Nutr Health [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in non-obese children: A comprehensive review.
Morscher E, Furlano R, Légeret C
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41847832 · Publisher ↗
Background/ObjectivesDietary fructose intake has increased markedly in Western countries, leading to an increase of children with a normal weight suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study is...
Background/ObjectivesDietary fructose intake has increased markedly in Western countries, leading to an increase of children with a normal weight suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study is to examine current knowledge of the association between fructose consumption and hepatic steatosis in non-obese, non-diabetic children and adolescents and raise awareness of a well-known disease in a new cohort of paediatric patients.MethodsThis was a narrative literature review with systematic search elements. A literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus was conducted with the final search completed on 21 September 2024. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed clinical or translational studies (including relevant animal models) reporting hepatic outcomes in paediatric populations without obesity or diabetes.ResultsThirteen studies met inclusion criteria including experimental (n = 2) and observational (n = 4) studies and reviews (n = 4). Those studies demonstrated that high fructose intake promotes hepatic lipid accumulation via unregulated hepatic fructose metabolism, increased de novo lipogenesis, impaired VLDL secretion, oxidative stress and gut-derived inflammation.ConclusionFructose-associated hepatic steatosis is a clinically relevant phenomenon in children without obesity or metabolic syndrome without symptoms, so paediatricians need to screen their patients for it. This review highlights mechanistic distinctions between fructose and glucose metabolism, discusses the complexity of clinical trials, which explains the current gap in literature, and it underscores the role of misleading health marketing and opaque food labelling in exacerbating this risk. It emphasises the need for targeted preventive strategies and clearer food labelling to reduce hidden fructose exposure in youth.
Choline status and related health outcomes in humans: A scoping review.
Yoo S, Aoun A, Montazeri A … +2 more , Collins E, Little J
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41847819 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Choline is an essential nutrient involved in human health and development across the lifespan. The evidence on choline and its health effects has been growing; yet the findings are inconsistent. AIM: We aimed...
BACKGROUND: Choline is an essential nutrient involved in human health and development across the lifespan. The evidence on choline and its health effects has been growing; yet the findings are inconsistent. AIM: We aimed to map the current evidence and identify gaps in knowledge. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of the studies that examined relationships between choline exposure and any health outcomes. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for research involving humans and published between January 2000 and May 2025. Screening and data abstraction were performed in duplicate. RESULTS: A total of 117 primary studies were included. Most of the studies were conducted in North America (54%) and Europe (22%). Cardiometabolic disease accounted for the largest proportion (34%), followed by offspring neurodevelopment (19%) and liver conditions (12%). The studies were predominantly observational (prospective 60%, retrospective 12%, cross-sectional 20%). The evidence regarding potential benefits and harms was reported to be insufficient or equivocal for many health outcomes. Based largely on data from small randomized controlled trials in women with prenatal exposure to alcohol or infants with fetal alcohol syndrome disorder, high maternal choline intake/status was associated with improved neurocognition and neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. CONCLUSION: Potential benefits of high maternal choline intake/status was indicated for neurodevelopment of the offspring; however, the evidence was insufficient or equivocal for most of the outcomes reviewed. A more comprehensive synthesis incorporating preclinical evidence from animal studies will improve the current understanding of choline and its health effects.
Nutritional and behavioral factors associated with the occurrence and duration of winter weight gain.
Yoshida A
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41841490 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundObesity is rising worldwide, including Japan. Seasonal "holiday weight gain," well documented in Western settings, may similarly contribute to long-term body mass index increases in Japan.AimTo estimate the pre...
