregulation of HDAC4 by its specific inhibitor LMK235 promoted the ferroptosis of neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, KD protect against the ferroptosis of neurons in epilepsy via promoting HDAC4-mediated deacetylation and downregulation of TFRC. Therefore, KD may be a promising strategy for epilepsy.
Kolenda T, Kozłowska-Masłoń J, Guglas K
… +14 more, Białas P, Mantaj P, Poter P, Florczak A, Zapłata A, Malicka-Durczak A, Połczyńska-Hałas D, Nowak M, Janiczek-Polewska M, Przybyła A, Cybulski Z, Leporowska E, Kazimierczak U, Kazmierska J
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110626
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INTRODUCTION: Long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in the epigenetic control of cellular phenotypes. Among them, the eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript () has attracted attention, as ch...INTRODUCTION: Long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in the epigenetic control of cellular phenotypes. Among them, the eosinophil granule ontogeny transcript () has attracted attention, as changes in its expression levels are correlated with pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis and viral infections. Despite many studies, the biological role and diagnostic utility of remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: was analyzed based on the TCGA, including pathological and clinical features, cellular pathways, and genomic and cellular changes. RESULTS: We observed an association of higher expression with better survival in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), as well as worse patient survival for liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Expression levels of differ in the case of HNSC, KIRC, and LIHC. Critical cellular pathways and processes vary depending on the . Moreover, immune profile, cancer subtypes, and differences in the proliferation, wound healing ability, stromal fraction, and intratumor heterogeneity were observed in relation to these lncRNA levels, with the most pronounced differences seen mostly for BRCA and KIRC. CONCLUSIONS: seems to be a potential prognostic biomarker in clinical use. Possible factors that connect all of the analyzed types of cancers and changes in expression are viral activity and immunological response to viral infection.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110624
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INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes to 1.2 million deaths annually. Oral dysbiosis may influence CKD, highlighting the need for further research on its role as a risk factor and preventive target. MATE...INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes to 1.2 million deaths annually. Oral dysbiosis may influence CKD, highlighting the need for further research on its role as a risk factor and preventive target. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We obtained summary statistics for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the oral microbiome from the GWAS Catalog and CKD from the CKDGen Consortium. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used as the principal analysis method, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode to assess causal relationships. Sensitivity analyses, including MR-PRESSO and Cochran's Q, validated the robustness of the results. RESULTS: The IVW results showed that species was causally associated with CKD (OR = 0.96, 95% CI (0.93-0.99)), Order (OR = 1.01, 95% CI (1-1.01)) and species (OR = 0.99, 95% CI (0.99-1)) were causally associated with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR); Order (OR = 0.97, 95% CI (0.94-1)) and Species (OR = 0.95, 95% CI (0.91-0.99)) were causally associated with CKDi25; and species was causally associated with dialysis (OR = 0.82, 95% CI (0.69-0.97)). There was no significant causal association between other oral microbiome features and CKD at the genetic level. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that there are associations between the oral microbiome and CKD. To better understand its mechanism of action and to develop broader strategies for preventing chronic kidney disease, further research is required.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110623
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INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) has a significant impact on gallstone formation, but the relationship is still unclear, and the patterns of PA have received little attention. This study aimed to examine the potentia...INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) has a significant impact on gallstone formation, but the relationship is still unclear, and the patterns of PA have received little attention. This study aimed to examine the potential association between PA patterns and gallstone disease (GSD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess the causal relationships between PA and GSD, cholecystectomy, and biliary tract disorders. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was employed as the primary reference, supplemented with sensitivity tests. Subsequently, validation was performed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the period 2017-2020, from which four PA patterns (no activity, insufficient exercise, weekend warrior, regular exercise) were derived to investigate the association between the weekend warrior pattern and the risk of GSD and cholecystectomy. RESULTS: The MR analysis showed significant causal relationships between PA and GSD (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94-0.99, = 0.01), cholecystectomy, and biliary tract diseases, passing rigorous sensitivity tests. In the NHANES analysis, adjusted covariate survey-weighted logistic regression demonstrated that weekend warrior (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35-0.94, = 0.03) and regular exercise (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-1.00, = 0.047) had equivalent protective effects against GSD. Similarly, weekend exercise and regular exercise significantly reduced the risk of cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: A negative causal relationship between PA and GSD was observed. Both weekend warrior and regular exercise were found to effectively reduce the risk of GSD.
