J Int Soc Sports Nutr [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Changes in taste and odor sensitivities during repeated bicycle ergometer exercises.
Narukawa M, Nojiri K, Matsuda R … +4 more , Murata M, Sakate S, Kuga S, Ue H
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 39682029 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Effective nutritional support is essential for maintaining good performance during exercise. Taste and olfaction are key senses for food intake, and understanding how their sensitivities change during exercis...
BACKGROUND: Effective nutritional support is essential for maintaining good performance during exercise. Taste and olfaction are key senses for food intake, and understanding how their sensitivities change during exercise is important for effective nutritional support. However, the effects of exercise on taste and odor sensitivities remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in taste and odor sensitivities during repeated endurance exercise using a bicycle ergometer. METHODS: A total of 20 women (mean age; 21.6 ± 0.2 years) participated in the study, completing four 60-minute segments, each comprising 50 minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise at an exercise intensity of 60% heart rate reserve and a 10-minute sensory test. The sensory tests were conducted five times in total: after each exercise segment and once before exercise as a control. Four concentrations (×0.5, ×0.75, ×1, and × 1.25) of a commercially available isotonic beverage were used as taste samples, and the subjects evaluated the taste intensity, preference, and odor intensity. Four types of food odorants were used as odor samples, and the subjects rated their preference. The subjects also reported their perceived fatigue levels during the taste and odor tests. Fatigue levels and taste intensity were rated using a 100-mm visual analogue scale, and taste and odor preferences and odor intensity were evaluated using a scoring method. RESULTS: The degree of physical fatigue significantly increased with each successive bicycle exercise segment. The taste intensity and preference for beverages with higher concentrations increased as the number of exercise segments increased, showing a significant increase in taste intensity for the × 1.25 solution in the final segment compared with before the tests. On the other hand, no significant effect was observed on the perceived odor intensity of the isotonic beverages. Similarly, there was no significant effect on the preference for odor samples due to repeated exercise. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that taste sensitivity may change with prolonged exercise. Additionally, since odor intensity and preference were not significantly affected by repeated exercise, odor sensitivity may be less impacted by exercise than taste sensitivity.
Caffeine supplementation improved movement patterns and reactive agility in rugby sevens matches in male collegiate players.
Hsueh CL, Sun CY, Chang CK
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 39676685 · Full text
PURPOSE: Rugby sevens is a high-intensity contact sport often played in two-day tournaments. Caffeine is widely used by rugby players for its performance-enhancing effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of c...
PURPOSE: Rugby sevens is a high-intensity contact sport often played in two-day tournaments. Caffeine is widely used by rugby players for its performance-enhancing effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of caffeine supplementation on various performance metrics, including distance covered at different speeds, acceleration, deceleration, collisions, and repeated high-intensity efforts across four matches over two consecutive days in collegiate male rugby sevens players. Reactive agility, a key performance attribute in rugby sevens, was also assessed before each match. METHODS: A position-matched, double-blind, randomized crossover design was employed, with six male collegiate rugby players (mean height: 1.78 ± 0.09 m, mean weight: 81.3 ± 9.2 kg, mean age: 21.5 ± 0.8 years) participating in two trials. Each trial consisted of a two-day tournament, with two matches per day. Performance was monitored using global positioning system units to track distance covered in various speed zones, as well as total distance, frequency of acceleration, deceleration, collisions, and repeated high-intensity efforts. RESULTS: The results indicated that in the placebo trial, participants covered significantly more distance at a walking pace (0-6 km/h) in match 4 compared to match 3 (match 3: 480.3 ± 32.7 m; match 4: 629.4 ± 21.3 m, < 0.001, d = 0.117). In the caffeine trial, players covered significantly more distance at a jogging pace (6-12 km/h) in match 4 compared to the placebo trial (caffeine: 405.9 ± 9.8 m; placebo: 303.6 ± 20.2 m, = 0.015, d = 1.693). Reactive agility was significantly better in the caffeine trial before match 3 (caffeine trial: 1.80 ± 0.17 s; placebo trial: 2.07 ± 0.18 s, = 0.038, d = 0.858). CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine supplementation at 3 mg/kg may increase jogging and reduce walking and standing in the final match of a two-day rugby sevens tournament, while also improving reactive agility on the second day. This suggests that by mitigating fatigue in the later stages of the tournament, caffeine allowed players to shift from low-intensity activities to higher-intensity efforts. These adjustments may improve both offensive and defensive performance during rugby sevens matches. Therefore, rugby sevens players could benefit from taking caffeine supplements in the later stages of 2-day tournaments to optimize their performance.
The influence of a vegan diet on body composition, performance and the menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women- a 12-week controlled trial.
Isenmann E, Trojak I, Lesch A … +4 more , Schalla J, Havers T, Diel P, Geisler S
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39663646 · Full text
BACKGROUND: An increasing number of people, including recreational trained individuals, choose not to consume animal products and follow a vegan diet. Young women in particular are switching to a vegan diet. Studies have...
