J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The Effect of Weightlifting Belt on the Relative Load-Velocity Relationship and One-Repetition Maximum Prediction Accuracy in the Free-Weight Back Squat.
Huang Y, García-Ramos A, Chen Z … +6 more , Li Z, Yu J, Geng Y, Li D, Jia B, Lam WK
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42112965 · Publisher ↗
Huang, Y, García-Ramos, A, Chen, Z, Li, Z, Yu, J, Geng, Y, Li, D, Jia, B, and LAM, W-K. The effect of weightlifting belt on the relative load-velocity relationship and one-repetition maximum prediction accuracy in the fr...
Huang, Y, García-Ramos, A, Chen, Z, Li, Z, Yu, J, Geng, Y, Li, D, Jia, B, and LAM, W-K. The effect of weightlifting belt on the relative load-velocity relationship and one-repetition maximum prediction accuracy in the free-weight back squat. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared the relative load-velocity relationship between free-weight back squats performed with (SWB) and without (SNB) wearing a weightlifting belt, and examined the accuracy of the absolute load-velocity relationship to estimate SWB one-repetition maximum (1RM). Twenty-five resistance-trained athletes (14 men and 11 women) completed 2 sessions in both SWB and SNB conditions. The load-velocity relationship, modeled using both multiple-point (40, 55, 70, and 85% 1RM) and 2-point (40%, 85% 1RM) methods, was used to estimate SWB 1RM of the second session based on individual and average optimal minimum velocity thresholds from the first session. SWB significantly increased 1RM (119.2 ± 36.8 vs. 114.0 ± 34.9 kg; p < 0.001) and bar velocities across all 4 submaximal absolute loads ( p = 0.006-0.026), but slightly reduced velocities at relative loads of 85-100% 1RM ( p = 0.025-0.049). The velocities corresponding to different %1RM demonstrated acceptable reproducibility (mean coefficient of variation = 5.2%, mean intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85) and no significant differences between the multiple- and 2-point methods ( p = 0.111-0.944). All approaches estimated SWB 1RM with low to moderate absolute percentage errors (4.2-5.2%). In conclusion, using a weightlifting belt does not substantially affect the %1RM-V relationship below 85%1RM and yields 1RM estimations with accuracy comparable with that previously reported for the SNB condition. The 2-point method combined with an optimal minimum velocity threshold provides a time-efficient approach for estimating 1RM and establishing the associated %1RM-V relationship in the free-weight back squat.
NBA-Drafted vs. Non-Drafted Basketball Players: A Comparative Analysis of Neuromuscular Performance Characteristics.
Cabarkapa D, Cabarkapa DV, Comfort P … +1 more , Fry AC
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42112962 · Publisher ↗
Cabarkapa, D, Cabarkapa, DV, Comfort, P, and Fry, AC. NBA-drafted vs. non-drafted basketball players: A comparative analysis of neuromuscular performance characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 689-694, 2026-The purp...
Cabarkapa, D, Cabarkapa, DV, Comfort, P, and Fry, AC. NBA-drafted vs. non-drafted basketball players: A comparative analysis of neuromuscular performance characteristics. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 689-694, 2026-The purpose of this investigation was to examine differences in lower-body neuromuscular performance characteristics between National Basketball Association (NBA)-drafted and non-drafted professional male basketball players. Eighty-six athletes volunteered to participate in this study, from which 10 were NBA first or second round draft picks, and the remaining 76 were nondrafted athletes playing at various professional basketball leagues across Europe. Each athlete performed 2 countermovement vertical jumps (CMJs) with no arm swing while standing on a dual uniaxial force plate system sampling at 1,000 Hz. Twenty-four force-time metrics were included in the analysis, within both braking (i.e., eccentric) and propulsive (i.e., concentric) phases of the CMJ. Independent-sample t -tests were used to determine statistically significant between-group differences ( p < 0.05), whereas Cohen's d was used to determine difference magnitudes. Overall, the findings indicate that NBA-drafted athletes displayed considerably greater force and power-producing capabilities when compared with their non-drafted counterparts, when expressed in absolute terms, such as mean braking force (1,016.4 ± 79.6 vs. 913.8 ± 93.1 N), peak braking power (2,151.7 ± 576.1 vs. 1,709.9 ± 525.9 W), mean propulsive force (2,183.2 ± 275.7 vs. 1,977.3 ± 215.5 N), and peak propulsive power (5,719.3 ± 699.3 vs. 5,139.9 ± 607.2 W). However, when expressed relative to body mass, no differences were observed in any of the aforementioned metrics, with no difference in jump height (37.3 ± 5.3 vs. 37.2 ± 4.8 cm) and reactive strength index-modified (0.554 ± 0.078 vs. 0.536 ± 0.099). In addition, time-to-takeoff, countermovement depth, and braking and propulsive phase durations were all similar in magnitude between the groups ( d = 0.019-0.148), suggesting that both used similar jump strategies.
Interrelationships Among Linear Sprinting, Curve Sprinting, Change-of-Direction Ability, and Power Output in Elite Female Soccer Players.
