Psychiatry Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Prescription opioid use and 12-month depression trajectories.
Scherrer JF, Salas J, Naidu A … +8 more , Secrest S, Wilson L, Pappas C, Lustman PJ, Ahmedani B, Carpenter RW, Miller-Matero LR, Sullivan MD
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41924766 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Retrospective cohort studies indicate prescription opioids increase risk for depression. No prospective cohort studies have modeled prescription opioid use and depression trajectories. We determined whether...
INTRODUCTION: Retrospective cohort studies indicate prescription opioids increase risk for depression. No prospective cohort studies have modeled prescription opioid use and depression trajectories. We determined whether daily vs. non-daily prescription opioid use was associated with more severe and worsening depression. METHODS: Participants with a new period of prescription opioid use were recruited from two health care systems. Those who enrolled were invited to complete twelve-monthly surveys over a year follow-up. Depression was measured with the PHQ-9, and opioid use was self-reported. From the 760 participants with 3 or more monthly surveys, we computed PHQ-9 latent growth trajectories. A 3-class solution best fit the data and revealed a severe-increasing depression trajectory, a moderate-stable, and a low-decreasing trajectory. RESULTS: Participants were 53.6 ± 11.7 years of age, 68.5% were female and 70.5% identified as white race. Daily vs. non-daily opioid use was not significantly associated with depression trajectories. Higher emotional support (OR=0.92:95%CI:0.89-0.94) and ability to participate in social roles (OR=0.96; 95%CI:0.93-0.99) protected against, while pain related functional impairment (OR=1.39; 95%CI: 1.11-1.74), more pain sites (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.10-1.31) and smoking (OR=2.38; 95%CI:1.27-4.47) increased the likelihood of severe-increasing depression compared to low-decreasing depression. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of an independent link between daily opioid use and worsening or more severe depression in this sample suggests that increased rates of depression in daily opioid-exposed patients may be a result of high risk patients receiving daily opioids rather than a direct effect of the opioid exposure. Screening for factors related to depression should improve safer opioid prescribing.
Letter to editor regarding "Efficacy of esketamine after cesarean section for women with symptoms of prenatal depression: A randomized controlled trial".
Li Y, Ding X
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41916215 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Self-report scale designed to assess subjective cognitive complaints.
White N, Potvin S, Stip E
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41916214 · Publisher ↗
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Effectiveness of low-intensity cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in routine psychiatric practice.
Mukai K, Hosoi Y, Yamanishi K … +4 more , Sakurai M, Ogino S, Hayashida K, Matsunaga H
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41916213 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Exposure and response prevention (ERP), the principal CBT technique for OCD, involves repeated exposure to...
BACKGROUND: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Exposure and response prevention (ERP), the principal CBT technique for OCD, involves repeated exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli and habituation of anxiety responses. Although weekly CBT sessions over 10-12 weeks are recommended, real-world implementation is often constrained; Japanese health insurance permits shorter and less frequent sessions. However, the effectiveness of such low-intensity CBT (LiCBT) remains unclear. METHODS: This exploratory study used data derived from a long-term prospective cohort. Eighteen adult outpatients received ERP-based CBT (≤ 16 sessions per year) under the national insurance framework. Pharmacotherapy, when present, remained unchanged during CBT. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were administered before and after treatment. RESULTS: Participants received an average of 12.2 sessions. Significant reductions were observed in Y-BOCS total (t = 5.744, p < 0.001) and GAF scores improved significantly (t = -6.45, p < 0.001), accompanied by a significant reduction in STAI-trait (p = 0.03), whereas the score on STAI-state (p = 0.51) and SDS (p = 0.50) showed no significant change. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Small sample size, single-site observational design, and absence of a control group. CONCLUSION: LiCBT under Japan's health insurance framework is effective at significantly reducing OCD symptoms and improving global functioning with partial emotional benefits. These findings highlight the feasibility and flexibility of LiCBT as a practical, individualized, real-world treatment.
Binge gaming: a notable gaming pattern beyond total gaming time.
Li M, Peng P, Zhou Y … +3 more , Wang Y, Hao Y, Liu T
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41916212 · Publisher ↗
Previous papers have reported the positive correlations between gaming time and internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, qualitative patterns of gaming, such as binge gaming (BG, playing more than 5 h consecutively) whic...