BACKGROUND: An increasing number of people, including recreational trained individuals, choose not to consume animal products and follow a vegan diet. Young women in particular are switching to a vegan diet. Studies have shown no difference in performance and muscle adaptations between a balanced vegan and an omnivorous diet. However, there are hardly any studies on the transition phase from an omnivorous to a vegan diet and the potential difficulties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of a vegan dietary transition and its effects on body composition, physical performance, and menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women. METHODS: Ten young healthy women (23.8 ± 2.0 years, 173.0 ± 5.8 cm) were recruited to participate in this 12-week controlled study (4-week omnivorous phase, 8-week vegan intervention). At the beginning and before the vegan phase, all participants were informed about a balanced diet for fitness-oriented individuals and a vegan lifestyle. They were supervised by a sports dietitian for the entire 12 weeks. Explicit instructions and regular checks on macronutrient distribution were not carried out but had to be implemented independently. The diet was documented using FDDB Extender. The training habits were not explicitly specified, but should not be changed over the entire period. At baseline (T0) and 4-week intervals (T1, T2, T3), body composition (body weight, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass) and performance (squat, countermovement jump) were tested. In addition, the menstrual cycle was examined every two days using saliva samples and a cycle diary. RESULTS: Between treatments, there was a significant decrease in absolute (T0: 94.44 ± 20.37 kcal; T3: 71.67 ± 27.64 kcal; < 0.001) and in relative protein intake (T0: 1.39 ± 0.28 g/kg BW; T3: 1.06 ± 0.37 g/kg BW; < 0.05). In carbohydrate consumption, a significant increase was observed (T0: 240.11 ± 53.15 kcal; T3: 266.89 ± 49.01 kcal; < 0.001). During the vegan phase, a significant decrease in body weight (T0: 68.19 ± 6.47 kg, T3: 67.73 ± 6.07 kg; < 0.001) and skeletal muscle mass (T0: 29.40 ± 2.23 kg; T3: 28.74 ± 2.55 kg; < 0.001) was observed. No changes were noted in squat performance. The countermovement jump showed a significant decrease in the vegan phase (T0: 26.08 ± 3.44 cm; T3: 23,62 ± 1,00 < 0.05), but also a significant time effect starting in the omnivorous phase ( < 0.001). No effects were found on hormone concentrations of individual menstrual cycles. CONCLUSION: The dietary change resulted in a shift in overall macronutrient distribution. Relative protein intake was significantly lower during the vegan phase than during the omnivore phase. This was also observed in a slight decrease in skeletal muscle mass. No clear effects on performance and menstrual cycle were observed during the first eight weeks. The results suggest that despite the knowledge of a balanced diet and in particular the recommendations for a vegan diet, the implementation of a vegan diet in everyday life could be associated with a number of difficulties for recreationally trained women. However, it should be noted that the vegan phase was only conducted for eight weeks and no statement can be made about the long-term effects or on well-trained female athletes.
The effect of repeated coffee mouth rinsing and caffeinated gum consumption on aerobic capacity and explosive power of table tennis players: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
Farmani A, Hemmatinafar M, Koushkie Jahromi M … +3 more , Pirmohammadi S, Imanian B, Jahan Z
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39663645 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Athletes require proper nutrition to enhance training and performance. Studies indicate that alternative sources of caffeine, such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels, and coffee can improve...
BACKGROUND: Athletes require proper nutrition to enhance training and performance. Studies indicate that alternative sources of caffeine, such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels, and coffee can improve performance. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of consuming caffeinated gum (CG) and repeated coffee mouth rinsing (CMR) on professional male table tennis players' aerobic capacity and explosive power. METHOD: A randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded study was conducted with eighteen male table tennis players (Age: 21.86 ± 2.40 yr, Height: 173.80 ± 6.88 cm, Weight: 61.81 ± 10.32 kg). In each test session, the participants were randomly placed in one of the three conditions including i) Chewing caffeinated gum (CG, = 6), ii) Coffee mouth rinsing (CMR, = 6), iii) Starch capsule as a placebo (PLA, = 6). All participants consumed caffeine with an average dose of ∼3 to 4.5 mg·kg. Also, a one-week interval was considered a washout period for each condition. First, the participants were given the required supplement and performed functional tests such as throwing medicine balls and Sargent's jump tests. Then, the maximum oxygen consumption (VO), time to exhaustion (TTE), oxygen consumption equivalent at primary ventilatory threshold (VO at VT), and oxygen consumption equivalent at respiratory compensation point (VO at RCP) were measured during the Bruce test. All data were analyzed using SPSS Windows software, repeated measure analysis ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests at < 0.05. RESULTS: The current study's findings illustrated that TTE significantly increased in CG ( = 0.000) and CMR ( = 0.012) conditions compared to PLA, but no significant difference was observed between CMR and CG ( = 1.00). VO at VT was significantly higher in CG ( = 0.004) and CMR ( = 0.000) compared to PLA; however, no significant difference was observed between CMR and CG ( = 0.335). VO at RCP increased significantly in CG ( = 0.000) and CMR ( = 0.000) compared to the PLA condition, and despite this, no significant difference was observed between CG and CMR ( = 1.000). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the three conditions in VO, throwing a medicine ball, and Sarjent's jump height. CONCLUSION: The study found that CMR and CG had a relatively positive impact on male table tennis players' aerobic capacity; however, they did not significantly improve their explosive power.
Evaluation of curcumin intake in reducing exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes: a systematic review.