Wang M, Chen X, He J
… +5 more, Yang C, Zeng W, Bai Y, Fan H, Sun X
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110622
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INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have revealed parallel increases in the incidences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical observational studies have shown an association between...INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have revealed parallel increases in the incidences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical observational studies have shown an association between MetS and a poor prognosis of IBD. However, the causal relationship between MetS and IBD remains unclear. This study used bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization to investigate potential causal links between MetS and IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genetic associations of MetS and its components with IBD were sourced from public databases of European populations. Inverse variance weighting was conducted, with weighted median, Mendelian randomization-Egger (MR-Egger), and Mendelian randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods used as sensitivity analyses. This process was repeated in the opposite direction. RESULTS: The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method showed that genetic prediction of MetS may be a potential risk factor for CD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.009-1.779; = 0.043). In further estimating the different components of MetS, it was found that waist circumference may increase the risk of CD (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.684; = 0.018) and hypertension may increase the risk of UC (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.084-2.39; = 0.018). Reverse analysis showed that IBD may increase triglyceride levels (OR = 1.019, 95% CI: 1.000-1.038; = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: This MR analysis showed a causal relationship between genetically predicted MetS and CD, and genetically predicted hypertension and UC. Therefore, these patients need to be closely monitored clinically for the risk of CD/UC comorbidities. In patients with IBD, close monitoring of MetS-associated cardiovascular risk is required.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110619
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INTRODUCTION: Previous observational studies have suggested a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However,...INTRODUCTION: Previous observational studies have suggested a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, the causal nature of this association remains uncertain due to potential confounding factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The summary statistics for VTE, PE, and DVT were obtained from the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted by the FinnGen consortium R9. The genetic data for relevant GM single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted from the meta-analysis of GWAS performed by the global MiBioGen consortium. Using SNPs as instrumental variables, the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was primarily employed to assess the bidirectional causal relationship between GM and VTE, PE, and DVT. RESULTS: For the risk of VTE onset, , and were negatively correlated, while group, , and were positively correlated. For PE, , an unknown genus, and were negatively correlated, while , and were positively correlated. For DVT, , and were negatively correlated, while , and were positively correlated. After multiple corrections using the Bonferroni method, a significant causal relationship was identified between and VTE. Cochran's Q test was performed to evaluate instrumental variable heterogeneity ( > 0.05), MR-Egger regression analyses were performed to examine pleiotropy ( > 0.05), and leave-one-out analysis was conducted to assess the impact of each SNP on the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Specific GM may have causal effects on VTE, PE, and DVT, potentially contributing to the development of microbiota-centered therapeutic approaches and the identification of novel biomarkers for targeted preventive strategies.
