Allen JP, Hunt GL, Costello MA
… +1 more, Uchino B
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Apr · PMID 42026872
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This study examined adolescent-family relationship predictors of adult-era resilience in the face of the COVID pandemic, considering both mental and physical health outcomes. Adolescents (99 female, 85 male; 107 White, 5...This study examined adolescent-family relationship predictors of adult-era resilience in the face of the COVID pandemic, considering both mental and physical health outcomes. Adolescents (99 female, 85 male; 107 White, 53 African American, 15 mixed race/ethnicity, 9 from other minority groups) were followed from age 18 to 38 utilizing both observational and self-report assessments. After accounting for levels of functioning pre-COVID, adolescents who demonstrated a capacity to handle disagreements without becoming engaged in relatedness-undermining hostile behavior in mother-adolescent dyads went on as adults to experience relatively fewer depressive symptoms and better physical health quality post-COVID onset (Direct β's = 0.28 and -0.17, respectively). Follow-up analyses suggested these effects were potentially mediated by maternal reports of adult-era quality of the mother-participant relationship, by level of ongoing maternal contact, and by lower levels of loneliness. Evidence was also found that maintaining contact with fathers in adulthood predicted better health outcomes post-pandemic. Results are taken as supporting a systems approach to understanding resilience, as Luthar has suggested, and identifying the mother-adolescent relationship as a potential long-term protective factor well into mid-adulthood.
The differential susceptibility model suggests that the same children who are more susceptible to peer rejection are also more susceptible to peer acceptance. Testing this within-child assumption, we examined whether a s...The differential susceptibility model suggests that the same children who are more susceptible to peer rejection are also more susceptible to peer acceptance. Testing this within-child assumption, we examined whether a subgroup of children exists who are more reactive to both rejection and acceptance, and whether higher levels of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) characterize this subgroup. We randomly assigned 455 preadolescents ( = 10.86, 49.5% boys) to receive either counterbalanced rejection and acceptance feedback (experimental group) or neutral feedback (control group) from online fictitious peers, and assessed their emotional, self-esteem, attributional, and behavioral responses. Results revealed two subgroups of children showing elevated emotional or self-esteem reactivity to both rejection and acceptance, supporting within-child differential susceptibility. However, SPS did not distinguish these subgroups or moderate children's responses to peer feedback - suggesting limited support for SPS as a differential susceptibility marker to experimentally manipulated peer acceptance and rejection.
Marceau K, Law A, Derefinko KJ
… +19 more, Robertson OC, Nozadi SS, Li L, Liu C, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Bush N, Propper C, Moore B, Elliott AJ, Calub CA, Bastain TM, Liang D, Schweitzer JB, Al-Sahab B, Schmidt RJ, Volk HE, Neiderhiser JM, ECHO Cohort Consortium Members
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Apr · PMID 41936434
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Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with an increased risk of child externalizing problems. It remains unclear whether these associations are externalizing-specific, or better explained by como...Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with an increased risk of child externalizing problems. It remains unclear whether these associations are externalizing-specific, or better explained by comorbidity between externalizing and internalizing domains, or vary by age and sex. To address comorbidity and differentiation between domains, we leveraged the severity-directional model of psychopathology. Severity reflects the overall level of psychopathology symptoms across both domains (high levels of severity can only be reached by having symptoms of both types simultaneously), whereas directionality captures the balance/differentiation of internalizing vs. externalizing symptoms regardless of number of total symptoms. Participants included 16,335 children aged 1-19 years old (47.78% female, 58.17% White, 75.46% non-Hispanic) from 55 U.S.-based cohorts within the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium. MSDP predicted differentiation toward externalizing problems in 2-year age bins 1-2 through 7-8 and 13-14 years; remaining (non-significant) age bins had similar magnitudes. MSDP predicted higher symptom severity in all age bins. Findings likely reflect a combination of MSDP associations with comorbid symptom severity and specificity toward externalizing problems, with little evidence of age or sex differences. Additional analyses explored e-cigarette use, other prenatal substance use, and postnatal smoke exposure; associations were sparse and unsystematic.