Daniel Vasile PR, Patricia ML, Marta MS … +1 more , Laura E
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39623590 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Sports practice, particularly eccentric exercises, induces significant muscular changes, including muscle fiber injuries, strength loss, pain, and increased permeability of the muscle membrane. The duration o...
BACKGROUND: Sports practice, particularly eccentric exercises, induces significant muscular changes, including muscle fiber injuries, strength loss, pain, and increased permeability of the muscle membrane. The duration of muscle recovery depends on factors such as exercise intensity and the specific muscle groups engaged. The inflammatory response plays a crucial role in muscle regeneration, involving various cell types. Curcumin, especially when its stability is enhanced through encapsulation, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Supplementing with curcumin can reduce muscle damage and inflammation caused by eccentric exercise, making it a potential remedy for athletes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to assess the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of curcumin in reducing muscle damage caused by sports. METHODS: A structured search in SCOPUS, Medline, and Web of Science databases was conducted in March 2023, including all available articles. The strategy involved selecting English articles without time constraints, using the search terms "curcumin" AND "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage" (ALL(curcumin AND "Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage")). Titles and abstracts were screened to assess eligibility. Studies were chosen based on PICOS criteria, and quality was evaluated using the reliable PEDro scale. The eligibility criteria included adults without any diagnosed diseases who regularly exercise (at least three times per week) and follow a consistent pattern of curcumin intake before, during, or after exercise. RESULTS: The comprehensive search identified 11 relevant studies investigating the effects of curcumin supplementation in sport-simulated interventions. These studies suggest that curcumin intake may help reduce muscle symptoms associated with eccentric exercises, thereby improving pain perception. Effective use of curcumin depends on factors such as dosage, bioavailability, and timing, with post-exercise ingestion appearing to be more beneficial. CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin demonstrates a significant potential to relieve muscle-related symptoms, especially delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) that arises from eccentric exercises, thus potentially improving the well-being of those who are trained. It also appears to have the capability to lower biomarkers associated with inflammation and boost antioxidant levels. Nevertheless, for future studies, the bioavailability of curcumin must be considered, as it is a key factor in its efficacy.
Effects of probiotic supplementation with high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory endurance and metabolism in Middle-Aged Obese Women.
Chen YC, Wang HY, Ogita F … +6 more , Hung CH, Kuo CH, Wang JP, Wang CM, Hou CW, Wang TY
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39618097 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve chronic diseases. Probiotics have been found to have similar effects. However, the additive effects of HIIT in combination with probiotics s...
INTRODUCTION: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve chronic diseases. Probiotics have been found to have similar effects. However, the additive effects of HIIT in combination with probiotics supplementation are unclear. The aim of current study was to investigate whether there were additive effects when implementing both HIIT and probiotics simultaneously. METHODS: Forty-seven obese middle-aged women (Age: 44.5 ± 5.94 years, body fat percentage: 40.0 ± 4.1%) were recruited and assigned into four groups: control group (C, = 12), probiotics group (P, = 12), HIIT group (H, = 11), and HIIT with probiotics group (HP, = 12). All the participants consumed probiotics TWK10, 6 × 10 CFU/day) or placebo supplements daily. Exercise intervention groups conducted HIIT training (85-90% vVOmax for 2 min, followed by a 1-min inactive rest interval, repeated for 7 cycles) 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Anthropometry, cardiorespiratory endurance, blood glucose, and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after the 8-week intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, there were significant changes between groups in the variations and rates of change in waist circumference, hip circumference, and TTE. The waist circumference in group H significantly increased compared to groups C and P, while group HP did not show significant difference compared to group C. On the other hand, the hip circumference decreased significantly in group HP compared to group C, and the decreased rate in group HP was significantly greater than in groups C and P. Furthermore, the increase rates in TTE were higher in group H and HP compared to group C. CONCLUSION: HIIT improves TTE but negatively affects waist circumference compared to the control group. However, when combined with probiotics, the probiotics not only help enhance TTE but also counteract the negative impact on waist circumference and further reduce hip circumference, resulting in a synergistic effect. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT06285578.
Glycaemic Response to Acute Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performed in the Morning or Afternoon in Healthy Subjects: A Crossover Trial.
Rodriguez-Muñoz A, Martínez-Montoro JI, Sojo-Rodriguez B … +9 more , Benitez-Porres J, Carrillo-Albornoz-Gil M, Carrasco-Fernandez L, Subiri-Verdugo A, Molina-Ramos A, Cobos-Diaz A, Tinahones FJ, Ortega-Gomez A, Murri M
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39611609 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The regular practice of physical activity is considered a health promoter and appears to be one of the main contributors to the prevention of chronic diseases. However, the potential effects of exercise on he...