BackgroundObesity is rising worldwide, including Japan. Seasonal "holiday weight gain," well documented in Western settings, may similarly contribute to long-term body mass index increases in Japan.AimTo estimate the prevalence and magnitude of winter weight gain in Japanese university students and identify lifestyle factors associated with prolonged weight retention.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 339 students (141 men, 198 women; mean age 19.4 years). Participants self-reported winter weight change, time needed to return to their usual pre-winter weight, diet, physical activity, sedentary time, alcohol use, and sleep. Sex-stratified binary logistic regression identified predictors of winter weight gain and prolonged weight retention (≤1 month vs. >1 month).ResultsWinter weight gain was reported by 51.1% of men and 68.2% of women; the mean (standard deviation) increases were 2.3 ± 1.2 and 2.0 ± 1.1 kg, respectively. Among participants who reported winter weight gain, 61.8% indicated that their weight returned to normal within 1 month, whereas 38.2% required more than 1 month. In men, prolonged retention was predicted only by longer sedentary time during holidays. In women, predictors of prolonged retention included more frequent alcohol consumption and shorter sleep; winter weight gain itself was associated with lower intake of instant/retort foods, less weekday sitting, and more frequent exercise.ConclusionsWinter weight gain is common among Japanese university students, particularly women, with sex-specific predictors of persistence. Reducing sedentary time in men and addressing alcohol use, taste preferences, and sleep in women may inform prevention.
Tracking weight status and cardiometabolic indices from preadolescence to adulthood: The healthy growth follow-up study design and preliminary results.
Kontochristopoulou AM, Anastasiou C, Moschonis G … +1 more , Manios Y
Nutr Health · 2026 May · PMID 41823580 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundSeveral cardiometabolic (CM) risk-including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and lipid levels-track from childhood into adulthood, highlighting the need for early identification.AimQuantify long-term patte...
BackgroundSeveral cardiometabolic (CM) risk-including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and lipid levels-track from childhood into adulthood, highlighting the need for early identification.AimQuantify long-term patterns in BMI and CM risk and develop prediction models incorporating perinatal, environmental and lifestyle exposures.MethodsThis ongoing study follows 2661 preadolescents (9-13 years) from the 2007-2009 Healthy Growth Study in Greece over a mean 15.6-year follow-up to examine weight and CM tracking into adulthood. Follow-up assessments include anthropometry, body composition, medical and family history, blood biomarkers, dietary intake, physical activity, sleep, eating behaviors, quality of life and sociodemographic variables. Weight status at baseline was classified using IOTF criteria. Adult BMI was classified using World Health Organization criteria. To date, 557 participants have completed follow-up (79.1% acceptance rate); 316 completed telephone interviews and 241 completed face-to-face evaluations (mean age 25.5 ± 0.9 years; BMI 25.1 ± 3.8 kg/m). Preliminary findings indicate strong BMI tracking. Among children with normal weight at baseline, 68% remained with normal weight in adulthood, 31% transitioned to overweight and 1% to obesity. Among those with obesity at baseline, 46% remained with obesity and 54% transitioned to overweight; none transitioned to normal weight.SummaryBMI tracks strongly from preadolescence to early adulthood, with individuals with overweight or obesity in preadolescence retaining excess weight. As recruitment continues, this longitudinal cohort will elucidate determinants of weight status transitions and CM risk in early adulthood.
Creatine supplementation in type 2 diabetes: A critical appraisal of the evidence gap.
Machado M
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41810769 · Publisher ↗
Creatine supplementation has long been proposed as a potentially beneficial adjunct to exercise for improving metabolic health, owing to its well-described effects on skeletal muscle energetics and glucose transport. In...
Creatine supplementation has long been proposed as a potentially beneficial adjunct to exercise for improving metabolic health, owing to its well-described effects on skeletal muscle energetics and glucose transport. In individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), mechanistic and preclinical studies suggest that creatine may enhance exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, muscle glycogen storage, and insulin sensitivity. However, despite this biological plausibility, the available clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent, precluding firm conclusions regarding its therapeutic value in T2D. This commentary critically examines the persistent translational gap between mechanistic promise and clinical outcomes, with particular emphasis on the methodological limitations of existing trials, safety considerations in a metabolically vulnerable population, and the need for contemporary, high-quality evidence. We argue that future research must move beyond short-term surrogate endpoints and incorporate longer follow-up, rigorous clinical outcomes, and integration with standard-of-care pharmacological therapies.
Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis in European populations: Unraveling causal links and the mediating role of sex hormones via Mendelian randomization.
Liu M, Yan J, Lv H … +3 more , Yang X, Yao Y, Liu Z
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41810729 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint damage and disability. Vitamin D (VD) shows immunomodulatory effects in RA, but its causal role and potential mediation by sex hormones re...
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint damage and disability. Vitamin D (VD) shows immunomodulatory effects in RA, but its causal role and potential mediation by sex hormones remain unclear.ObjectivesTo examine the VD-RA causal relationship and investigate androgen/estrogen mediation using Mendelian randomization (MR).MethodsWe conducted two-sample MR analyses using UK Biobank and IEU OpenGWAS data, with genetic variants as instruments. Mediation analyses assessed sex hormone effects.ResultsDietary VD associated with reduced RA risk (odds ratio (OR) = 0.994, 95%CI 0.992-0.996). Protective effects were stronger in males with seropositive RA (OR = 0.97, 95%CI 0.96-0.99) and females with seronegative RA (OR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.98-0.99). VD significantly lowered female testosterone (OR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.42-0.66), a RA risk factor (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.04), but did not affect male testosterone or female estrogen levels.ConclusionVD may reduce RA risk via gender-specific mechanisms, particularly by decreasing female testosterone. While MR supports causality, potential confounding requires cautious interpretation.
Association between sodium intake, spot urine sodium concentration and obesity in Finnish adults: A population-based study.
Santalahti A, Kinnunen TI, Männistö S … +2 more , Tapanainen H, Kaartinen NE
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41784124 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests positive association between sodium intake and the risk of obesity. Evidence on this topic is lacking from Finland, despite the population's historically high sodium intake and long-st...
BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests positive association between sodium intake and the risk of obesity. Evidence on this topic is lacking from Finland, despite the population's historically high sodium intake and long-standing national salt reduction initiatives.AimsTo examine whether sodium intake and spot urine sodium concentration are associated with general or abdominal obesity in Finnish adults.MethodsWe used cross-sectional, population-based data of the National FinHealth 2017 Study (men=2222, women=2792, ≥18 years-old). Sodium intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A subsample of participants provided spot urine samples (men=558; women=702). General and abdominal obesity were assessed using body mass index and waist circumference. Associations on sex-specific quartiles were examined using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for key sociodemographic and lifestyle confounders. Spot urine samples were validated against 24-h urine collections.ResultsWomen in the highest quartile of sodium intake had higher odds of general obesity (OR 4.30, 95% CI 2.60-7.12) and abdominal obesity (OR 3.42, 95% CI 2.11-5.56) compared with the lowest quartile. Men in the highest quartile of urine sodium concentration had higher odds of general obesity (OR 6.05, 95% CI 2.83-12.93) and abdominal obesity (OR 4.68, 95% CI 2.44-8.96) compared with the lowest quartile. Spot urine samples showed moderate agreement with 24-h urine collections, with a Spearman's rho of 0.45.ConclusionIn this cross-sectional analysis, higher dietary sodium intake and urine sodium concentration were associated with higher odds of general and abdominal obesity. Prospective studies are needed to confirm causality and to better understand underlying biological mechanisms.
When more isn't more: Diners' feelings of fullness after consuming restaurant portions with fewer than 700 calories.
Cohen DA, Shonkoff E, Robinson B … +4 more , Voorhees A, Teichrow D, Paz S, Han B
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41773752 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundRestaurant portions generally exceed the calories needed for most adults to maintain weight. We developed guidelines for plating standard portions (≤700 calories for lunch or dinner) and recruited restaurants w...