Loturco I, McGuigan MR, Requena B … +6 more , Tavares LD, Mercer VP, Moura TBMA, Oliveira LP, Pereira LA, Bishop C
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42112937 · Publisher ↗
Loturco, I, McGuigan, MR, Requena, B, Tavares, LD, Mercer, VP, Moura, TBMA, Oliveira, LP, Pereira, LA, and Bishop, C. Interrelationships among linear sprinting, curve sprinting, change-of-direction ability, and power out...
Loturco, I, McGuigan, MR, Requena, B, Tavares, LD, Mercer, VP, Moura, TBMA, Oliveira, LP, Pereira, LA, and Bishop, C. Interrelationships among linear sprinting, curve sprinting, change-of-direction ability, and power output in elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 695-701, 2026-This study investigated the relationships among linear sprinting speed, curve sprinting (CS), change-of-direction (COD) ability, and lower-limb power output in elite female soccer players. Fifty-one athletes (21.4 ± 6.4 years; 1.66 ± 0.07 m; 51.5 ± 13.5 kg) competing in the Brazilian first division performed squat jump and countermovement jump, linear sprints (10- and 20-m sprints), a zigzag COD test, a CS test (in both directions: right and left, with the fastest side named the "good side" and the slowest side named the "weak side"), and jump squats (JS) with loads corresponding to 40 and 60% of their body mass. Sprint momentum (SM) and COD deficit were calculated. Correlation analyses revealed moderate-to-very-large significant relationships between jump height, sprint speed, CS, and COD performance ( r -values ranging from 0.37 to 0.93). Jump squat power was significantly associated with linear sprinting, COD, and CS speed ( r -values ranging from 0.39 to 0.71). In addition, no association was found between SM and COD deficit. These results suggest that linear sprint speed, rather than momentum, is a more decisive factor in COD efficiency among elite female soccer players. Coaches should consider individualized training strategies focused on improving deceleration and reacceleration capacities, especially for faster athletes in linear sprints. Overall, the integrated assessment of linear sprints, CS, and COD speed, alongside JS power, provides a comprehensive perspective on speed-power profiles in elite female soccer and may help guide more effective training prescriptions and performance monitoring in this specific population.
Peak Oxygen Uptake Provides a Better Predictor of Rowing Ergometer Mean Maximal Power Than Maximal Oxygen Extraction in Trained Rowers.
Lanigan BJO, Tinely ZL, Binnie MJ … +7 more , Peeling P, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Galna B, Dennis MC, Billaut F, Goods PSR
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42112935 · Publisher ↗
Lanigan, BJ, Tinely, ZL, Binnie, MJ, Peeling, P, Scott, BR, Peiffer, JJ, Galna, B, Dennis, MC, Billaut, F, and Goods, PS. Peak oxygen uptake provides a better predictor of rowing ergometer mean maximal power than maximal...
Lanigan, BJ, Tinely, ZL, Binnie, MJ, Peeling, P, Scott, BR, Peiffer, JJ, Galna, B, Dennis, MC, Billaut, F, and Goods, PS. Peak oxygen uptake provides a better predictor of rowing ergometer mean maximal power than maximal oxygen extraction in trained rowers. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): e622-e628, 2026-Practitioners working with endurance athletes are constantly seeking tools that allow for physiological testing to occur in ecologically valid training and racing scenarios. Therefore, this investigation aimed to (a) determine whether maximal oxygen extraction derived from portable noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy devices (NIRS) improved prediction of rowing ergometer mean maximal power (MMP) compared with peak oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 peak) alone, and (b) assess differences in muscle oxygen extraction between anatomical sites during incremental rowing. Trained male ( n = 16) and female ( n = 6) rowers completed a 7 × 4 minute graded exercise test on a rowing ergometer, determining mean power output for each stage, and V̇O 2 peak and MMP (W·kg -1 ) during the final stage. Change in muscle oxygen extraction (Δ[HHb + Mb]) during each stage was determined using NIRS at the vastus lateralis , gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and biceps brachii (BB). The best predictor of MMP was determined using linear regression, and mixed-effects models were used to assess Δ[HHb + Mb] across sites and stages, with statistical significance set to p < 0.05. V̇O 2 peak was a strong predictor of MMP ( R2 = 0.74, p < 0.001); however, Δ[HHb + Mb] (at each site individually or combined) had no association with MMP ( p > 0.05, R2 ≤ 0.05). The strongest model included V̇O 2 peak and GMΔ[HHb + Mb] ( R2 = 0.83); however, model fit improvement was modest (mean absolute error decreased from 0.211 to 0.193 W·kg -1 ). A significant site × stage interaction was observed for Δ[HHb + Mb], with GMΔ[HHb + Mb] increasing compared with BB during stage 7 ( p < 0.05). Maximal oxygen extraction alone cannot predict ergometer MMP in trained rowers so practitioners should avoid using it as a primary method of assessment.
Are Strength Adaptations Reflected in Changes in Sprint Acceleration Performance in Highly Trained Team Sport Athletes?
Holmberg PM, James LP, Lamont HS … +1 more , Kelly VG
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42112929 · Publisher ↗
Holmberg, PM, James, LP, Lamont, HS, and Kelly, VG. Are strength adaptations reflected in changes in sprint acceleration performance in highly trained team sport athletes? J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 663-675, 2026-This st...