Poorer language ability is a known risk factor for elevated depressive symptoms. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this association remain underexplored. Utilizing data from a comprehensive pre-birth cohort in...Poorer language ability is a known risk factor for elevated depressive symptoms. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this association remain underexplored. Utilizing data from a comprehensive pre-birth cohort in Singapore ( = 473; 49.9% boys; 57.3% Chinese, 27.9% Malay, 14.8% Indian), the present study examined whether (i) self-concept domains mediate the association between early language ability and depressive symptoms during preadolescence, and (ii) these indirect pathways differ by child sex. Children's early language ability was assessed at ages 2 and 4 using standardized assessments of vocabulary and phonological processing. Self-concept and depressive symptoms were measured at ages 8.5 and 10, respectively. Results indicated that the domain of behavioral adjustment mediated the relationship between early language ability and subsequent depressive symptoms for girls ( = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.15, -0.01]), whereas happiness and satisfaction served as a key mediator for boys ( = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.03]). After accounting for these mediators, there was no direct association between early language ability and depressive symptoms. These findings highlight potential sex-specific mechanisms through which early language ability is prospectively associated with depressive symptoms. Future research is necessary to determine whether enhancing self-concept can mitigate depressive symptoms in children with early language difficulties.
Hubbard JA, Moore CC, Zajac L
… +2 more, Bookhout MK, Dozier M
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41910041
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Theorists conceptualize reactive aggression as emotional (especially angry) and proactive aggression as unemotional (although it is unclear whether relations between proactive aggression and emotion are null or negative)...Theorists conceptualize reactive aggression as emotional (especially angry) and proactive aggression as unemotional (although it is unclear whether relations between proactive aggression and emotion are null or negative). Goals of the current study were to: (a) examine links between reactive aggression and a range of emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and anxiety), and (b) include neutral emotion to address whether proactive aggression is unrelated or negatively related to emotion. To assess emotion, playgroups of four same-sex, unfamiliar, nine-year-old children (N = 158; 52.5% males; racially/ethnically diverse) interacted as round-robin dyads while completing challenging and cooperative tasks; observers coded emotions second-by-second. To assess both behavioral and observational reactive-versus-proactive aggression, children completed video games with virtual peers. Reactive aggression was positively related to happiness, anger, and anxiety and negatively related to neutral emotion, for at least one task and one aggression measure. Proactive aggression was positively related to neutral emotion but negatively related to happiness, for both tasks and aggression measures. Findings enhance theoretical understanding of: (a) reactive aggression as broadly emotional by relating it to happiness and anxiety as well as anger, and (b) proactive aggression as unemotional by linking it to the display of neutral emotion and the lack of display of happiness.
Xu J, Lv X, Gao MM
… +5 more, Liu Y, Zhang H, Duo D, Ren H, Han ZR
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891456
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Mastering adaptive stress coping behaviors is an important developmental task for children and has been theorized to be closely related to physiological activity. However, the relations between stress coping behaviors an...Mastering adaptive stress coping behaviors is an important developmental task for children and has been theorized to be closely related to physiological activity. However, the relations between stress coping behaviors and physiological processes remain unclear. This study examined whether different coping behaviors were uniquely related to physiological processes in a parent-child dyadic stress-coping task. A total of 88 Chinese parent-child dyads were included in this study (total = 176; child = 8.07 years; 96.4% Han ethnicity). Child active coping, seeking social support, and disengaged coping were coded, and parents' and children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) levels were measured. We quantified child baseline-to-task RSA reactivity, child RSA inertia, and parent-to-child RSA synchrony. Results indicated that children who were more likely to seek support from their parents and less likely to exhibit behavioral disengagement had lower RSA inertia, which indicates more flexible physiological regulation. Children who exhibited more active and less disengaged coping behaviors had greater parent-to-child RSA synchrony, suggesting more efficient interpersonal co-regulation at the physiological level. These findings highlight specific associations between children's coping behaviors and physiological regulation processes during dyadic stress interactions, offering insights into how behavioral and physiological systems may coordinate in middle childhood.