Previous papers have reported the positive correlations between gaming time and internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, qualitative patterns of gaming, such as binge gaming (BG, playing more than 5 h consecutively) which is easier to measure and may better reflect core behavioral addictive processes, has been underexplored. To examine whether BG frequency serve as a more distinct and clinically relevant indicator of IGD among Chinese senior high school students, independent of total gaming duration. A total of 2,689 participants (mean age = 16.10 ± 0.95 years; 52.88% male) completed an anonymous web-based survey. Partial correlation, hierarchical regression, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted to verify BG was a more effective and better indicator of IGD compared to weekly gaming time (WGT). Over half of the sample (58.83%) reported engaging in BG at least once, with 17.77% engaging in BG more than weekly. BG frequency was significantly associated with higher nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) scores (partial correlation = 0.306, p < .001), even after adjusting for WGT. Hierarchical regression showed that BG (β = 0.33) was a better indicator of IGD than WGT (β = 0.20) when both were included. ANCOVA confirmed a dose-response relationship: higher BG frequency was associated with increasingly severe IGD symptoms (explaining 10.1% variance after adjusting for WGT, p < .001). BG frequency is a robust and stronger indicator of IGD, independent of total gaming duration. These findings highlight the important role of BG episodes in IGD and provide a new perspective in refining strategies to reduce IGD.
Association between premenstrual syndrome and postnatal depression in women with recurrent major depressive disorder.
Yang JH, Ahn YM, Min S … +25 more , Song Y, Lee HJ, Won S, Lee KY, Kim DH, Baek JH, Na KS, Joo EJ, Lee SH, Park CHK, Myung W, Yoo SY, Park J, Kim WH, Lee MS, Lee JJ, Cho SJ, Moon SW, Jeong JW, Choe YM, Song JY, Kendler KS, Rhee SJ, Lee D, Flint J
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41905247 · Full text
Postnatal depression (PND) represents a major mental health concern with significant implications for mothers and children. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has been suggested as a potential risk factor for PND, although its...
Postnatal depression (PND) represents a major mental health concern with significant implications for mothers and children. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has been suggested as a potential risk factor for PND, although its role among women with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unclear. Using data from the Korean Mood Disorder Genetic Study-Depression (KOMOGEN-D), an analysis of 2309 women with recurrent major depressive disorder and at least one childbirth experience was conducted to investigate the association between PMS and PND.PMS was defined by self-reported premenstrual emotional symptoms, and PND was defined as a depressive episode within 6 months postpartum. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Women with PMS demonstrated significantly higher rates of PND than those without PMS (45.5% vs. 22.5%, p < 0.001). Younger age (odd ratio [OR]: 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-0.94, p < 0.001), younger age at menarche (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.8-0.87, p < 0.001), PMS (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.4-3.45, p < 0.001), childhood sexual abuse (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.33-2.04, p < 0.001), and a family history of MDD (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.48-2.1, p < 0.001) were associated with PND. A positive association was observed between PMS symptom burden and PND incidence. Women with PND also exhibited earlier onset of depression, longer illness duration, and higher trauma exposure. These findings identify PMS as a marker of a clinically meaningful vulnerability profile within recurrent MDD, underscoring the need for tailored screening and intervention strategies across the reproductive life cycle.
The alteration of the brainstem functional connectivity in the first episode and drug-native generalized anxiety disorder and its transcriptional patterns.
Cui X, Han Y, Yan H … +9 more , Shan X, Li H, Hu M, Liu F, Yuan Y, Li P, Lv D, Guo W, Ou Y
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41903484 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Although the brainstem abnormality has been reported in anxiety disorders, there is a scarcity of research targeting the brainstem's functional aberration in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The underlying...