Holmberg, PM, James, LP, Lamont, HS, and Kelly, VG. Are strength adaptations reflected in changes in sprint acceleration performance in highly trained team sport athletes? J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 663-675, 2026-This study examined whether strength adaptations were reflected in sprint acceleration performance during a 9-week periodized training intervention. Nineteen highly trained male team sport athletes (age: 20.16 ± 1.90 years, height: 177.46 ± 8.12 cm, body mass: 73.61 ± 8.24 kg, 1-repetition maximum [1RM] back squat: 106.58 ± 16.23 kg, 1.46 ± 0.23 kg·BM -1 ) completed strength (countermovement jump, maximal 10 rebound jump, isometric squat, and 1RM back squat) and 20-m sprint assessments on 3 occasions (baseline, mid-, and post-test). Net peak force increased at mid- ( Z = 3.58, p < 0.001, r = 0.82, large effect) and post-test ( Z = 3.70, p < 0.001, r = 0.85, large effect) relative to baseline. Countermovement jump height ( Z = 3.42, p = 0.001, r = 0.79, large effect) and reactive strength index ( Z = 2.50, p = 0.013, r = 0.57, large effect) were greater at post-test than baseline. One-repetition maximum back squat strength was greater at post-test than at mid-test ( Z = 3.94, p < 0.001, r = 0.90, large effect) and baseline ( Z = 3.86, p < 0.001, r = 0.81, large effect). However, 0-10 m and 0-20 m sprint times only improved at post-test relative to mid-test ( Z = -3.34, -3.37, p = 0.001-0.004, r = -0.77, large effect) and baseline ( Z = -2.88, -3.16, p = 0.001-0.002, r = -0.66, -0.73, large effect), suggesting a delayed performance effect. These findings may guide the design of training programs aimed at enhancing sprint acceleration in team sport athletes.
Similar Strength and Hypertrophic Adaptations in Less Time? Myo-Reps vs. Traditional Straight-Sets in Resistance-Trained Men.
Bradshaw JT, Sanzo K, Barakat C … +6 more , Barshun A, Inglima S, Gotla T, Thompson BK, De Souza EO, Walters JA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42112925 · Publisher ↗
Bradshaw, JT, Sanzo, K, Barakat, C, Barshun, A, Inglima, S, Gotla, T, Thompson, BK, De Souza, EO, and Walters, JA. Similar strength and hypertrophic adaptations in less time? Myo-reps vs. traditional straight-sets in res...
Bradshaw, JT, Sanzo, K, Barakat, C, Barshun, A, Inglima, S, Gotla, T, Thompson, BK, De Souza, EO, and Walters, JA. Similar strength and hypertrophic adaptations in less time? Myo-reps vs. traditional straight-sets in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 638-649, 2026-The objective of this research was 2-fold: (a) to acutely assess differences in session duration, muscle excitation, and mean barbell velocity between a Myo-reps (MYO) protocol and a traditional (TRA) protocol using the bench press and (b) to evaluate the differences in muscle size, strength, strength endurance, and volume load (VL) after an 8-week MYO vs. TRA regimen. The acute study used a crossover design with each subject ( n = 9) completing both MYO and TRA protocols. The study measured muscle excitation and mean barbell velocity using electromyography and a linear positioning transducer. The 8-week study involved 22 subjects ( n = 22), who were divided into 2 groups (MYO vs. TRA) and performed flat barbell bench press, incline barbell bench press, and seated cable fly exercises twice weekly. The acute study indicated a statistically significant difference in session duration ( p < 0.001), but no significant differences in muscle excitation ( p = 0.374) and barbell velocity ( p = 0.766) across the trials. The 8-week study found that both groups observed statistically significant increases in muscle size and strength ( p < 0.001); however, there were no differences observed between groups. There was a statistically significant difference in VL ( p = 0.001) between groups where the MYO group performed approximately 30% less VL than the TRA group. There were no differences between MYO and TRA on measures of muscle excitation, mean barbell velocity, muscle size, and strength. Despite there being no differences between groups, MYO can still be a viable option to achieve similar results in less time.
Validity and Reliability of a Novel Timing Gate System for Real-Time Measurement of Sprint Force-Velocity Profile.
Nishioka T, Yamaguchi S, Hajima D … +5 more , Yabuno N, Aoki A, Kunita Y, Hashimoto Y, Inami T
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42112915 · Publisher ↗
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Ergogenic Effects of Intermittent Hand Cooling on High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Performance: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.
Wang A, Fu W, Shen B … +1 more , Hurr C
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42089765 · Publisher ↗
Wang, A, Fu, W, Shen, B, and Hurr, C. Ergogenic effects of intermittent hand cooling on high-intensity resistance exercise performance: A placebo-controlled crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): e562-e570, 2026-Int...