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891455
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Studies persuasively show that parental power assertion contributes to children's hostile (defensive) mindsets, but most examined severe forms of control (abuse, harsh punishment) and aggressive children. Less is known a...Studies persuasively show that parental power assertion contributes to children's hostile (defensive) mindsets, but most examined severe forms of control (abuse, harsh punishment) and aggressive children. Less is known about processes linking power assertion with children's hostile mindsets in typical, low-risk families. Further, specific mechanisms accounting for associations between parenting and hostile mindsets are unclear; children's theory of mind (ToM) and regulation have been suggested, implying equifinality in developmental cascades. Finally, factors that moderate impact of parenting on children's hostile mindsets, implying multifinality, are unclear. In a study of 200 mothers, fathers, and children, we proposed that links between parental power assertion and children's hostile mindsets are (a) accounted for by two parallel mediators - children's poor ToM and poor regulation, and (b) moderated by their representations of parents. We expected links between power assertion and hostile mindset to be significant for children with negative representations, but defused, or absent, for children with positive representations. Parental power assertion was assessed at toddler and preschool age, ToM and regulation at preschool age, and hostile mindsets and representations of parents at early school age. We supported both mediated paths for mother-child dyads, mediation via child regulation for father-child dyads, and moderation for both.
Chandler-Mather N, Dawe S, Scuffham P
… +5 more, Ng SK, Eggins E, Hawkins E, Shanley D, Modecki KL
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891453
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The current study aimed to examine the influence of distinct patterns of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and postnatal threat and deprivation during infancy on sleep outcomes at three-years. Data were derived from a long...The current study aimed to examine the influence of distinct patterns of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and postnatal threat and deprivation during infancy on sleep outcomes at three-years. Data were derived from a longitudinal cohort originating from predominately low-income hospital settings in Australia ( = 1952 children; 50.6% female; 80.1% maternal education of trade school or less; 87.4% born in Australia or UK; 2.1% identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander) across three developmental waves (prenatal, 12 months, and three years). Children with two distinct patterns of heavy PAE, heavy reducer and heavy throughout, showed statistically significantly reductions in sleep duration at age three in the context of early threat exposure, relative to children with no PAE (11 minute reduction per threat exposure & 30 minute reduction per threat exposure, respectively; small effects). Threat exposure during infancy also independently predicted more night waking (11% increase in frequency per threat exposure; moderate effects) at three years. Overall, Overall, addressing children's intersectional pre- and post-natal risks remains a critical way forward.
Wicher CL, Buecker S, Philippi P
… +1 more, Kaurin A
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891447
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Publisher ↗
Adolescence is characterized by heightened sensitivity to social belonging, making loneliness prevalent and consequential for youth. Maladaptive personality traits may further exacerbate loneliness. In this preregistered...Adolescence is characterized by heightened sensitivity to social belonging, making loneliness prevalent and consequential for youth. Maladaptive personality traits may further exacerbate loneliness. In this preregistered 14-day Ecological Momentary Assessment study, we examined loneliness across social contexts and timescales in relation to maladaptive personality traits among = 294 adolescents aged 12-21 years ( = 17.5, = 2.64; 58.5% female; 86.73% born in Germany). Participants answered 27,503 of 32,340 momentary prompts, indicating high compliance (85.1%). Loneliness ( = 0.51; = 0.67) was higher when participants were alone, yet only the presence of close others (e.g., friends) - not weaker ties (e.g., classmates) - reduced loneliness ( = -0.39 to -0.62). Youth who were alone more frequently did not report higher overall loneliness. Maladaptive personality traits were associated with higher ( = 0.32; = 0.40) and more variable ( = 0.31; = 0.34) loneliness but amplified the effect of being alone on loneliness only on the between-person level ( = -1.13). Exploratory analyses indicated that social satisfaction partially mediated the association ( = 0.50). These findings underscore the importance of both structural and qualitative aspects of social environments, as well as personality-related vulnerabilities, to better understand loneliness dynamics in youth.