BACKGROUND: The regular practice of physical activity is considered a health promoter and appears to be one of the main contributors to the prevention of chronic diseases. However, the potential effects of exercise on health depending on the time of day at which it is performed have not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of physical exercise (aerobic or anaerobic) and chronobiology (morning or afternoon) on the glycemic metabolism of healthy subjects. METHODS: Healthy subjects participated in aerobic or anaerobic physical exercise sessions, either in the morning or in the afternoon. Blood was drawn from the subjects before, at the end of the exercise and 2 hours after the end of the exercise. Glycemic parameters were analyzed at these time points. A general linear model test was performed after verifying the normal distribution of the raw data (as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test) or after a logarithmic/square root transformation, considering aerobic or anaerobic exercise and morning or afternoon exercise as independent variables. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects (14 women and 9 men) were included in the study. The rate of change in glucose levels was significantly higher at the end of anaerobic exercise compared to aerobic exercise (1.19 ± 0.04 vs. 0.98 ± 0.02, respectively), with a more pronounced decrease in insulin and C-peptide levels following aerobic exercise. In addition, the increase of glucose was higher after the exercise in the morning compared with the afternoon (1.14 ± 0.03 vs. 1.03 ± 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The type of exercise and chronobiology influence short-term glucose metabolism.
Enhancing performance through biochemical monitoring and nutritional support in female weightlifters during pre-competition weight reduction: a randomized trial.
Yu L, Cheng L
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39607068 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Weight reduction is a common practice among female weightlifters before competitions to qualify for specific weight classes. However, this process can adversely affect their physical performance and health. Th...
OBJECTIVE: Weight reduction is a common practice among female weightlifters before competitions to qualify for specific weight classes. However, this process can adversely affect their physical performance and health. This study aimed to investigate the impact of physiological and biochemical monitoring and nutritional support on the competitive state of female weightlifters during the pre-competition weight reduction period. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 28 female weightlifters from Sichuan Province, China, randomly assigned to the experimental group ( = 14) or the control group ( = 14). Both groups followed their regular training schedules. The experimental group received personalized nutritional monitoring and supplementation, including detailed assessments, dietary logs, weekly consultations, and targeted supplements based on biochemical indicators and training needs. The control group continued with their standard diet and training without additional interventions. Serum indicators, fatigue scales, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores were monitored (a total of 5 tests). RESULTS: The experimental group exhibited a significant reduction in creatine kinase levels by the fourth week compared to both baseline and the first week ( < 0.05), and maintained higher levels of testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and hemoglobin than the control group from the second week onwards ( < 0.05). Conversely, the control group showed an increase in creatine kinase and a decrease in testosterone and testosterone/cortisol ratio over the same period ( < 0.05). By the fourth week, the experimental group also reported lower fatigue and better sleep quality, as indicated by lower PSQI scores, compared to the control group ( < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Personalized nutritional supplementation has an improving effect on biochemical indicators, fatigue, and sleep quality in female weightlifters during the pre-competition weight reduction period. Implementing biochemical monitoring and personalized nutritional support during this period is a key strategy for enhancing the competitive performance of female weightlifters.
Salidroside and exercise performance in healthy active young adults - an exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Schwarz NA, Stratton MT, Colquhoun RJ … +11 more , Manganti AM, Sherbourne M, Mourey F, White CC, Day H, Dusseault MC, Hudson GM, Vickery CR, Schachner HC, Kasprzyk PG, Weng JK
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39601362 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Rhodiola rosea extract is purported to improve physical performance and support resilience to stress. Salidroside is considered to be one of the main constituents responsible for the ergogenic actions of R. r...
BACKGROUND: Rhodiola rosea extract is purported to improve physical performance and support resilience to stress. Salidroside is considered to be one of the main constituents responsible for the ergogenic actions of R. rosea. However, R. rosea extract contains relatively little salidroside and cultivation of R. rosea is challenging as it is mainly found in high-altitude, cold regions. Additionally, the R. rosea plant is subject to conservation concerns because of its growing popularity. The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate the short-term effects of pure, biosynthetic salidroside supplementation on exercise performance, mood state, and markers of inflammation and muscle damage in healthy active young adults. METHODS: Fifty participants (30 M, 20F; 21 ± 4 yrs; 173 ± 8 cm; 74 ± 13 kg) were randomly assigned to either salidroside (60 mg/day for 16 days) or placebo supplementation and underwent peak oxygen uptake (VO peak), intermittent time-to-exhaustion (TTE), and local muscular endurance assessments, along with mood state evaluations using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Blood samples were analyzed for erythropoietin, myoglobin, creatine kinase-MM, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: Salidroside supplementation enhanced overall percent predicted oxygen uptake during high-intensity intermittent exercise ( < 0.01). An increase in serum myoglobin was observed 24 hours following exercise in the placebo group ( = 0.02) compared with baseline whereas no statistically significant increase was observed for the salidroside group indicating reduced exercise-induced muscle damage. Placebo group experienced a decrease in number of intervals performed during the TTE test ( = 0.03), and a decrease in friendliness ( < 0.01) and an increase in fatigue-inertia ( < 0.01) as reported by POMS. The salidroside group exhibited stable mood states and maintained performance levels during the time-to-exhaustion test. CONCLUSION: Salidroside supplementation may enhance oxygen utilization and mitigate exercise-induced muscle damage and fatigue, warranting further research on its long-term effects and potential as an adaptogen for active individuals.
The associations between calorie tracking, body image dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and menstrual cycle characteristics in resistance-trained athletes.
SantaBarbara K, Helms E, Harris N
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39579199 · Full text
BACKGROUND: While body image dissatisfaction (BID) and eating disorders (EDs) are relatively common in athletes (ranging from 11% to 67% of athletes, depending on the sport) [1], they are also prevalent in weight-class r...