Kuang H, Wu Z, Yan K
… +3 more, Wu J, Chen X, Yuan G
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110616
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INTRODUCTION: Neonatal jaundice, a condition characterized by elevated bilirubin levels in newborns, is prevalent, affecting up to 60% of term infants. Previous observational studies have linked neonatal jaundice to an e...INTRODUCTION: Neonatal jaundice, a condition characterized by elevated bilirubin levels in newborns, is prevalent, affecting up to 60% of term infants. Previous observational studies have linked neonatal jaundice to an enhanced risk of allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), allergic rhinitis (AR), and urticaria. However, the causal relationship remains unclear due to potential confounding factors and reverse causality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a two-sample MR analysis using genetic variants as instrumental variables. Data from large-scale GWAS in European populations were used, including exposure data for neonatal jaundice and outcome data for five common allergic diseases. MR analysis was performed using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, with additional sensitivity analyses conducted using MR-Egger regression, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. RESULTS: MR analysis revealed a significant causal association between neonatal jaundice and an increased risk of AD (OR = 1.0141, 95% CI: 1.0041-1.0241, = 0.006) and AC (OR = 1.0119, 95% CI: 1.0014-1.0226, = 0.026). No significant association was found between neonatal jaundice and pediatric asthma, urticaria, or AR. Sensitivity analyses indicated no evidence of pleiotropy, and no individual SNPs substantially influenced the results, confirming the robustness of our findings. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for a causal association between neonatal jaundice and an increased risk of AD and AC. These findings suggest that neonatal jaundice may be a modifiable risk factor for AD and AC, highlighting the importance of neonatal jaundice management and further research on potential preventive strategies.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110615
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INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication of connective tissue disease (CTD), which seriously affects the prognosis of patients. The abnormal expression of tumor markers in non-neoplastic dis...INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication of connective tissue disease (CTD), which seriously affects the prognosis of patients. The abnormal expression of tumor markers in non-neoplastic diseases may be related to the occurrence and development of CTD-ILD. This study aimed to explore the detailed clinical characteristics of CTD-ILD, and to analyze their association with serum tumor markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical data of 128 patients with CTD-ILD were retrospectively analyzed. Seventy-nine ILD patients without CTD were enrolled as the non-combined group. Clinical data included imaging manifestations, laboratory indices and tumor markers such as carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125, CA153, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen were collected. ROC curve analysis was used to assess the clinical value of these markers. RESULTS: The proportion of clinical manifestations such as arthralgia, rash, Raynaud's phenomenon, dry mouth and dry eyes in the combined group was higher than in the non-combined group ( < 0.05). The serum albumin and total protein levels in the combined group were lower than in the non-combined group ( < 0.001). The levels of CA125, CA153, CEA, SCC, and NSE in the combined group were higher than in the non-combined group ( < 0.001). The AUC of combined detection of each index was 0.917, with a sensitivity of 97.47% and a specificity of 76.56%. CONCLUSIONS: The main clinical manifestations for CTD-ILD patients were arthralgia, rash, Raynaud's phenomenon, and dry mouth and eyes. The combined detection of tumor markers had high evaluation value.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110613
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INTRODUCTION: This population-based study aimed to evaluate the survival benefits of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and non-chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma...INTRODUCTION: This population-based study aimed to evaluate the survival benefits of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and non-chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database's SEER*stat software (version 8.3.5) to gather data of patients diagnosed with unresectable ICC from 2000 to 2018. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, comparing the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) among patients who underwent radiotherapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, or no therapy at all. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were employed to analyze the prognostic factors affecting these unresectable ICC patients. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2018, we identified 11,753 cases of unresectable ICC from the SEER database. Of these, 4,531 (38.5%) patients underwent chemotherapy alone, 482 (4.1%) patients underwent radiotherapy alone, and 996 (8.5%) patients received a combination of both. A total of 5,744 (48.9%) patients did not receive chemoradiotherapy. The median OS was 8 months (95% CI: 8--9 months) for patients receiving chemotherapy alone, 7 months (95% CI: 6-8 months) for radiotherapy alone, 12 months (95% CI: 11-13 months) for chemoradiotherapy, and 3 months (95% CI: 3-3 months) for those not receiving chemoradiotherapy. The CSS findings were consistent with the OS results. The Cox regression models indicated that patient age, sex, grade classification, tumor diameter, and treatment modality were independent prognostic factors for unresectable ICC patients ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chemoradiotherapy can enhance the OS and CSS of patients with unresectable ICC, compared to the use of chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110611
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INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with diverse symptoms and frequent comorbidities, posing diagnostic challenges. Despite advances in ASD awareness and diagnostic meth...INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with diverse symptoms and frequent comorbidities, posing diagnostic challenges. Despite advances in ASD awareness and diagnostic methods, significant knowledge gaps persist among healthcare professionals. This study assessed physicians' knowledge of ASD, focusing on symptoms, comorbidities, and diagnostic challenges to enhance patient care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study, conducted in 2024, involved physicians attending courses at the Center of Postgraduate Medical Education in Warsaw (CMKP). Participation was anonymous and voluntary. Respondents completed the author's own questionnaire and the Knowledge about Childhood Autism among Health Workers (KCAHW) questionnaire to assess autism knowledge across four domains: social interaction impairments, communication issues, obsessive behaviors, and disorder onset and comorbidities. Physicians also provided professional and demographic data. RESULTS: The study included 395 physicians, primarily young (mean age: 31), female (75%), and in early career stages, with most having up to 5 years of experience. While 75% had some contact with individuals on the autism spectrum, only 28% had close family or acquaintances with ASD. Knowledge about autism was moderate, averaging 74% correct responses, with higher accuracy in recognizing social interaction impairments (80%) and repetitive behaviors (78.5%), but lower accuracy regarding comorbidities (63%). Younger, less experienced physicians, women, and those with personal ASD contact had higher knowledge about autism. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the need for targeted ASD education to address specific knowledge gaps among healthcare professionals, essential for providing informed and compassionate care.