BackgroundRestaurant portions generally exceed the calories needed for most adults to maintain weight. We developed guidelines for plating standard portions (≤700 calories for lunch or dinner) and recruited restaurants willing to offer them.ObjectiveTo understand the customer impact of standard portions (vs. regular, larger portions) in restaurants on calories ordered, calories consumed and feelings of fullness.MethodsIn this cross-sectional sample, customers in restaurants that served standard portion meals were offered a $25 gift card to take pictures of their meals (before their first bite and after their last bite) and complete a brief survey. Digital images were analyzed with a modified Comstock scale to determine calories provided and consumed across meal types (standard portion vs. regular). Participants self-reported their height, weight, activity level and fullness after the meal. Two-sample t-tests and chi-squared tests tested group differences (standard portion vs. regular). Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) tested associations between group and outcomes (calories ordered, consumed, fullness), adjusting for demographics, and differences by participant characteristics.ResultsDigital images submitted from 63 participants were used. Those who ordered a standard portion meal were older and consumed 346 fewer calories than from the regular menu, which lowered to 246.2 fewer calories after adjusting for individual demographics (0.01). There were no significant differences in reported fullness between those who ordered from the regular menu versus standard portions (0.87).ConclusionsPeople who ordered and consumed meals ≤700 calories found them satiating and most would order them again, verifying that standard restaurant portions are acceptable.
Microbiota awareness is related to Mediterranean diet adherence and probiotic consumption in a Turkish adult population: A cross-sectional study.
Çakır MA, Kalkuz Ş
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41769812 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundGut microbiota plays an essential role in metabolic and immune functions, and its composition is influenced by diet and probiotic intake. The Mediterranean diet (MD) improves microbiota diversity and health out...
BackgroundGut microbiota plays an essential role in metabolic and immune functions, and its composition is influenced by diet and probiotic intake. The Mediterranean diet (MD) improves microbiota diversity and health outcomes. However, the association between microbiota awareness, MD adherence, and probiotic consumption among adults is underexplored.AimThis study aimed to examine the relationship between MD adherence, microbiota awareness, and probiotic consumption among adults aged 18-64 years in the central district of Kırklareli, Türkiye.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 420 individuals familiar with the term "probiotic." Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire including sociodemographic data, dietary habits, physical activity, anthropometrics, probiotic use, the Microbiota Awareness Scale (MAS), and the MD Adherence Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used.ResultsAmong participants, 45% showed high MD adherence. Higher MAS scores were observed in females, those aged 26-35, with normal BMI, or prior nutrition education. Regular probiotic consumers had significantly higher MD adherence (p = 0.011) and MAS scores (p = 0.000). A weak but significant correlation was found between MAS and MD adherence (r = 0.120, p = 0.014). Awareness of probiotic microorganisms and consumption for digestive, immune, or cancer-related benefits were also associated with greater MAS and MD scores.ConclusionMicrobiota awareness is positively associated with probiotic consumption and MD adherence. Increasing microbiota literacy could potentially inform future dietary education strategies.
Patient preferences in managing zinc deficiency in celiac disease: Insights to inform future clinical trial design.
Verma AK, Tandon S, Graham K … +5 more , Blom JJ, Russell L, Morgan J, Armstrong D, Pinto-Sanchez MI
Nutr Health · 2026 Mar · PMID 41769806 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundZinc deficiency (ZD) is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies reported in celiac disease (CeD). Oral supplementation and dietary modifications are the primary strategies for addressing it. However,...
BackgroundZinc deficiency (ZD) is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies reported in celiac disease (CeD). Oral supplementation and dietary modifications are the primary strategies for addressing it. However, it is unclear whether individuals with CeD would prefer to make additional dietary modifications or opt for supplementation to treat ZD.AimThis study aimed to explore patient preferences for the treatment of ZD.MethodsAdult patients (≥18 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of CeD who were already adopting a gluten-free diet (GFD) and had untreated ZD were recruited from the Adult Celiac Disease Clinic at McMaster University. After providing informed consent, participants completed study questionnaires at baseline and three months after initiating zinc supplementation. Data were collected using REDCap. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software (V22, Chicago, USA).ResultsFrom March 2022 to January 2024, 44 participants were enrolled in the study. All completed baseline questionnaires, of them 25 (57%) completed questionnaires at follow-up. At baseline, 34% of participants preferred to treat nutrient deficiencies through dietary changes, compared with 28% at follow-up. Plasma zinc level normalized in all participants after 3 months of supplementation. At follow-up, the proportion of participants with significant gastrointestinal symptoms increased from 72% at baseline to 80% (001).ConclusionsOne-third of patients with CeD preferred to manage nutrient deficiencies through dietary modifications. A zinc-optimized GFD may represent a promising approach to address zinc deficiency in this population. These findings provide preliminary evidence to inform the design of future randomized clinical trials.