BACKGROUND: While body image dissatisfaction (BID) and eating disorders (EDs) are relatively common in athletes (ranging from 11% to 67% of athletes, depending on the sport) [1], they are also prevalent in weight-class restricted sports (a common format in strength sports), and among physique athletes [2]. These athletes manipulate their nutrition to reach aesthetic or body weight standards and, in that process, may undergo prolonged periods of low energy availability. Low energy availability, defined as consuming insufficient energy for one's lean mass and exercise activity, can lead to Relative Energy Deficiency in sport (REDs), a syndrome that can impact menstrual cycle (MC) symptoms (and many other aspects of physiology and psychology) [3]. There has not been an investigation into the relationships between these resistance-trained (RT) athletes' nutritional habits, MC-related symptoms, BIDs, and EDs. METHODS: A survey was implemented to explore the dieting habits, MC characteristics, BID, and EDs in RT females. RESULTS: 64.6% ( = 469) of participants reported tracking calories, with a slightly higher percentage of competitive athletes tracking calories 71.8% ( = 181) than recreational-level athletes. Competitive athletes were significantly more likely to track calories than recreational-level athletes ( = 0.003). When asked what the primary purpose of calorie restriction was, most participants selected weight loss for aesthetic purposes 58.8% ( = 356). Competitive athletes were less likely to select weight loss for aesthetic purposes 35.7% ( = 77), but weight loss for the purpose of a weight class-based sport was higher at 43.5% ( = 94). There were no significant associations between BID and MC characteristics or most MC symptoms and limited associations between EDs and MC characteristics and symptoms. CONCLUSION: RT athletes exhibited a higher prevalence of calorie tracking than the general population. Competitive RT athletes were less likely to calorie restrict for aesthetic purposes than non-athletes, but more likely to calorie restrict for the purpose of weight-class-based sports. There were limited significant associations between BID and MC characteristics or MC symptoms, as well as between EDs and MC characteristics. However, there was a significant association between amenorrhea and EDs, which aligns with previous research in this area. Both BID and EDs were significantly associated with MC-based mental health effects; this is likely due to the interconnected nature of mental health concerns, such as EDs with depression and anxiety.
Impact of astaxanthin supplementation on markers of cardiometabolic health and tactical performance among firefighters.
Gonzalez DE, Dickerson BL, Johnson SE … +12 more , Woodruff KE, Leonard M, Yoo C, Ko J, Xing D, Martinez V, Kendra J, Estes L, Sowinski RJ, Rasmussen CJ, Martin SE, Kreider RB
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39568140 · Full text
RATIONALE: Firefighters are at risk for cardiovascular disease due to occupational-related inflammation, oxidative stress, and lifestyle practices. Astaxanthin (AX) possesses anti-inflammatory/antioxidant and purported e...
RATIONALE: Firefighters are at risk for cardiovascular disease due to occupational-related inflammation, oxidative stress, and lifestyle practices. Astaxanthin (AX) possesses anti-inflammatory/antioxidant and purported ergogenic properties. This study examined the impact of supplementing the diet with 12 mg/d AX for four weeks on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiometabolic health, exercise capacity, and occupation-related performance in career firefighters. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, 15 male career firefighters (34.5 ± 7.4 years; 177.7 ± 7.0 cm; 95.6 ± 12.0 kg; 30.1 ± 2.9 kg/m; 11.03 ± 6.85 years of service) ingested 12 mg/d of AX (AstaReal®, AstaReal AB, Nacka, SWE) or placebo (PLA) for four weeks while following a standardized resistance training program. After each treatment, testing sessions were completed to assess inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity, and performance to a fire ground test (FGT) consisting of nine fire suppressive activities. Data were analyzed using general linear model (GLM) analysis with repeated measures. Clinical significance was assessed via mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Analysis of mean percent changes from baseline revealed that AX supplementation lessened the inflammatory response to to performing an incremental maximal exercise test and attenuated increases in interleukin-1β, cortisol, and uric acid in response to performing fire suppressive activities compared to when they ingested PLA. However, most of these effects were within groups rather than between groups. Additionally, there was evidence that AX ingestion increased the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Four weeks of AX supplementation did not significantly affect fasting markers of oxidative stress, blood lipids, performance during the FGT, general clinical chemistry panels, or self-reported side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide some evidence that AX supplementation may help mediate occupation-related inflammation in response to high-intensity, short-duration exercise in firefighters. More research is warranted to determine if long-term supplementation can improve cardiometabolic risk in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN10901752.
Assessment of Urolithin A effects on muscle endurance, strength, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism in male athletes with resistance training: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Zhao H, Zhu H, Yun H … +6 more , Liu J, Song G, Teng J, Zou D, Lu N, Liu C
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39487653 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Urolithin A (UA) on muscle endurance, muscle strength, inflammatory levels, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism status in resistance-trained male athletes. M...