BACKGROUND: Although the brainstem abnormality has been reported in anxiety disorders, there is a scarcity of research targeting the brainstem's functional aberration in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The underlying transcriptional basis of brainstem dysfunction in GAD was also poorly elucidated. METHODOLOGY: This study recruited 100 first-episode drug-naive GAD patients and 85 healthy controls (HCs) to investigate brainstem functional connectivity (FC) alteration in GAD. Fifty-three patients completed four weeks of paroxetine monotherapy. Machine learning methods were employed to evaluate the discriminative and prognostic assessment ability of the brainstem. Using transcriptomics analysis, gene expression patterns related to brainstem FC changes were investigated. RESULT: Compared with HCs, GAD patients exhibited reduced brainstem FC with the visual processing cortex, sensorimotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellar lobules IV-VI/ crus I. After treatment, a normalized trend was found in decreased left brainstem-right middle occipital gyrus FC. The classification and prediction model trained using brainstem FC as features performed well to identify GAD patients from HCs and evaluate treatment response at the individual level. Results of imaging transcriptomics analysis were enriched in oxidative stress response, nuclear regulation, and epigenetic pathways. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the key role of brainstem dysfunction and the disrupted brainstem FC may link to the impaired visual-associated cognition, anxiety generation, and somatic symptoms in GAD. The machine learning method and imaging-transcriptional analysis investigated the FC as a characteristic neuroimaging alteration in GAD and its underlying neurobiological mechanism.
A network analysis of depressive symptoms and externalizing problems in Chinese adolescents.
Zhou Z, Kou C, Qi T … +8 more , Ge A, Chen J, Jiao C, Yu G, Zhang T, Bo B, Liang J, Li W
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895027 · Publisher ↗
The aim of this study was to explore the network model of depressive symptoms and externalizing problems in adolescents aged 10-15 based on the 2022 wave of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). We included 1962 individuals...
The aim of this study was to explore the network model of depressive symptoms and externalizing problems in adolescents aged 10-15 based on the 2022 wave of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). We included 1962 individuals aged 10-15 from CFPS2022. Network analysis revealed that nodes CESD7 (I felt sad), CESD5 (I felt lonely), and CESD8 (I could not get going) were the central symptoms of the depressive symptoms - externalizing problems network. Depressive symptoms and externalizing problems were united by the symptoms of CESD2 (I felt everything I did was an effort), EXT4 (I find it difficult to complete my school work), and EXT3 (I am distracted easily). Additionally, gender did not statistically significantly affect the network structure. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of depressive and externalizing symptoms in adolescents and underscore the importance of considering symptom networks when designing future mental health programs.
Multimorbidity and risk of cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Bai J, Li F, Chen Y … +8 more , Luo Y, Xu W, Liu H, Duan W, Zhang X, Shi A, Chen L, Yin H
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895026 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The long-term relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive impairment remains unclear, and a quantitative synthesis comparing cognitive impairment risks across different multimorbidity patterns is still...
BACKGROUND: The long-term relationship between multimorbidity and cognitive impairment remains unclear, and a quantitative synthesis comparing cognitive impairment risks across different multimorbidity patterns is still lacking. This review aimed to systematically synthesize longitudinal evidence on the association between multimorbidity and cognitive impairment, as well as the risk of cognitive impairment across different multimorbidity patterns. METHODS: Six databases were systematically searched from inception to 9 July 2025. Longtitudinal studies examining multimorbidity or multimorbidity patterns in relation to cognitive impairment risk were eligible. Meta-analyses generated pooled HRs and 95% CIs for cognitive impairment across disease counts and multimorbidity patterns. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for abstracts. RESULTS: Eighteen cohort studies were included in the review. Multimorbidity was associated with a 49% higher risk of cognitive impairment (95% CI 1.22-1.82). The risk increased steadily with the number of chronic conditions, with HRs ranging from 1.38 (95% CI 1.26-1.51) to 3.57 (95% CI 2.84-4.47) for individuals with two to six or more diseases. Among multimorbidity patterns, the mental health pattern showed the highest risk (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.86-2.32), followed by the cardiometabolic pattern (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.92-2.19). Within cardiometabolic disease combinations, coexisting diabetes, stroke, and heart disease conferred the greatest risk. CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity is linked to a substantially increased risk of cognitive impairment, underscoring the need for life-course prevention strategies that emphasize early management of chronic conditions, particularly in midlife. Future research should identify optimal management approaches for different multimorbidity patterns and tailor strategies to individual needs.
The influence of mindfulness therapy on NSSI and serum proBDNF in adolescents with depressive episode of depressive episode of bipolar disorder.
Wang P, Wang T, Wang Y … +4 more , Li H, Qiu J, Hu J, Zhu S
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887007 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There is a significant association between depressive episodes of bipolar disorder and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) represents an evolution of cognitive behaviou...