When we eat matters: Chrononutrition as a modulator of anticancer immunity.
Asghar W, Nadeem M, Khalid N
Nutr Health · 2026 Jan · PMID 41744443 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Association between childhood morbidity and length of stay for transition from severe to moderate acute malnutrition in community-based management of acute malnutrition program: Evidence from Rohingya refugee camp.
Manir MZ, Rifat MA, Ahmad S … +1 more , Lindström Battle T
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41733987 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundSevere Acute Malnutrition (SAM) among children is often characterized by the presence of morbidities, impacting recovery pathways. Even so, the effect of morbidity at admission on Length of Stay (LoS) among chi...
BackgroundSevere Acute Malnutrition (SAM) among children is often characterized by the presence of morbidities, impacting recovery pathways. Even so, the effect of morbidity at admission on Length of Stay (LoS) among children with SAM admitted in Outpatient Therapeutic Program (OTP) in Rohingya contexts remains unexamined.Aims/objectivesTo estimate the effects of morbidity at admission on LoS of children with SAM admitted in OTP in Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh.Methods/methodologyA longitudinal study design was employed and data was collected from children with SAM admitted in four OTP centers in Rohingya refugee camps at Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. A Kaplan-Meier survival estimate and Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate the relevant effect.Results/FindingsA total of 297 children with SAM were included. Among them, 190 (63.97%) had morbidity at admission. The mean LoS (days) among children with SAM with and without morbidity at admission was 68 ± 10 and 64 ± 9 ( = 0.002), respectively. Furthermore, at any given time during follow-up, children with SAM who had morbidity at admission had 25% lower hazard (rate) of being discharged as cured (adjusted HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.96, p = 0.03) compared with those without morbidity at admission, indicating a longer LoS and slower rate of recovery.ConclusionEffective prevention of morbidity at admission can improve nutrition program efficacy by decreasing the LoS and increasing the likelihood of recovery. These findings can inform integrated health-nutrition interventions in refugee contexts.
Reduction of starch and sucrose intake is associated with less food-triggered symptoms. A randomized clinical trial.
Roth B, Ohlsson B
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41706810 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundPatients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often experience food-related symptoms. Both a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) and a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSR...
BackgroundPatients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often experience food-related symptoms. Both a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) and a starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) alleviate symptoms.Aims/ObjectivesThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the proportion of participants with symptoms and the type of food items triggering symptoms during intervention by either diet.Methods/MethodologyPatients with IBS according to Rome IV were included for a four-week intervention. Participants completed a three-day food diary, study questionnaire, Rome IV questionnaire, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) at baseline, after 4 weeks of either SSRD or low FODMAP, and at a six-month follow-up. The food items that triggered symptoms were registered along with the type of symptoms.Results/FindingsTotally, 155 participants (84% women), 42 (32-55) years, were included; 77 were randomized to SSRD and 78 to low FODMAP. SSRD rendered a reduction of participants with symptoms triggered by food avoided/modified such as fast food ( < 0.001), snacks/cakes ( = 0.008), pasta ( = 0.034), and fruit ( = 0.046), and the reduction remained at follow-up for fast food ( = 0.021), when also symptoms were reduced for vegetables/legumes ( = 0.002) and potatoes ( = 0.046). In the low FODMAP group, the proportion of participants with symptoms decreased for onion week 4 and coffee/tea at follow-up (both = 0.046). Trigger symptoms were associated with higher intake and/or impaired psychological well-being.ConclusionThe proportion of participants with food-triggered symptoms was reduced for six food groups during/after the SSRD intervention and for two food groups during/after low FODMAP.