Jennings KE, Juarez DG, Uy JP
… +10 more, Buthmann JL, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Eriksson JG, Fortier MV, Chen H, Meaney MJ, Tan AP, Gotlib IH, Miller JG
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891445
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Recent research suggests that maternal mood entropy, a novel measure of mood dysfunction, is associated with child outcomes. However, the link between maternal mood entropy and children's structural brain development, an...Recent research suggests that maternal mood entropy, a novel measure of mood dysfunction, is associated with child outcomes. However, the link between maternal mood entropy and children's structural brain development, and how this association may change across childhood, remains unclear. In a longitudinal study with neuroimaging data collected at ages 4.5, 6, 7.5, and 10.5 years ( = 1,498; = 674 with neuroimaging), we examined whether maternal mood entropy is associated with children's hippocampal and amygdala volumes over time. Mothers reported on negative mood symptoms at several assessments between ages 3 months and 4.5 years. We calculated maternal mood levels as the sum of mood symptoms and computed maternal mood entropy by applying Shannon's entropy to the distributions of mood questionnaire responses. Maternal mood measures were not associated with amygdala volumes; however, mood entropy was directly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes at age 4.5 years and indirectly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes at 10.5 years through rank-order stability over time. These effects were present beyond the effects of socioeconomic status and intracranial volume and were specific to mood entropy, not mood levels. Our findings indicate that patterns of maternal mood are embedded in early childhood brain structure, setting the stage for subsequent neurodevelopment.
Waddell JT, Cruz-Vespa N, Baker F
… +6 more, Clark D, Nagel B, Nooner KB, Tapert SF, Thompson WK, Brown SA
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41891444
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Negative urgency is a transdiagnostic risk factor for a plethora of mental disorders. Internalizing symptoms are embedded in theories of negative urgency, yet we know little regarding how developmental changes in each co...Negative urgency is a transdiagnostic risk factor for a plethora of mental disorders. Internalizing symptoms are embedded in theories of negative urgency, yet we know little regarding how developmental changes in each coincide, and if changes in one predict changes in the other across middle adolescence. This study filled these voids in the literature, with = 754 (52% female) community-recruited youth from the National Consortium on Alcohol NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study reporting internalizing symptoms and negative urgency annually. Negative urgency and internalizing symptoms were highly correlated at the between-person level, and between-person correlations were nearly double in size within male versus female adolescents. At the within-person level, changes in negative urgency and internalizing symptoms co-occurred across ages 14-18 but not age 13. Age 14 within-person changes in negative urgency prospectively predicted age 15 within-person changes in internalizing symptoms, and this effect was nearly double in size within female versus male adolescents. Findings held when accounting for externalizing symptoms, other impulsive personality traits, parenting, and school transitions. Results indicate that relations between negative urgency and internalizing symptoms were demonstrated across and within adolescents, with time-varying changes in negative urgency at age 14 being particularly impactful in terms of future internalizing symptoms.
Heinze H, Schmiedek F, Brandt V
… +2 more, Daseking M, Kerner Auch Koerner J
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41796972
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Publisher ↗
Temperament has been linked to the development of externalizing symptoms, but the nature of these associations remains unclear. Traditional approaches often treat early reactive temperament as static, overlooking develop...Temperament has been linked to the development of externalizing symptoms, but the nature of these associations remains unclear. Traditional approaches often treat early reactive temperament as static, overlooking developmental variation. This study applied a longitudinal latent change score model to examine how levels and changes in Negative Affect (NA) and Surgency from age 3 to 5 predict Conduct Problems (CP) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in early childhood. Data from the National Educational Panel Study ( = 2,477) were analyzed. Temperament was assessed at ages 3, 4, and 5 using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, and CP and ADHD symptoms were measured at ages 5, 6, and 8 with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Measurement invariance was established. Significant individual differences in developmental change emerged. Change in NA and Surgency, but not baseline levels, predicted higher latent CP and ADHD symptom levels at age 5 and further increases through age 8. These findings indicate that intraindividual change in reactive temperament can be a relevant marker of developmental risk. Temperamental risk for externalizing symptoms in early childhood is not fixed but may be shaped by both stable dispositions and developmental change, highlighting the importance of assessing temperament development to identify early emerging risk.