BACKGROUND: There is a significant association between depressive episodes of bipolar disorder and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) represents an evolution of cognitive behavioural therapy and serves as a comprehensive psychological intervention. Preliminary research suggests that MBCT may enhance cognitive flexibility and attentional adjustment in patients with depressive episodes of bipolar disorder by modulating brain activity. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of MBCT on behaviour, cognitive function, and serum precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) levels in adolescents with depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. METHODS: A total of 149 adolescent patients with bipolar disorder and depression with NSSI were randomly assigned. The Chinese version of the Adolescent Non-suicidal Self-Injury Assessment Questionnaire (ANSAQ) was used to measure NSSI symptoms. One group received MBCT in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 75), while the other group received TAU alone (n = 74). At baseline and at weeks 4 and 8 after treatment initiation, participants were assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). In addition, serum precursor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (proBDNF) levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the MBCT group showed significantly greater improvement than the control group across the three BIS dimensions (motor impulsiveness, cognitive impulsiveness, and non-planning impulsiveness) (P < 0.001). HAMD scores in the MBCT group were significantly lower than those in the TAU group (4 weeks: MBCT:16.89 ± 1.45 vs TAU:17.27 ± 1.47, P < 0.05; 8 weeks: MBCT:9.24 ± 1.43 vs TAU:11.01 ± 1.84, P < 0.001). Similarly, HAMA scores were lower in the MBCT group (4 weeks: MBCT:13.14 ± 1.30 vs TAU:14.13 ± 1.65, P < 0.05; 8 weeks: MBCT:7.16 ± 1.68 vs TAU:8.17 ± 1.40, P < 0.001). Regarding cognitive function, the MBCT group demonstrated significantly higher scores in immediate memory (4 weeks: MBCT:72.31 ± 11.08 vs TAU:68.31 ± 9.36 P < 0.05; 8 weeks:MBCT:74.80 ± 13.06 vs TAU:71.87 ± 13.64, P < 0.05), delayed memory (4 weeks: MBCT:74.46 ± 11.50 vs TAU:70.20 ± 11.76, P < 0.05; 8 weeks: MBCT:76.54 ± 13.07 vs TAU:71.90 ± 12.60, P < 0.001), attention (4 weeks: MBCT:77.53 ± 11.41 vs TAU: 73.01 ± 13.21, P<0.05; 8 weeks: MBCT:84.56 ± 12.77 vs TAU:76.87 ± 11.38, P < 0.001), language ability (4weeks: MBCT:76.47 ± 12.17 vs TAU:72.13 ± 13.25 P < 0.05;8 weeks: MBCT:79.89 ± 15.02 vs TAU:74.83 ± 12.97, P < 0.05) and visuospatial ability (4 weeks:MBCT:89.04 ± 10.92 vs TAU:84.01 ± 12.67 P < 0.05;8 weeks:MBCT:90.23 ± 13.62 vs TAU:87.67 ± 12.74 P < 0.05) . In addition, serum proBDNF levels in the MBCT group were significantly lower than those in the TAU group at both 4 weeks (MBCT:1.34 ± 0.09 ng/mL vs TAU:1.40 ± 0.06 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and 8 weeks (MBCT:1.27 ± 0.07 ng/mL vs TAU:1.31 ± 0.04 ng/mL, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MBCT can effectively reduce impulsive behaviour, alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms related to self-injurious behaviour in adolescents with bipolar depression, and decrease serum proBDNF levels. Additionally, immediate memory, delayed memory, attention, language, and visuospatial ability were significantly improved following treatment.
Chronotherapy shortens hospitalization for bipolar depression: a single-center replication across three decades (1994-2024).
Dallaspezia S, Attanasio F, Maruca S … +2 more , Benedetti F, Colombo C
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887006 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Chronotherapeutic interventions have been proposed as non-pharmacological strategies for the rapid modulation of depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) may induce short-term mo...