Multidisciplinary and group-based interventions as the first step for improving dietary and health behaviours in severe obesity.
Saluja S, Maston Suthern G, Kwan S … +7 more , Badorrek S, Walker E, Yap RTJ, Mohandas D, Shepherd IG, Wen R, Williams K
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41697754 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundSevere obesity is increasing in prevalence globally, placing a significant burden on an individual's health and to public healthcare systems. Multidisciplinary and group-based interventions - which involve coor...
BackgroundSevere obesity is increasing in prevalence globally, placing a significant burden on an individual's health and to public healthcare systems. Multidisciplinary and group-based interventions - which involve coordinated input from dietetics, psychology, physiotherapy and peer support - may improve health behaviours and weight outcomes in individuals living with severe obesity. At current, there is no assessment of the efficacy of group-based, multidisciplinary interventions, in severe obesity management.Aims/ObjectivesThus, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of an 8-week group-based multidisciplinary intervention, termed Be Well, on initial changes to dietary behaviours, weight and mood outcomes in patients living with severe obesity. The study was conducted at a hospital-based and publicly funded obesity service, based in New South Wales, Australia.Method127 were registered to attend Be Well. Of these, 98 attended the first session, and 77 proceeded to complete the intervention. Changes in dietary behaviours (i.e. reported discretionary and non-discretionary food intake), body mass index (BMI) and mood (i.e. scores on the DASS-21), from pre to post intervention, were evaluated.ResultsFrom pre to post intervention, patients had significant reductions in BMI, self-reported discretionary food intake, stress and depression scores. Patients reported feeling less isolated and having an improved understanding of health beyond weight, post the intervention.ConclusionMultidisciplinary group interventions are an effective first step for the treatment of severe obesity by tertiary services, with more work needed to understand barriers and facilitators of engagement.
Effectiveness of medium-chain triglycerides in chylothorax management: A review.
Nasir S, Siddique J, Ahmed Z … +3 more , Liaqat S, Ferheen I, Umer MU
Nutr Health · 2026 May · PMID 41697733 · Publisher ↗
Chylothorax, a rare condition, results when excessive chyle accumulates in the thoracic region. The etiological basis of chylothorax is categorized into three types: spontaneous, non-spontaneous, and idiopathic. However,...
Chylothorax, a rare condition, results when excessive chyle accumulates in the thoracic region. The etiological basis of chylothorax is categorized into three types: spontaneous, non-spontaneous, and idiopathic. However, it is usually manifested as a post-operative complication after thoracic or abdominal surgeries. Due to its rarity, limited research has been done to explore its causes and treatment. This review aims to explore treatment options for chylothorax with a special focus on its management through medium-chain triglyceride provision. In this article, we discussed the etiology, complications, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of chylothorax, and reviewed the effectiveness of the medium-chain triglycerides diet as a first-line approach in the treatment of chylothorax. As chylothorax diagnosis is established by the presence of triglycerides in chyle fluid, the provision of medium-chain triglycerides has been thought to be an effective treatment strategy due to their efficient absorption. However, chylothorax complications have not only included immunological and localized complications, but nutritional complications are also an important concern during their management. Medium-chain triglyceride provision has emerged as an important therapeutic aid in the medical nutrition therapy of chylothorax. However, there is no current consensus on specific parameters reflecting the effectiveness of medium-chain triglycerides in chylothorax. Therefore, it is reflected by reduced chyle output, improved nutritional status, shortened drainage duration, and decreased need for surgical intervention in cases where medium-chain triglycerides intervention was done.
The impact of dietary constituents on inflammation and cognitive function in healthy older Irish adults: A pilot study.
O'Donoghue C, Long-Smith C, Harrington JM … +4 more , Clarke G, Timmons S, Grabrucker S, Nolan YM
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41697732 · Publisher ↗
Ageing is frequently associated with systemic inflammation and cognitive decline, yet the impact of diet and lifestyle factors on these age-related processes remains unexplored. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly in ess...