Wang, A, Fu, W, Shen, B, and Hurr, C. Ergogenic effects of intermittent hand cooling on high-intensity resistance exercise performance: A placebo-controlled crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): e562-e570, 2026-Intermittent peripheral cooling has been proposed as an ergogenic strategy to enhance resistance exercise performance. However, the contribution of placebo effects to its benefits remains unclear. This study examined the effects of hand cooling on exercise performance, neuromuscular activation, and perceived exertion during high-intensity biceps curl exercise, using a placebo-controlled design. Fourteen recreationally trained men (27.4 ± 2.3 years) completed 4 sets of bilateral biceps curl exercise to failure at 70% one-repetition maximum under 3 randomized conditions: full-hand cold-water immersion (10° C, COOL), thermoneutral immersion with placebo induction (SHAM), and thermoneutral control (CON). Cooling or thermoneutral immersion was applied for 60 seconds during each 90-second interset rest period. Total exercise volume was significantly greater in the COOL condition (1,092.3 ± 238.1 kg) compared with CON (892.2 ± 221.2 kg, p = 0.002) and SHAM (946.3 ± 226.7 kg, p = 0.013). The SHAM condition also improved volume compared with CON ( p = 0.003). The COOL condition enhanced mean and peak electromyography amplitude during sets 2‒4, and resulted in significantly lower rating of perceived exertion from set 2 onward ( p < 0.05). Palm temperature was significantly reduced with COOL; no group differences were observed for barbell velocity or heart rate. Hand cooling enhanced resistance exercise performance and neuromuscular activation without increasing perceived exertion. The SHAM condition also improved performance, indicating a partial placebo effect. These findings suggest that both physiological and psychological mechanisms contribute to the ergogenic benefits of hand cooling during resistance training.
Traditional and Accentuated Eccentric Loaded Back Squat Performance: A Comparison Between Stronger and Weaker Men.
Suchomel TJ, Cantwell CJ, Marshall-Ciochon LK … +3 more , Campbell BA, Schroeder ZS, Taber CB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42089745 · Publisher ↗
Suchomel, TJ, Cantwell, CJ, Marshall-Ciochon, LK, Campbell, BA, Schroeder, ZS, and Taber, CB. Traditional and accentuated eccentric loaded back squat performance: A comparison between stronger and weaker men. J Strength...
Suchomel, TJ, Cantwell, CJ, Marshall-Ciochon, LK, Campbell, BA, Schroeder, ZS, and Taber, CB. Traditional and accentuated eccentric loaded back squat performance: A comparison between stronger and weaker men. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Force production characteristics of stronger and weaker men were compared during traditional (TRAD) back squats and those performed with maximal (AEL-MAX) and supramaximal (AEL-SUPRA) accentuated eccentric loading. Fifteen resistance-trained men were separated into stronger ( n = 8) and weaker ( n = 7) groups based on their ability/inability to back squat at least twice their body mass before completing 3 separate testing sessions. Subjects performed 3 back squat repetitions with TRAD loads of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) or the same loads with weight releasers that equated the total load to 100% (AEL-MAX) or 110% (AEL-SUPRA) 1RM during the braking phase of the first repetition of each set. Braking (B) and propulsion (P) net mean force (MF), duration (Dur), and net impulse (Imp) were compared between groups during each condition. Except for a faster PDur by stronger subjects ( p = 0.030), there were no differences between groups during the TRAD condition. During the AEL-MAX and AEL-SUPRA conditions, stronger subjects produced greater BMF ( p = 0.016) and PMF ( p < 0.05) and a faster PDur ( p = 0.014) than weaker subjects; however, there were no differences in BDur or BImp ( p > 0.05). Despite no between-group differences during the AEL-MAX condition ( p = 0.639), greater PImp was produced by the weaker group during AEL-SUPRA ( p = 0.025). Stronger men produced greater BMF and PMF during similar or shorter durations than weaker individuals during AEL back squats, suggesting superior utilization of AEL by stronger individuals.
Expectations Impact Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia: A Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial of High and Low Load Resistance Exercise.
Miyanji I, Cajina HJ, Pain A … +2 more , Hanney WJ, Anderson AW
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42089723 · Publisher ↗
Miyanji, I, Cajina, HJ, Pain, A, Hanney, WJ, and Anderson, AW. Expectations impact exercise-induced hypoalgesia: A blinded randomized controlled trial of high and low load resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 40(6):...
Miyanji, I, Cajina, HJ, Pain, A, Hanney, WJ, and Anderson, AW. Expectations impact exercise-induced hypoalgesia: A blinded randomized controlled trial of high and low load resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): e554-e561, 2026-Exercise has physiological and mental health benefits for musculoskeletal pain. However, the direction and magnitude of pain perception changes after exercise may be influenced by exercise characteristics, such as load, and contextual factors, including patient expectations for pain relief. Although both influence exercise-induced hypoalgesia, prior studies have not examined the combined effects of expectations for pain relief and exercise load. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of positive or negative expectations on exercise-induced hypoalgesia during a high or low load dynamic resistance exercise. A blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted in which 60 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to either high exertion exercise (push-ups) with a positive expectation instructional set, low exertion with positive expectation, high exertion with negative expectation, or low exertion with negative expectation. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured over the anterior deltoid (local site) and quadriceps (remote site) pre-/post-exercise. Primary outcomes were changes in PPT at each site by intervention assignment, analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance with alpha level for significance set at p < 0.05. Positive expectations significantly increased PPT over the deltoid during high load exercise ( p = 0.01), whereas negative expectations significantly decreased PPT at the quadriceps during low load exercise ( p = 0.01). Expectations for pain relief and exercise interact, emphasizing the need to consider patient expectations when administering exercise for pain. Strength and conditioning providers may want to consider contextual factors, including expectations, presented in the relationship between coach and client.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Military Foot Marches on Performance-Part 1: Physical Performance.