BACKGROUND: Chronotherapeutic interventions have been proposed as non-pharmacological strategies for the rapid modulation of depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) may induce short-term mood improvements, and morning bright light therapy (BLT) has been suggested to help stabilize these effects. However, the impact of these interventions on service-level outcomes, including length of hospital stay (LOS), has not been systematically evaluated. METHODS: We analyzed two non-overlapping retrospective cohorts (1994-1998 and 2015-2024) from the same Mood Disorders Unit, including adults hospitalized for a bipolar depressive episode. Within each cohort, patients received either treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU with chronotherapy, consisting of TSD in the earlier cohort and TSD with morning BLT in the later one. LOS was examined with general linear models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The combined sample included 1241 admissions (706 from 1994-1998; 535 from 2015-2024). In both cohorts, LOS was shorter with TSD than with TAU (1994-1998: 20.99±11.09 days vs 23.23±13.34, F = 5.31, p = 0.02; 2015-2024: 24.00±8.24 vs 27.62±8.67, F = 15.46, p < 0.01), with a small effect size in the earlier cohort (d = 0.176) and a small-to-moderate effect in the later one (d = 0.425). Treatment × Cohort interaction was not significant (F = 0.55, p = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Across three decades, the use of chronotherapy was consistently associated with shorter LOS in bipolar depression, despite major changes in clinical practice, organizational structure, and environmental circadian stressors. While causality cannot be inferred due to the observational design, these findings suggest that TSD-based chronotherapeutic interventions may represent a promising approach within acute inpatient care pathways, potentially contributing to improved hospitalization trajectories and discharge readiness in bipolar depression.
Discrepancies between ideal and actual affect predict negative symptoms in schizophrenia in daily life: An ecological momentary assessment study.
Luther L, Barolette JT, Patron C … +5 more , Howell E, James SH, Condray R, Allen DN, Strauss GP
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887005 · Publisher ↗
Limited progress in treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia (SZ) may stem from an imprecise mechanistic understanding of these symptoms. This study tests a newly proposed hypothesis about a novel psychological mechan...
Limited progress in treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia (SZ) may stem from an imprecise mechanistic understanding of these symptoms. This study tests a newly proposed hypothesis about a novel psychological mechanism-that negative symptoms result from discrepancies between ideal and actual affect. Greater trait discrepancies between how one wants to feel versus how one actually feels have previously been associated with greater negative symptom severity. This study uses Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to determine whether these effects extend to daily life contexts. Thirty-nine outpatients with SZ and 33 healthy controls (CN) completed 7 days of EMA surveys assessing negative symptoms and ideal-actual affect discrepancies for positive and negative affect. SZ had greater ideal-actual negative but not positive affect discrepancies in daily life, suggesting SZ feel more negative affect than they desire to than CN. A greater discrepancy between one's ideal and actual negative and positive affect was associated with greater concurrent anhedonia and avolition. Time-lagged analyses showed a greater discrepancy between ideal-actual positive and negative affect was uniquely tied to higher levels of prospective anhedonia in SZ. The strength of the discrepancy between ideal and actual affect also varied across activity, social partner, and location contexts. The greater discrepancy between how positive and negative a person with SZ wants to feel may result in feeling defeated and demotivated, contributing to reduced engagement in goal-directed and pleasurable activities. This discrepancy between ideal and actual affect is a novel mechanistic target for negative symptoms that could be targeted with just-in-time digital therapeutics.
Between shame and visibility: A network analysis of social anxiety and eating-disorder psychopathology.
Meneguzzo P, De Mico A, Zago M … +3 more , Favaro A, Tenconi E, Todisco P
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887004 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Social anxiety is highly prevalent in eating disorders (EDs), yet its relationship with eating psychopathology and distinct social-evaluative fears remains incompletely understood. This study examined how gen...
BACKGROUND: Social anxiety is highly prevalent in eating disorders (EDs), yet its relationship with eating psychopathology and distinct social-evaluative fears remains incompletely understood. This study examined how general social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation (FNE), fear of positive evaluation (FPE), and eating-disorder symptom domains are interconnected in clinical and non-clinical samples using a network-based approach. METHODS: Participants were 223 adults (103 ED patients, 120 community controls) who completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale. Regularized partial correlation networks were estimated separately for ED and general population groups to compare symptom architecture and node centrality. Network stability was evaluated using bootstrap procedures. RESULTS: Networks revealed a denser and more body-centered symptom structure in ED patients compared with controls. Shape and weight concerns emerged as the most central nodes in the clinical network, with social anxiety showing greater integration with appearance-related domains. In contrast, evaluative fears were more tightly anchored to social anxiety in the general population network. Overall, findings suggest increased coupling between interpersonal anxiety and body-image processes in EDs. CONCLUSIONS: Social anxiety appears embedded within a broader internalizing symptom architecture organized around body-related evaluation in eating disorders. These results support transdiagnostic models emphasizing shared socio-evaluative processes across ED presentations and highlight the clinical relevance of addressing both social anxiety and appearance-focused cognitions to promote more flexible social engagement.