Hill RTJ, Frick PJ, Steinberg L
… +2 more, Cauffman E, Simmons C
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41796969
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Publisher ↗
Youth involved in the juvenile legal system face elevated rates of internalizing and externalizing behavioral health problems, including distress, substance use, and antisocial behavior. However, research rarely examines...Youth involved in the juvenile legal system face elevated rates of internalizing and externalizing behavioral health problems, including distress, substance use, and antisocial behavior. However, research rarely examines how these problems co-develop and relate to long-term legal outcomes. This study applied group-based multi-trajectory modeling to longitudinal data from 1,216 system-involved male youth (Mage = 15.29; 46% Latino/Hispanic, 37% Black, 15% White, 2% multiracial/other) to uncover patterns of co-occurring externalizing (antisocial behavior, harmful substance use, antagonistic traits) and internalizing (distress) problems and their association with rearrest in young adulthood. We identified eight unique trajectory groups, three of which showed elevated rearrest risk: (1) youth with moderate externalizing and internalizing problems that worsened over time, (2) youth with high-decreasing externalizing problems but moderate-increasing internalizing problems, and (3) youth with high-stable antagonistic traits in the absence of other elevated problems. Membership in these high-risk groups was predicted by specific contextual factors - including peer deviance, violence exposure, negative home environment, and low school orientation - highlighting the role of both risk and protective influences. These findings underscore the utility of longitudinal, dimensional behavioral health assessment in identifying long-term system-involvement risk and tailoring intervention strategies for system-involved youth.
Lin J, Moore J, Field N
… +3 more, Stern J, Allen J, Coan J
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41777113
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OBJECTIVE: Adolescence is a sensitive period for social and neural development. Empathic growth during adolescence has been linked to improved prosocial behavior in adulthood. This study examined how adolescent empathy r...OBJECTIVE: Adolescence is a sensitive period for social and neural development. Empathic growth during adolescence has been linked to improved prosocial behavior in adulthood. This study examined how adolescent empathy relates to adulthood neural responses to rejection. METHOD: Participants ( = 77; 42 females, 52% White) were drawn from a demographically diverse community sample and assessed annually from ages 13 to 21. Each year, participants' empathic support provision toward a close friend was evaluated during an observationally coded support task. At approximately age 24, participants completed the Cyberball social exclusion paradigm while undergoing fucntional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS: Whole-brain exploratory analyses revealed that greater empathic support provision during adolescence was associated with reduced activation in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) during social exclusion in early adulthood (Cohen's = 0.12), suggesting a contribution of empathy provision to rejection-related neural responses later in life. The effect was not driven by felt distress during social exclusion, indicating that adolescent empathic support provision is potentially associated with neural responses to social exclusion independent of subjective distress. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the long-term links of empathy to adult social processes and may inform interventions aimed at enhancing interpersonal functioning and resilience.
Grünert A, Scott SB, Smyth JM
… +1 more, Neubauer AB
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Feb · PMID 41755507
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Publisher ↗
The present work investigated changes in well-being during the transition out of upper secondary education (i.e., from shortly before graduating from upper secondary education to approximately one year later). The motiva...The present work investigated changes in well-being during the transition out of upper secondary education (i.e., from shortly before graduating from upper secondary education to approximately one year later). The motivation for a post-school pathway (e.g., starting university or vocational training) was examined as a potential predictor of between-person differences in well-being trajectories. German-speaking high school graduates ( = 874 between ages 16 and 20; 69% female, 95% born in Germany) reported on their affective well-being in up to four surveys and indicated their motivation for their post-school pathway. At three measurement occasions, participants also participated in a three-week experience sampling phase, in which they reported on their daily well-being. Latent change models revealed an initial increase in well-being after graduation, but mixed evidence for subsequent trajectories, as both positive and negative affect decreased on average. Changes in well-being were more pronounced for global than for daily assessments of affective well-being. We did not find associations between the motivation for a post-school pathway and well-being trajectories. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of well-being trajectories during the transition out of upper secondary education and the importance of using multiple time points and assessment methods to understand these dynamics.