Sax van der Weyden M, Shaul Y, Merrigan JJ … +4 more , Helton WS, Barringer N, Newman K, Martin J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017984 · Publisher ↗
Sax van der Weyden, M, Shaul, Y, Merrigan, JJ, Helton, WS, Barringer, N, Newman, K, and Martin, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of military foot marches on performance-part 1: physical performance....
Sax van der Weyden, M, Shaul, Y, Merrigan, JJ, Helton, WS, Barringer, N, Newman, K, and Martin, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of military foot marches on performance-part 1: physical performance. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e534-e553, 2026-Common military tasks and training require service members to have adequate physical and cognitive functioning. Foot marches are a common load carriage task for service members, potentially inducing fatigue and impairing occupational performance. The purpose of part one of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the impact of military style foot marches on physical performance outcomes. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five electronic databases were searched for studies assessing physical performance before and after a foot march at least 10 minutes in length. Three-level random effects meta-analyses were conducted using standardized mean differences (SMDs; Hedge's g). Twenty-three studies (n = 350 subjects) were included for final review. All studies were fair to good quality based on the Downs & Black checklist but had significant bias because of confounding variables when scored on the ROBINS-I tool. After adjusting for outliers and publication bias, the meta-analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) decreases in lower-body strength (SMD = -0.45, [-0.85, -0.05]), trunk strength (SMD = -0.63, [-0.87, -0.40]), lower-body power (SMD = -0.32, [-0.63, -0.0009]), and postural stability (SMD = 0.38, [0.02, 0.70]). There was no statistical change in upper-body strength (SMD = -0.06, [-0.25, 0.12]), but in a subanalysis, shoulder strength significantly decreased (SMD = -0.22, [-0.38, -0.06]). Foot marches may decrease physical performance, with the largest decrements in trunk and lower-body strength. Alterations in strength and postural stability may lead to decreased occupational performance and increased injury risk. Commanders should be aware of potential performance decrements after a foot march and alter load, speed, and rest when possible. Holistic training programs aimed at improving aerobic and anaerobic capacity, and total body strength, may manage fatigue and reduce risk of injuries because of foot marches.
Asymmetries and Injury Risk: When Titles Spin the Tale.
Afonso J, Andrade R, Oliveira E … +3 more , Turner A, Warneke K, Bishop C
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017983 · Publisher ↗
Afonso, J, Andrade, R, Oliveira, E, Turner, A, Warneke, K, and Bishop, C. Asymmetries and injury risk: when titles spin the tale. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e530-e533, 2026-Scientific integrity depends on transparent rep...
Afonso, J, Andrade, R, Oliveira, E, Turner, A, Warneke, K, and Bishop, C. Asymmetries and injury risk: when titles spin the tale. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e530-e533, 2026-Scientific integrity depends on transparent reporting and cautious interpretation of findings. The practice of "spin" undermines this principle by overstating or misrepresenting results. Spin may arise intentionally, to attract attention or align with popular narratives, or unintentionally, when researchers misunderstand methodological constraints. Titles are particularly susceptible to spin because they shape first impressions and may be the only part of an article many readers engage with. In sports sciences, this issue is not absent from research linking interlimb asymmetries with injury risk. Despite the popularity of the topic, often such studies rely on cross-sectional designs, retrospective injury reports, or surrogate outcomes with no injury data. By presenting asymmetries as risk factors, titles often exaggerate conclusions that the underlying data do not support. This risks misleading practitioners and policymakers and may perpetuate misconceptions about the role of asymmetry in injury development. This work analyzes illustrative cases in which spin occurs in the titles through misinterpretation, overstatement, or suggestive framing (even if, in some cases, the discussion within the article remains cautious). We argue that removing spin from titles is straightforward and propose practical rewording strategies that preserve accuracy without sacrificing clarity. Primarily, researchers should align titles with what their study designs can truly address, while reviewers and editors should act as gatekeepers by detecting and correcting misleading claims. Ultimately, curbing spin (especially in titles) will foster more reliable knowledge translation, safeguard the credibility of sports science, and promote a more nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between asymmetry and injury risk.
More Matches, Less Time: How Load Ratios Reveal Gaps Between Training and Competition in Football.
Galiano C, Nakamura FY, Ribeiro J … +2 more , Asín-Izquierdo I, Asian-Clemente JA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017982 · Publisher ↗
Galiano, C, Nakamura, FY, Ribeiro, J, Asín-Izquierdo, I, and Asian-Clemente, JA. More matches, less time: How load ratios reveal gaps between training and competition in football. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e500-e505, 20...