Ageing is frequently associated with systemic inflammation and cognitive decline, yet the impact of diet and lifestyle factors on these age-related processes remains unexplored. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly in essential vitamins and minerals, may accelerate cognitive decline and heighten inflammation in older adults. This pilot study aimed to examine how dietary intake, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity affect plasma cytokine levels and cognitive performance in older adults. Twenty-nine healthy Irish adults, aged 65-85 years participated in the study. Physical examination, cognitive testing using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and plasma cytokine analysis (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL-4, IL-1β) were conducted. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants with higher BMI and lower physical activity levels exhibited increased plasma concentrations of TNF-α, indicating elevated systemic inflammation and altered IL-10 levels, reflecting changes in anti-inflammatory regulation. Cognitive performance was poorer in participants who consumed excessive carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids and also in those whose total caloric intake fell below European Food Safety Authority dietary reference values. In contrast, participants with higher intake of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids demonstrated better cognitive function. Deficiencies in vitamin B12, magnesium, manganese and copper were linked to elevated inflammatory markers and poorer cognitive outcomes. This study highlights the importance of nutrition and lifestyle in managing inflammation and cognitive decline in ageing. Targeted dietary interventions which address nutrient deficiencies may help preserve cognitive health and reduce inflammation in older adults.
Higher adherence to core food-based vegetarian and prudent dietary patterns is associated with lower adiposity and metabolic disease risk in Pacific and New Zealand European women.
Renall N, Merz B, Douwes J … +5 more , Corbin M, Slater J, Firestone R, Kruger R, Morenga LT
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41686758 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundDietary patterns are linked to obesity and metabolic health.AimTo explore associations between dietary patterns, adiposity, and metabolic syndrome risk in Pacific and New Zealand (NZ) European women.MethodsPaci...
BackgroundDietary patterns are linked to obesity and metabolic health.AimTo explore associations between dietary patterns, adiposity, and metabolic syndrome risk in Pacific and New Zealand (NZ) European women.MethodsPacific (n = 126) and NZ European (n = 161) women aged 18-45 years from Auckland were recruited based on BMI (normal weight and obesity) with approximately half in each ethnic group. Body fat percentage (BF%) was assessed with DXA and used to stratify participants into low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF% groups. Dietary intake was assessed using a 5-day food record and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, analyzed with the National Cancer Institute method. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Fasting blood was analyzed for insulin, glucose, and lipids. Metabolic syndrome was defined using harmonized criteria.ResultsFour dietary patterns were identified: Vegetarian, Processed, Prudent, and Keto. Regression analysis controlling for ethnicity, age, socioeconomic deprivation, energy intake, and physical activity showed that higher adherence to Vegetarian and Prudent patterns characterized by "core" foods was inversely associated with BF% and visceral fat% ( < 0.05). Higher adherence to Processed and Keto patterns (characterized by "discretionary," and less "core" foods, respectively) was positively associated with BMI, BF%, and visceral fat% for both ethnic groups. Every 1 unit increase in adherence to the Processed pattern was associated with 50% higher odds of metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.53 [95% CI: 1.02, 2.30], = 0.042).ConclusionGreater adherence to "core" food patterns was associated with lower adiposity and metabolic disease risk, while patterns high in processed "discretionary" foods and less diversity of "core" foods were associated with higher metabolic risk.
Prognostic impact of weight loss during radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review.
von Wascinski E, Vracaric J, Kahl KH … +7 more , Schiele S, Rubeck A, Käsmann L, Doescher J, Zenk J, Stüben G, Neu M
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41686741 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundMalnutrition and weight loss (WL) are frequent in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) during radiotherapy (RT), affecting treatment tolerance and outcomes. Nutritional interventions aim to minimize WL and...