Multimodal machine learning for major depressive disorder: Integrating EEG functional connectivity and clinical variables to enhance diagnostic accuracy.
Huang SS, Chen JP, Lin TP … +4 more , Tsai YT, Kuo PH, Hou PH, Peng SJ
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887003 · Publisher ↗
The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) relies heavily on subjective clinical assessments. This study evaluated various machine learning models in differentiating between MDD patients and healthy controls using...
The diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) relies heavily on subjective clinical assessments. This study evaluated various machine learning models in differentiating between MDD patients and healthy controls using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) features and clinical variables as input variables. A total of 123 participants, including 77 MDD patients and 46 sex- and age-matched controls underwent resting-state EEG recording and 11 standardized clinical assessments. From each EEG, we extracted absolute and relative power and functional connectivity metrics, including phase locking value, phase lag index (PLI), and weighted PLI across standard EEG frequency bands. Nineteen ML classifiers were evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation. The best-performing EEG-only model using absolute power with a medium KNN classifier achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.876. The best-performing clinical-only model yielded an AUC of 0.849. A combined model integrating EEG absolute power and clinical variables further improved performance (AUC = 0.896). Integrating EEG features with clinical data significantly enhanced the MDD classification performance. These findings support the potential of using multimodal data fusion and machine learning to develop objective diagnostic tools for the assessment of psychiatric disorders.
Left cortical activation and combined diagnostic utility during three verbal fluency tasks in major depressive disorder: A multi-channel fNIRS study.
Zhang HG, Jialin A, Chen ZR … +9 more , Zhang JQ, Wang C, Cao MN, Li XJ, Yin XW, Ye JX, Xue C, Zhong BL, Deng W
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41880939 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Recent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies have shown reduced left cortical hemodynamic responses in major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting a promising neuroimaging biomarker for diagno...
BACKGROUND: Recent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies have shown reduced left cortical hemodynamic responses in major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting a promising neuroimaging biomarker for diagnosis. However, given MDD's pronounced clinical heterogeneity and widespread cognitive impairments, reliance on a single task-based activation index may be insufficiently sensitive. Therefore, this study aims to combine three Chinese verbal fluency tasks (VFTs) with distinct cognitive demands to delineate MDD-related aberrant neural response patterns and to derive more comprehensive, robust fNIRS biomarkers for objective diagnostic classification. METHODS: This study recruited 60 patients with MDD and 60 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs). Hemodynamic changes in the left cortex were measured using a 48-channel fNIRS during the three VFTs. Demographics information, clinical characteristics and VFT performance were also collected. FINDINGS: Each Chinese VFT variant elicited a different pattern of left cortical activation. Relative to HCs, patients with MDD exhibited significantly reduced activation in both the left dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortices. Moreover, integrating neural activation indices across all three VFTs substantially enhanced the discrimination between MDD patients and HCs compared with any single task. CONCLUSIONS: In light of the heterogeneous nature of depression and its broad impact on multiple cognitive domains, combining multiple cognitive paradigms may develop richer and more reliable fNIRS-based biomarkers for the identification of MDD.
Comment on "Feasibility of using ecological momentary assessment to investigate suicidality among inpatient adolescents".
Mokkapati A, Thakkar R, Rani A … +1 more , Puri D
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41880938 · Publisher ↗
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Exploring bidirectional links between body mass index and mental health: The role of intersectionality in the Pro-Saude cohort study.
Vettore MV, Lopes CS, Miliauskas CR … +4 more , Soares FC, Loureiro FM, Stea TH, Faerstein E
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41880937 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The link between body mass index (BMI) and mental health has been investigated. However, longitudinal studies examining the bidirectional associations between BMI and psychological distress are scarce. METHOD...