Galiano, C, Nakamura, FY, Ribeiro, J, Asín-Izquierdo, I, and Asian-Clemente, JA. More matches, less time: How load ratios reveal gaps between training and competition in football. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e500-e505, 2026-The aim of this study was to analyze the external load ratios of professional football players across microcycles of different lengths and to compare the distribution of external load in each of these types of microcycles. Twenty-eight professional outfield soccer players were monitored daily using GPS for 2 seasons (2022/2023 to 2023/2024). Players participated in a total of 105 matches (regular season: 68, European competition: 20, national cup: 17) throughout the 2 analyzed seasons. Total distance, high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance, number of sprints, and the number of accelerations/decelerations >3 m·s-2 were recorded during both training sessions and matches. Microcycles of 3, 4, 5, and 6 days were analyzed. An individual training-to-match ratio was calculated for each external load measure in each microcycle. All external load ratios showed differences across microcycle lengths (p < 0.001; η2p > 0.364) with larger ratio values for longer microcycle durations. Regardless of the microcycle duration, accelerations >3 m·s-2 showed higher values than the other variables (p < 0.013; ES > 0.29), while those related to high-speed activity displayed lower values than the rest (p < 0.001; ES > 0.37). This "overstimulation" of accelerations >3 m·s-2 shows greater differences than the other variables as the microcycle lengthens. This insight can guide coaches in optimizing training periodization, ensuring a better balance between undervalued and overvalued variables, particularly for HSR and sprint performance in different microcycle structures.
A 10-Year Analysis of the Bronco Fitness Test in Male and Female Super Rugby Athletes: The Effect of Sex and Positional Group.
Weakley J, Murphy S, Kan M … +6 more , Thurlow F, Mitchell L, Whelan B, Williams P, King AJ, Read DB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017981 · Publisher ↗
Weakley, J, Murphy, S, Kan, M, Thurlow, F, Mitchell, L, Whelan, B, Williams, P, King, AJ, and Read, DB. A 10-year analysis of the Bronco fitness test in male and female Super Rugby athletes: The effect of sex and positio...
Weakley, J, Murphy, S, Kan, M, Thurlow, F, Mitchell, L, Whelan, B, Williams, P, King, AJ, and Read, DB. A 10-year analysis of the Bronco fitness test in male and female Super Rugby athletes: The effect of sex and positional group. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e479-e484, 2026-The Bronco fitness test is a commonly used assessment of high-intensity running capacity. This study aimed to (a) analyze 10 years of Bronco fitness testing data from male and female Super Rugby athletes by sex and positional group and (b) develop practical percentile thresholds. Bronco test data were retrospectively analyzed from 462 elite rugby athletes (303 males, 159 females), totaling 1,668 observations. Athletes were grouped by sex and positional groups. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess differences, with Cohen's d effect sizes calculated. Percentile thresholds were derived from model outputs. Male athletes completed the Bronco significantly faster than female athletes (5:11 ± 00:02 vs. 6:19 ± 00:03 minutes:secs; p < 0.001; d = 1.78). Backs outperformed forwards in both sexes (male: 4:57 ± 00:02 vs. 5:21 ± 00:02; d = 1.09; female: 5:52 ± 00:06 vs. 6:38 ± 00:05; d = 0.98). Among male athletes, halves were the fastest positional group, while the Back 3 was fastest among female athletes. Front rowers consistently recorded the slowest times. Greater performance variability was observed in the female cohort, potentially reflecting the continued development of the female game. These findings provide normative data and percentile thresholds to guide profiling, conditioning, and long-term athlete development. Practitioners are encouraged to use these benchmarks to inform position-specific training and performance targets. The percentile tables and positional benchmarks presented can support practitioners and sport scientists in evaluating high-intensity running capacity, setting development goals, and tailoring conditioning programs for male and female Super Rugby athletes.
Criterion Validity and Between-Day Reliability of Three-Dimensional Motion Capture and the Perch Camera System for Monitoring Velocity During Weightlifting Derivatives.
Wood T, Creaby MW, Nicholson V … +6 more , Cowley N, Hebron I, Schultz L, Timmins R, Brennan TR, Weakley J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017980 · Publisher ↗
Wood, T, Creaby, MW, Nicholson, V, Cowley, N, Hebron, I, Schultz, L, Timmins, R, Brennan, TR, and Weakley, J. Criterion validity and between-day reliability of three-dimensional motion capture and the perch camera system...
Wood, T, Creaby, MW, Nicholson, V, Cowley, N, Hebron, I, Schultz, L, Timmins, R, Brennan, TR, and Weakley, J. Criterion validity and between-day reliability of three-dimensional motion capture and the perch camera system for monitoring velocity during weightlifting derivatives. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): e445-e453, 2026-Monitoring bar velocity in resistance training is widespread and can be beneficial for performance, but it is vital to consider the validity and reliability of the technology used. Consequently, this study aimed to quantify the criterion validity and between-day reliability of the Perch device across 7 weightlifting derivatives. Following 2 sessions to determine 1 repetition maximum (1RMs) of the power snatch, hang power clean, hang power snatch, clean pull, snatch pull, hang clean pull, and hang snatch pull, 14 subjects completed repetitions at 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, and 100% of 1RM across 4 subsequent sessions under a 3-dimensional (3D) motion capture system. To evaluate criterion validity, R-squared and root mean square error were calculated with generalized estimating equations, and Bland-Altman plots assessed the magnitude of difference between measures. Between-day reliability was calculated with SEM and minimum detectable changes (MDC) for 3D motion capture and the Perch across repeated sessions. The Perch explained 86-96% of the variation in the criterion measure, showing nearly perfect linear relationships, but was consistently ∼0.25 m·s-1 slower than the criterion, suggesting a systematic difference between the 2 devices. The SEM ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 m·s-1 for 3D motion capture and 0.03-0.16 m·s-1 for the Perch. The MDCs ranged from 0.10 m·s-1 to 0.54 m·s-1 for 3D motion capture and 0.09 m·s-1 to 0.48 m·s-1 for the Perch. The Perch device can be used to reliably monitor training and provide feedback, which can support performance and physical adaptation.