Sikes-Keilp C, Jensen KA, Wilson ED
… +2 more, Lunsford-Avery JR, Andersen EH
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Feb · PMID 41736308
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In a sample of early post-menarchal female adolescents, this study examined sleep regularity in relation to depression symptoms, circadian rhythms, and chronotype preference. Sixty-six female adolescents, aged 11-14 and...In a sample of early post-menarchal female adolescents, this study examined sleep regularity in relation to depression symptoms, circadian rhythms, and chronotype preference. Sixty-six female adolescents, aged 11-14 and within fifteen months post-menarche, completed a one-week sleep and circadian rhythm assessment involving self-reported sleep behaviors, 24-h sleep monitoring using wrist actigraphy, and serial cortisol and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin collections for four days. Sleep regularity was operationalized as the probability of being in the same wake/sleep state at any two timepoints 24 h apart (i.e., sleep regularity index (SRI)). Reduced SRI was associated with higher depressive symptoms ( [1,273] = 18.65, = < .0001), as were eveningness chronotype ( [1,273] = 21.13, = < .0001), sleep duration ( [1,273] = 6.25, = .01), and self-reported life stress ( [1,273] = 22.82, = < .0001). The interaction between SRI and chronotype was also a predictor of increased depression ( [1,273] = 18.65, = < .0001), such that eveningness and low sleep regularity predicted higher scores. Sleep regularity was not significantly associated with cortisol awakening response, cortisol slope, or overnight melatonin levels. Sleep regularity appears linked to altered mood in early post-menarchal girls. Further research linking sleep regularity to physiological processes governing sleep is warranted. Interventions targeting sleep regularity stand to improve mental health outcomes, as well as promote healthy developmental trajectories for affect regulation.
Baker AE, Padgaonkar NT, Enriquez I
… +2 more, Peris TS, Galván A
Dev Psychopathol
· 2026 Feb · PMID 41731343
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Adolescence represents a pivotal neurodevelopmental period marked by escalating anxiety symptoms and heightened approach motivations. Although anxiety is typically linked to avoidance, concurrent shifts in motivational s...Adolescence represents a pivotal neurodevelopmental period marked by escalating anxiety symptoms and heightened approach motivations. Although anxiety is typically linked to avoidance, concurrent shifts in motivational systems and neurocircuitry may alter its behavioral and neural expression, shaping developmental trajectories and treatment response. This study investigated how approach motivations (Behavioral Activation System; BAS) interact with anxiety to influence behavior and brain function in = 121 adolescents (ages 9-13; 44% girls; 33.1% White, 22.3% Latino, 19.8% Asian, 14.9% Black, 9.9% Mixed Race). Participants completed a decision-making task and resting-state fMRI. Dimensional analyses examined joint effects of anxiety and BAS on risk-taking behaviors, task-evoked neural activity and connectivity, and intrinsic connectivity at rest. Higher anxiety was associated with risk aversion and inhibition when BAS was low, but with risk-taking and impulsivity when BAS was high (risk-taking: = 0.25, = .012; inhibitory control: = 0.13, < .001). During risk-taking, anxiety and BAS showed interactive effects on striatal ( = -0.10, = .006) and amygdala ( = 0.10, = .005) activity alongside distinct effects on prefrontal-subcortical connectivity ( = -0.30, = .014; = 0.17, = .01). Higher BAS was associated with stronger intrinsic prefrontal-striatal connectivity ( = 0.23, = .012), while anxiety showed no significant resting-state effects. Findings underscore the role of reward-related systems in adolescent anxiety and support developmentally informed, personalized intervention strategies.