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110606
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INTRODUCTION: Spinal fractures (SF) remain a major global cause of disability. This study aimed to quantify the global incidence, prevalence, and burden of SF in 2021, along with temporal trends from 1990 to 2021. These...INTRODUCTION: Spinal fractures (SF) remain a major global cause of disability. This study aimed to quantify the global incidence, prevalence, and burden of SF in 2021, along with temporal trends from 1990 to 2021. These trends are stratified by location, age, sex, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Furthermore, the study provides projections for the burden of SF over the next 30 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data for this study were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). To quantify temporal patterns and evaluate trends in age-standardized rates (ASR) of SF prevalence (ASPR), incidence (ASIR), and age-standardized years lived with disability (ASYR), estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated for the study period. The analyses were stratified by gender, 20 age categories, 21 GBD regions, 204 countries/territories, and 5 SDI quintiles. Statistical analyses and plot visualizations were performed using the R statistical package (version 4.4.2). RESULTS: In 2021, the global burden of SF remained considerable, with a total of 3.4 million cases and an ASPR of 65.19 cases per 100,000 individuals (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 56.89-75.28). The ASIR was 92.75 per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 72.12-119.99), while the ASYR was 6.62 per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 4.43-9.2). Regionally, the highest ASPR, ASIR, and ASYR were observed in high SDI regions, while the lowest rates were found in low SDI regions. CONCLUSIONS: Geographically, Australasia exhibited the highest ASIR and ASPR, while the Caribbean had the highest ASYR. Among countries, New Zealand had the highest ASIR, and Andorra showed the highest ASPR and ASYR.
Yuan M, Sun J, Zhao Z
… +4 more, Hu X, Fan W, Shi H, Liu G
Arch Med Sci
· 2026 Jan · PMID 42110601
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INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most severe and debilitating diabetic complications, often leading to extremely high morbidity and mortality. Recently, increasing evidence has highlighted the role...INTRODUCTION: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most severe and debilitating diabetic complications, often leading to extremely high morbidity and mortality. Recently, increasing evidence has highlighted the role of necroptosis, a distinct type of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis, in the progression and severity of DFUs. Understanding necroptosis-associated genes in DFUs could open new therapeutic avenues aimed at modulating this form of cell death, potentially improving outcomes for patients suffering from this serious diabetic complication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study aimed to identify and confirm potential necroptosis biomarkers associated with DFU through the application of machine learning and bioinformatics approaches. We obtained three microarray datasets associated with DFU patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database: GSE68183, GSE134431, and GSE80178. RESULTS: In GSE134431, we identified necroptosis-associated genes (NRGs) with differential expression between DFU patients and healthy controls, totaling 37 NRGs. Additionally, we observed an activated immune response in both groups. Moreover, clustering analysis identified two distinct clusters within the DFU samples, highlighting immune heterogeneity. Subsequently, we constructed a random forest (RF) model using 5 genes (CENPB, TRIM56, ZNF768, PLIN4, and ATP1A1). Notably, this model demonstrated outstanding performance on the external validation datasets GSE134431, GSE68183 (AUC = 1.000). The study identified five genes linked to necroptosis in the context of DFU, revealing new potential biomarkers and targets for DFU therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Bioinformatics analysis indicated that CENPB, TRIM56, ZNF768, PLIN4, and ATP1A1 could serve as potential biomarkers for future DFU research.