Force Plate Derived Descriptive Data for the Countermovement Jump, Single Leg Countermovement, and Countermovement Rebound in Elite Female Youth Soccer Players.
Fahey JT, Comfort P, Ripley NJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017979 · Publisher ↗
Fahey, JT, Comfort, P, and Ripley, NJ. Force plate derived descriptive data for the countermovement jump, single leg countermovement and countermovement rebound in elite female youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 4...
Fahey, JT, Comfort, P, and Ripley, NJ. Force plate derived descriptive data for the countermovement jump, single leg countermovement and countermovement rebound in elite female youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 610-621, 2026-This study was designed to compare phase-specific metrics for normative data for countermovement jump (CMJ), single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), and countermovement rebound jump (CMJ-R) in elite female youth soccer players across different ages. Ninety-four highly trained to elite female soccer players were categorized into 3 distinct phases: Foundation Development Phase (U11-U12, n = 21, 10.9 ± 0.6 years, 42.8 ± 7.6 kg, 148.6 ± 7.6 cm), Youth Development Phase (U13-U15, n = 35, 13.6 ± 1.0 years, 54.8 ± 7.9 kg, 160.6 ± 6.5 cm), and Professional Development Phase (U16-U21, n = 38, 16.2 ± 1.1 years, 63.4 ± 6.8 kg, 167.3 ± 5.8 cm) completed 3 CMJ, SLCMJ, and CMJ-R trials on force plates. A series of 1-way analysis of variance with pairwise comparisons and Hedge's g effect sizes (g) were performed to determine differences between phases. Jump height increased with age across all jumps (g = 0.14-1.34) with older players demonstrating a greater countermovement displacement and time to take-off to achieve higher relative net propulsive impulse. This information offers practitioners valuable insights into how age influences jump performance in female youth soccer players, enabling effective design of strength and conditioning programs to maximize jump performance.
The Deceleration Paradox: The Faster You Run the Slower You Stop.
Lin J, Dos'Santos T, Xu X … +2 more , Li W, Turner A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017978 · Publisher ↗
Lin, J, Dos'Santos, T, Xu, X, Li, W, and Turner, A. The deceleration paradox: The faster you run the slower you stop. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 560-565, 2026-This study examined the effect of approach momentum on horizo...
Lin, J, Dos'Santos, T, Xu, X, Li, W, and Turner, A. The deceleration paradox: The faster you run the slower you stop. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 560-565, 2026-This study examined the effect of approach momentum on horizontal deceleration (DEC) performance. Eighty team sports athletes performed 3 maximal horizontal DEC trials from a 15-m approach. Sprint performance was recorded using timing gates, and instantaneous velocity was collected using a radar device. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were conducted to analyze the relationships between DEC-related variables. Between-subject (top 50% vs. bottom 50%) differences in DEC-related variables were also determined. Greater mean DEC was significantly correlated with lower approach momentum (r = -0.354, p = 0.001). Compared with lower DEC performers (in terms of mean and peak values), greater performers showed statistically significantly lower peak approach velocity (ES = 0.41-0.66, p < 0.05) and lower peak approach momentum (ES = 0.48-0.60, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the standardized beta values of the multiple regression analysis demonstrated that body mass is a greater determinant of DEC performance compared with approach velocity. In conclusion, practitioners should be aware that approach momentum (body mass and approach velocity) is a factor influencing DEC performance, and an inverse relationship exists. Thus, to evaluate maximal DEC ability, approach velocity and body mass must be considered.
Energy Expenditure Analysis and Prediction in Smith Machine Squats Integrating Mechanical Loads and Sex.
Qiao Z, Guo B, Gao Y … +7 more , Wang Y, Jiang M, Yu J, Yi L, Yan B, Qiu J, Girard O
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017977 · Publisher ↗
Qiao, Z, Guo, B, Gao, Y, Wang, Y, Jiang, M, Yu, J, Yi, L, Yan, B, Qiu, J, and Girard, O. Energy expenditure analysis and prediction in Smith machine squats integrating mechanical loads and sex. J Strength Cond Res 40(5):...