BACKGROUND: The link between body mass index (BMI) and mental health has been investigated. However, longitudinal studies examining the bidirectional associations between BMI and psychological distress are scarce. METHOD: The Pro-Saude study is a prospective cohort study involving non-faculty civil servants from university campuses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data from baseline (1999, N = 3,668), Wave 2 (2001-2002, N = 2,781), and Wave 3 (2006-2007, N = 2,372) were analysed. Baseline measures included age, sex, race/skin colour, educational attainment, BMI, and psychological distress (assessed using GHQ-12). BMI and psychological distress were reassessed at Waves 2 and 3. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and standardised anthropometric procedures conducted at participants' workplaces. Changes in BMI and psychological distress were analysed using latent growth models. Intersectionality was assessed through interaction terms, complemented by age-adjusted linear regression models to examine intersectional effects. Bidirectionality between BMI and psychological distress was evaluated by cross-lagged models. RESULTS: BMI significantly increased over time. Psychological distress predicted BMI but BMI did not predict psychological distress across study waves. Psychological distress and female sex predicted a greater increase in BMI over time. Intersectionality between race/skin colour and educational attainment showed that all subgroups had higher mean BMI than white individuals with tertiary education. Male participants, those with higher BMI, white race/skin colour, and higher educational attainment had lower scores of psychological distress at baseline. CONCLUSION: Prevent weight gain and mental health deterioration among employed adults should be aligned and integrated into workplace health strategies. Interventions targeting specific subgroups, including women, those with brown (pardo) and black skin colour, and lower educational attainment are necessary to reduce inequalities related to BMI.
Steroid/thyroid hormones and inflammatory markers in adolescents with ADHD: comparisons with healthy controls and modifications by methylphenidate.
Aguado-Rivas R, Checa-Ros A, Fernández-López L … +5 more , Tortosa-Pinto P, González-Villén R, Contreras-Chova F, Fernández-Ibañez A, Molina-Carballo A
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41880936 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that neuroendocrine and inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology, although findings in adolescents and the effects...
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that neuroendocrine and inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology, although findings in adolescents and the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) remain limited. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the baseline profile of activating hormones and levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their changes after treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) in adolescents with ADHD, in comparison with controls. METHODS: Eighty-one adolescents (40 with ADHD and 41 healthy controls) were evaluated. Morning serum concentrations of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), S100B, and seven cytokines were measured. Patients with ADHD were reassessed after approximately four months of MPH treatment. Analyses considered ADHD presentation and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. Multivariable regression models were used to adjust biomarker associations for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: Adolescents with ADHD showed significantly lower morning cortisol concentrations than controls. Several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) were increased, particularly in males, whereas TNF-α and S100B did not differ between groups. Multivariable analyses confirmed independent associations between lower cortisol and higher cytokine levels with ADHD. TSH and DHEAS showed minor variations related to ODD symptoms but no consistent differences between ADHD presentations. MPH treatment improved clinical symptoms but produced no significant overall changes in hormonal or cytokine profiles CONCLUSION: Adolescents with ADHD exhibit an altered immune-hormonal profile characterized by reduced cortisol and increased circulating cytokines. These alterations appear largely independent of demographic and clinical confounders and only minimally influenced by short-term MPH treatment, suggesting persistent neuroendocrine-immune dysregulation during adolescence.
Letter to editor regarding "Cognition in schizophrenia across phases of illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
Li Y, Ding X
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41865644 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Age-specific variations and emerging trends in behavioral activation interventions: A keyword network analysis.
Hwang M, Son S, Nam Y … +1 more , Kim TH
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41865643 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to explore the age-specific characteristics and research trends of Behavioral Activation (BA) interventions through a Keyword Network Analysis (KNA). A comprehensive review of experimental studies applyi...
This study aimed to explore the age-specific characteristics and research trends of Behavioral Activation (BA) interventions through a Keyword Network Analysis (KNA). A comprehensive review of experimental studies applying BA was conducted, covering literature published between 2003 and 2023. Keywords were extracted by age group children and adolescents, adults, and older adults and analyzed using network metrics and cohesive structure evaluation. BA interventions were consistently associated with reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms and improvements in quality of life across all age groups. However, the focal areas of BA varied by age: in children and adolescents, BA-related keywords were linked to emotional regulation and health disparities; adult-focused studies emphasized distress management, digital healthcare integration, and overall wellbeing; among older adults, BA was associated with increased activity scheduling, greater social participation, and reduced social isolation. Across all groups, depression emerged as the most central keyword. These age-specific patterns were further clarified through cohesive structure analysis, which revealed thematic differences across developmental stages and underscored the need for age-tailored BA strategies. Specifically, BA implementation tended to emphasize emotional and social skills in adolescents, stress regulation and digital self-management in adults, and structured activity planning in older adults. Together, these findings support the potential of BA as a flexible, transdiagnostic mental health intervention that can be integrated across the lifespan.
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