BackgroundMalnutrition and weight loss (WL) are frequent in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) during radiotherapy (RT), affecting treatment tolerance and outcomes. Nutritional interventions aim to minimize WL and support therapy completion, yet the prognostic value of WL during RT remains unclear.Aims/ObjectivesTo systematically evaluate the prognostic impact of WL before, during and after RT in patients with HNC.Methods/MethodologyThis systematic review included studies from 2012 involving adult patients treated with definitive or postoperative RT for HNC, studies were eligible if WL/body mass index (BMI) change was analysed versus survival outcomes (overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS)/cancer-specific survival, disease-free survival (DFS)). A structured PubMed and Cochrane search was conducted and results were synthesized narratively.Results/FindingsEight studies met the inclusion criteria. Pretreatment WL > 10% consistently predicted inferior OS and disease-specific survival (DSS). WL during RT varied widely between studies: most reported no association with OS, whereas single studies reported worse DSS with critical WL, worse OS with ΔBMI >1 kg/m, or an apparent survival advantage with greater WL. Posttreatment WL ≥ 10% was associated with reduced DFS. Comparability was limited by heterogeneous WL definitions, timing and treatment techniques.ConclusionPretreatment WL is a strong negative prognostic factor in HNC, whereas evidence for WL during or after RT remains inconsistent. Standardized WL assessment and structured nutritional support should be integrated into routine RT care. Future prospective studies using harmonized definitions are needed to clarify prognostic relevance and guide evidence-based nutrition management.
Impact of diurnal versus nocturnal time-restricted eating on cardiometabolic health and circadian rhythm in healthy adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Daniel A, Myint K, Husain R … +2 more , Alshehade SA, Alshawsh MA
Nutr Health · 2026 May · PMID 41686734 · Publisher ↗
BackgroundCircadian rhythm, the body's internal clock, synchronises with the 24-h light-dark cycle and is influenced by environmental cues such as light exposure and meal timing. Disruptions in this rhythm due to modern...
BackgroundCircadian rhythm, the body's internal clock, synchronises with the 24-h light-dark cycle and is influenced by environmental cues such as light exposure and meal timing. Disruptions in this rhythm due to modern lifestyle factors, including irregular eating schedules, are linked to increased risks of cardiometabolic diseases. Time-restricted eating (TRE), which limits food intake to an 8-12 h window, often aligns with daytime (diurnal) eating and supports circadian alignment. In contrast, nocturnal TRE patterns, such as during Ramadan, may disrupt this rhythm by shifting food intake to nighttime.AimTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the differential impacts of diurnal and nocturnal TRE on cardiometabolic health and circadian rhythm in healthy adults.MethodsThis review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023374947). A comprehensive search will be conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full texts, extract data using a standardized form and assess risk of bias. Qualitative and quantitative (meta-analysis) synthesis will be conducted where appropriate.SummaryThis protocol outlines the methodology for synthesising current evidence on the differential effects of diurnal versus nocturnal TRE patterns. The findings will inform future dietary interventions aimed at optimising cardiometabolic health through circadian-aligned nutrition strategies.
Introducing Population Eating Quality Index - A population dietary quality index for developed countries.
Christopoulos K, Christou C, Eleftheriou K … +1 more , Hassapis C
Nutr Health · 2026 Feb · PMID 41671063 · Publisher ↗
While there are numerous dietary quality indices for individuals, a longitudinal population-level index is missing from the literature. This article presents a novel population-level dietary index, the Population Eating...
While there are numerous dietary quality indices for individuals, a longitudinal population-level index is missing from the literature. This article presents a novel population-level dietary index, the Population Eating Quality Index (PEQI) that measures a country's annual dietary quality. Using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Global Dietary Database, PEQI comprises of ten waste-adjusted food items for which weighted scores are assigned according to their effect on human health. Associations between the PEQI and health outcomes for a panel of developed countries were studied to further validate the instrument. PEQI shows a slight upward trend with Greece and Czech Republic scoring the highest and lowest average scores, respectively. The index shows good predictive ability regarding life expectancy at birth and premature mortality, for an average developed country. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in PEQI was associated with 3.23-3.45 years (a 26%-28%) increase (rate decrease) in life expectancy (potential years of life lost). Moreover, the direction of associations held even when adding a 1-year lag of the outcome in the models. PEQI has multiple potential applications in the ecological study of health and nutrition as an exposure or even as an outcome.
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