Qiao, Z, Guo, B, Gao, Y, Wang, Y, Jiang, M, Yu, J, Yi, L, Yan, B, Qiu, J, and Girard, O. Energy expenditure analysis and prediction in Smith machine squats integrating mechanical loads and sex. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 519-527, 2026-Calculating energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic equivalents (METs) from oxygen uptake (V̇o2) alone often underestimates resistance training intensity because of its intermittent, brief, and high-intensity nature. This study aims to refine EE and METs estimation during Smith machine squats by integrating mechanical work, glycolytic contribution, and postexercise EE, with particular emphasis on weight-dependent and sex-specific metabolic responses. Fifty-one subjects (31 men) performed weight-bearing squats (4 kg-80% 1 repetition maximum) for 5 repetitions across 3 sets with 4-minute rest intervals. Aerobic, glycolytic, and postexercise EE were estimated from V̇o2, blood lactate, and excess postexercise oxygen consumption, respectively. Mechanical work was measured using a linear-position transducer system. Training load (p < 0.05) and sex (p < 0.01) significantly influenced total EE. Mechanical efficiency was significantly influenced by training load (p < 0.001). Energy expenditure-based METs increased with training weight (p < 0.05) and were higher than V̇o2-based METs (p < 0.001). Training weight and mechanical work strongly correlated with total EE (r ≥ 0.80, p < 0.001). The optimal model, including body weight, training load, peak heart rate, and movement distance, demonstrated high accuracy (R2 = 0.885, cross-validated R2 = 0.803, MAE = 10.067). A simplified model using only body weight and training weight achieved comparable accuracy (R2 = 0.847, cross-validated R2 = 0.750, MAE = 10.883). Total EE increased with training weights, but low-to-moderate-weight squats showed superior mechanical efficiency. Women tended to expend less energy than men during squats, but no difference in mechanical efficiency was observed. V̇o2-based METs underestimated squat intensity. Both the simplified and optimal models accurately estimated squat EE, with the optimal model being more accurate.
Joint-Level Analysis of the Barbell Back Squat During Chain and Elastic Variable Resistance Use.
Alves AV, Leicht AS, Deakin GB … +3 more , Doma K, Singh U, Brice SM
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42017976 · Publisher ↗
Alves, AV, Leicht, AS, Deakin, GB, Doma, K, Singh, U, and Brice, SM. Joint-level analysis of the barbell back squat during chain and elastic variable resistance use. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 511-518, 2026-This study id...
Alves, AV, Leicht, AS, Deakin, GB, Doma, K, Singh, U, and Brice, SM. Joint-level analysis of the barbell back squat during chain and elastic variable resistance use. J Strength Cond Res 40(5): 511-518, 2026-This study identifies the kinetic and kinematic differences between elastic (EVR) and chain variable resistance (CVR), and free-weight resistance (FW) use during the barbell back squat. Fifteen men (1RM = 124.2 ± 30.4 kg) completed 5 sessions during 4 weeks: 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing session; variable resistance (VR) familiarization session; and 3 testing sessions. Peak ground reaction force (GRF) and rate of force development (RFD), along with sagittal plane joint range of motion (ROM), angular velocity, moments, and power, were examined. Peak GRF was significantly greater for FW than for both VR conditions (p < 0.05). Concentric RFD was significantly greater for CVR than for FW (p < 0.05). No differences in joint ROM were observed across the 3 conditions (p > 0.05). In most cases, both VR conditions elicited faster lower limb angular velocities than FW during the concentric and eccentric phases (p < 0.05). Despite external resistance differences, ankle and knee joint moments were similar for both VR types and FW, while FW produced greater hip and lumbar spine moments (p < 0.05). Free-weight resistance also produced greater eccentric lumbopelvis moments than EVR (p < 0.05). Comparing VR types, CVR produced greater concentric hip, lumbopelvis, and lumbar spine moments than EVR (p < 0.05). Both VR conditions produced greater knee concentric power than FW, while CVR also produced greater hip power than FW (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that CVR may be preferential to EVR for increased power adaptation. In addition, for those prone to lumbar injuries, EVR may be preferential because it provides sufficient lower limb stimulation while decreasing spinal loading.
The Impact of Aquatic Training on Athletic Performance and Physical Recovery in Competitive Athletes: A Meta-Analysis.
Zheng S, Wang S, Cao Q … +1 more , Li H
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42013467 · Full text
Zheng, S, Wang, S, Cao, Q, and Li, H. The impact of aquatic training on athletic performance and physical recovery in competitive athletes: A meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 723-737, 2026-To evaluate the effect...
Zheng, S, Wang, S, Cao, Q, and Li, H. The impact of aquatic training on athletic performance and physical recovery in competitive athletes: A meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 723-737, 2026-To evaluate the effects of aquatic training on performance and physical recovery in competitive athletes, particularly its impact on explosive power, speed, agility, strength, aerobic capacity, and balance. This study used a meta-analysis approach to search relevant literature in the Web of Science and Scopus databases since their inception. The selected studies were limited to English-language articles that met predefined inclusion criteria. All included studies were randomized controlled trials or controlled experiments, with subjects being competitive athletes with a systematic training background. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used for data analysis, and statistical analysis was conducted using R (version 4.3.0). A total of 13 studies were included in the analysis, with 392 subjects. Aquatic training significantly improved athletes' explosive power (SMD = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0.50 to 1.07, p < 0.001), speed (SMD = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.38, p < 0.001), and agility (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.0.15 to 0.78, p = 0.004). However, the improvement in strength (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.96, p = 0.321) and balance (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI = -0.35 to 1.19, p = 0.282) was not statistically significant, and there was high heterogeneity in the studies on aerobic capacity (SMD = 1.92, 95% CI = -1.47 to 5.32, p = 0.267). In addition, aquatic training showed a modest yet positive effect on physical recovery, including improvements related to injury rehabilitation and fatigue relief (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.63, p = 0.004). As an effective supplementary training method, aquatic training significantly enhances athletic performance, especially in explosive power, speed, and agility. It has beneficial effects on injury recovery and post-training fatigue reduction. Although the effects on strength and aerobic capacity require further validation, aquatic training has proven to be an important tool in sports training and rehabilitation with promising application potential.
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