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Urolithin A (UA) on muscle endurance, muscle strength, inflammatory levels, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism status in resistance-trained male athletes. METHOD: An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with twenty resistance-trained male athletes. Participants were supplemented with 1 g of UA daily. Muscle strength and muscle endurance measures were assessed, and fasting venous blood samples and morning urine samples were collected to evaluate their oxidative stress levels, inflammatory markers, and protein metabolism status. RESULTS: There were no significant differences observed in terms of dietary energy intake and composition between the two assessments conducted within a 24-hour period. After 8 weeks of UA supplementation, compared to baseline measurements, the UA group exhibited increases in 1RM bench press and squat, although these changes were not statistically significant (Δ = 3.00 ± 0.17 kg, = 0.051, Δ = 1.35 ± 2.73 kg, = 0.499). However, significant improvements were noted in Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) and repetitions to failure (RTF) performance (Δ = 36.10 ± 0.62 NM, = 0.000; Δ = 2.00 ± 0.56, = 0.001). When compared to the placebo group, the UA supplementation for 8 weeks led to an increase in 1RM bench press and squat, although statistical significance was not reached (Δ = 3.50 ± 0.79 kg, = 0.462; Δ = 2.55 ± 1.36 kg, = 0.710). Furthermore, the group receiving UA supplementation, compared to the placebo group, showed significant improvements in MVIC and RTF (Δ = 43.50 ± 0.77 NM, = 0.048; Δ = 2.00 ± 1.22, = 0.011), indicating that the UA group exhibited superior performance enhancements in these metrics compared to the placebo group. After 8 weeks of UA supplementation, the UA group showed a significant decrease in 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) compared to baseline measurement (Δ=-2.38 ± 1.96 μmol/L, = 0.049). Additionally, the UA group exhibited a significant increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to baseline (Δ = 0.71 ± 0.21 mg/L, = 0.001). However, there was no significant changes observed in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Δ=-1.00 ± 1.01 pg/mL, = 0.076), or superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Δ=-0.004 ± 0.72 U/mL, = 0.996) compared to baseline in the UA group. When compared to the placebo group, there was no significant difference observed in 3-MH in the UA group (Δ=-3.20 ± 0.31 μmol/L, = 0.36). In terms of inflammation markers, the UA group exhibited a significant decrease in CRP (Δ=-0.79 ± 0.38 mg/L, = 0.032) compared to the placebo group, whereas there was a decrease in IL-6 without statistical significance (Δ=-1.75 ± 0.45 pg/mL, = 0.215). Furthermore, the UA group showed a significant decrease in SOD compared to the placebo group (Δ=-4.32 ± 0.90 U/mL, = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: After 8 weeks of UA supplementation at 1 g/day, resistance-trained male athletes showed improvements in muscle strength and endurance. Additionally, UA supplementation was also associated with reduced oxidative stress levels and a decrease in inflammation response levels.
The relationship between fear of negative evaluation, physical activity, eating behavior and psychological distress among nursing students.
Zheng X, Zhang M, Yang L … +7 more , Zhang X, Xiao S, Li X, Xue B, Liao Y, Tian F, Zhang C
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39466119 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The aim of this research is to explore the interrelationships between different psychological issues and the potential role of eating behavior and physical activity among nursing students. METHODS: Undergradu...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this research is to explore the interrelationships between different psychological issues and the potential role of eating behavior and physical activity among nursing students. METHODS: Undergraduate nursing students ( = 892) from some medical universities in China were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling methods using online platforms. Participants completed measures on demographics, fear of negative evaluation (FNE), social avoidance and distress (SAD), psychological distress (DASS), disordered eating behavior (TFEQ) and physical activity. The relationship models among the aforementioned variables were established using Process 3.5. RESULTS: A total of 290 males and 602 females were included in this study. The average FNE score of students was (39.44 ± 8.78), SAD was (13.83 ± 7.06), DASS was (22.45 ± 20.47), and TFEQ was (56.09 ± 12.57), respectively. TFEQ and SAD independently and jointly acted as mediators in the relationship between FNE and DASS. Physical activity played a moderating role, with the interaction effect between FNE and groups Q2, Q3, and Q4 determined to be 0.407 ( 0.136 to 0.678), 0.328 ( 0.061 to 0.596) and 0.332 ( 0.073 to 0.591), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that disordered eating behaviors have a negative impact on mechanisms of psychological changes, and enhancing physical activity is an effective prevention strategy for psychological distress and disordered eating behaviors among nursing students.
Are caffeine effects equivalent between different modes of administration: the acute effects of 3 mg.kg caffeine on the muscular strength and power of male university Rugby Union players.
Tallis J, Duncan MJ, Clarke ND … +2 more , Morris RO, Tamilio RA
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39439175 · Full text
BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in the potential of alternative modes of caffeine administration for enhancing sports performance. Given that alternative modes may evoke improved physical performance via distinct m...
BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in the potential of alternative modes of caffeine administration for enhancing sports performance. Given that alternative modes may evoke improved physical performance via distinct mechanisms, effects may not be comparable and studies directly comparing the erogenicity of alternative modes of caffeine administration are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, the present study evaluated the effect of 3 mg·kg caffeine delivered in anhydrous form via capsule ingestion, chewing gum or mouth rinsing on measures of muscular strength, power, and strength endurance in male Rugby Union players. METHODS: Twenty-seven participants completed the study (Mean ± SD: Age 20 ± 2 yrs; daily caffeine consumption 188 ± 88 mg). Following assessments and reassessment of chest press (CP), shoulder press (SP), Deadlift (DL), and Squat (SQ) 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and familiarization to the experimental procedures, participants completed six experimental trials where they were administered 3 mg.kg caffeine (Caff) or placebo (Plac) capsule, chewing gum or mouth rinse in a randomized, double-blind and counterbalanced fashion prior to force platform assessment of countermovement jump, drop jump and isometric mid-thigh pull performance. Strength endurance was measured across two sets of CP, SP, DL, and SQ at 70% 1RM until failure. Pre-exercise perceptions of motivation and arousal were also determined. RESULTS: Caffeine increased perceived readiness to invest mental effort ( = .038; ηp=.156), countermovement jump height ( = .035; ηp=.160) and SQ repetitions until failure in the first set ( < .001; d = .481), but there was no effect of delivery mode ( > .687; ηp<.015). Readiness to invest physical effort, felt arousal, drop jump height, countermovement jump, drop jump and isometric mid-thigh pull ground reaction force-time characteristics and repetitions until failure in CP, SP and DL were not affected by caffeine administration or mode of caffeine delivery ( > .0.052; ηp< .136). CONCLUSION: 3 mg.kg caffeine administered via capsule, gum or mouth rinse had limited effects on muscular strength, power, and strength endurance. Small effects of caffeine on CMJ height could not be explained by changes in specific ground reaction force-time characteristics and were not transferable to DJ performance, and effects specific to the SQ RTP exercise underpin the complexity in understanding effects of caffeine on muscular function. Novel modes of caffeine administration proposed to evoke benefits via distinct mechanisms did not offer unique effects, and the small number of effects demonstrated may have little translation to a single performance trial when data examining direct comparison of each caffeine vehicle compared against a mode matched placebo is considered.
The impact of tangeretin combined with whey protein on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in professional athletes: a placebo-controlled trial.
Cao Z, Zhao C, Mo S … +2 more , Gao BH, Liu M
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39422600 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is highly prevalent in athletes. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of daily tangeretin combined with whey protein supplementation ov...
BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is highly prevalent in athletes. The objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of daily tangeretin combined with whey protein supplementation over a period of 4 weeks in professional athletes with EIB. METHODS: Using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, paired, randomized trial design, a cohort of 30 professional athletes with EIB, consisting of 14 females and 16 males, was divided into two groups: the tangeretin combined with whey protein intervention group (TIG), and the placebo control group (PCG). Both the TIG and PCG underwent exercise challenge tests (ECT) and VO tests before (ECT, V1) and after (ECT, V2) the intervention. Blood (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) and serum (interleukin-5, IL-5; interleukin-8, IL-8; Clara cell secretory protein-16, CC16; immunoglobulin E, IgE) levels were measured early in the morning of ECT and ECT, respectively. Lung function was assessed immediately before and post-ECT immediately. RESULTS: Tangeretin combined with whey protein use for 4 weeks attenuated the decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV) post trials (∆FEV(ECT1-ECT2): mean (SD) TIG -7.51(6.9)% vs. PCG -2.33(11.49)%, = 0.013). Tangeretin also substantially attenuated IL-5 concentration (∆IL-5(T-T): Tangeretin -19.4% vs Placebo + 8.37%, = 0.022); IL-8 concentration (∆IL-8(T-T): Tangeretin -17.28% vs Placebo + 6.1%, = 0.012); CC16 concentration (∆CC16(T-T): Tangeretin -11.77% vs Placebo + 24.19%); and IgE concentration in the serum (∆IgE(T-T): Tangeretin -24.1% vs Placebo -3.9%), and significantly decreased neutrophil count (∆N(T-T): Tangeretin -11.34% vs Placebo + 0.3%) and eosinophil count in blood (∆N(T-T): Tangeretin -38.5% vs Placebo + 4.35%). Compared with V1, VO ( = 0.042) and TLim ( = 0.05) of V2 were significantly increased in the TIG, and there was no significant change in the PCG. Meanwhile, six athletes in the TIG and 0 athletes in the PCG became EIB-negative at ECT; the overall negative conversion rate of EIB was 40.00% in TCG. Additionally, the number of cough symptoms decreased from 9 to 3 and dyspnea from 4 to 2 in the TIG. CONCLUSION: After high-intensity exercise, athletes with EIB achieved significant improvements in lung function and blood inflammatory factors by combining tangeretin and whey protein supplementation. EIB athletes also showed longer exercise endurance and VO at 4 weeks after TI. In addition, some patient symptoms disappeared after combination supplementation. The effect of this treatment on professional athletes with EIB was beneficial.
The effect of quercetin and citrulline on cycling time trial performance.
Kurtz JA, Grazer J, Wilson K … +7 more , Feresin RG, Doyle JA, Middleton R, Devis E, VanDusseldorp TA, Fasczewski K, Otis J
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39417670 · Full text
BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in the use of nutrition and dietary supplements to optimize training and time-trial (TT) performance in cyclists. Separately, quercetin (QCT) and citrulline (CIT) have been used as e...
BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in the use of nutrition and dietary supplements to optimize training and time-trial (TT) performance in cyclists. Separately, quercetin (QCT) and citrulline (CIT) have been used as ergogenic aids to improve oxygen (VO) kinetics, perceived effort, and cycling TT performance. However, whether the combination of QCT and CIT can provide additive benefits and further enhance cycling performance production is currently unknown. METHODS: We examined 28-days of QCT + CIT supplementation on TT performance and several performance measures (i.e. mean power, VO, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)). Forty-eight highly trained cyclists were assigned to one of four supplementation groups: (1) QCT + CIT (QCT: 500 mg, CIT: 3000 g), (2) QCT (500 mg), (3) CIT (3000 mg), or (4) placebo (3500 mg of a zero-calorie flavored crystal light package). Supplements were consumed two times per day for 28 consecutive days. Participants performed a 20-km cycling time-trial race, pre- and post-supplementation to determine the impact of the combined effects of QCT + CIT. RESULTS: There were no potential benefits of QCT +CIT supplementation on TT performance and several performance measures. However, there was an improvement in VO from pre-to-post-supplementation in QCT ( = 0.05) and CIT ( = 0.04) groups, but not in the QCT+CIT and PL groups. CONCLUSIONS: QCT + CIT does not seem beneficial for 20-km TT performance; further exploration with a focus on an increase in cycling duration or QCT+CIT combined with additional polyphenols may amplify any perceived bioactive or metabolic effects on cycling performance. The efficacy of QCT + CIT supplementation to improve cycling performance remains ambiguous.
Antifatigue effect of okara protein hydrolysate supplementation during cycling exercise in men: a pre-post uncontrolled pilot study.
Chien YJ, Tsao JP, Tsai CT … +2 more , Cheng IS, Hsu CL
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39417669 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Prolonged exercise usually leads to exercise fatigue, which has a negative short-term impact on exercise performance and metabolic rate; thus, fatigue needs to be resolved. Okara is a protein-rich residue of...
BACKGROUND: Prolonged exercise usually leads to exercise fatigue, which has a negative short-term impact on exercise performance and metabolic rate; thus, fatigue needs to be resolved. Okara is a protein-rich residue of soy processing. Enzyme hydrolysis is known to increase the content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which have been reported to confer benefits for exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifatigue effect of okara protein hydrolysate (OPH) on cycling exercise. METHODS: A total of 16 male participants who habitually exercised (2 times or more per week and without participation in athletic contests) were instructed to receive 11.74 g of OPH once a day. They then completed two intense cycling exercise challenges before and after four weeks of supplementation. Exercise time and blood markers related to fatigue and energy metabolism were measured. RESULTS: The results showed that the time to exhaustion significantly increased after the treatment. The levels of lactate during exercise and at the end of exercise were significantly lower after treatment than before. Additionally, postexercise insulin sensitivity was increased after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that OPH supplementation can promote endurance in exercise by decreasing the accumulation of fatigue-related metabolites during exercise and can promote energy recovery by increasing insulin function. These findings suggest that OPH has an antifatigue property.
Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum reduces fatigue index and improves 400-meter performance in trained sprinters: a double-blind crossover trial.
Shiu YJ, Chen CH, Tao WS … +3 more , Nai HF, Yu CY, Chiu CH
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39390816 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on fatigue index and 400-meter performance in trained sprinters. METHODS: Nineteen participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.0 years; height: 175.6 ± 4.9 cm; m...
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on fatigue index and 400-meter performance in trained sprinters. METHODS: Nineteen participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.0 years; height: 175.6 ± 4.9 cm; mass: 66.5 ± 5.6 kg; training age: 7.9 ± 1.0 years) were randomly assigned to either a caffeine trial (CAF) or a placebo trial (PL) using a double-blind, randomized crossover design. The participants in the CAF trial chewed a gum containing 3 mg/kg of caffeine for a period of 10 minutes, while those in the PL trial chewed a gum containing a placebo with no caffeine. Following a 15-minute period of rest, the fatigue index was tested by six maximal 35-meter sprints with a 10-second rest between efforts. After this, at least 30 minutes of rest was permitted, during which time the participants engaged in brief warm-up activities prior to the commencement of the 400-meter sprint test. Saliva samples were collected before chewing gum, before the fatigue test and before 400-meters sprinting. RESULTS: The fatigue index was significantly lower in the CAF trial compared to the PL trial (CAF: 8.1 ± 2.5%; PL: 9.6 ± 4.8%; = 0.046, Cohen's d = 039). The CAF trial demonstrated significantly lower sprint time for the 300-400 meter segment (CAF: 14.73 ± 1.35 seconds; PL: 15.23 ± 1.30 seconds; = 0.019, Cohen's d = 0.37) and total sprint time compared to the PL trial (CAF: 53.87 ± 2.88 seconds; PL: 54.68 ± 3.37 seconds; = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.27). Saliva caffeine and α-amylase concentration were significantly higher in the CAF trial compared to the PL trial ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that caffeine gum supplementation prior to exercise significantly reduced the fatigue index and increased the capacity to maintain speed, particularly in the final 300 to 400 meters, as well as enhancing 400-meter sprint performance.
Inflated effect estimates for vitamin D supplementation are driven by common meta-analytical errors.
Trexler ET
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39373459 · Full text
PURPOSE: Han et al. (J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16:55, 2019) sought to quantify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength outcomes among athletes in a meta-analysis. The authors reported a pooled effect size (stand...
PURPOSE: Han et al. (J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16:55, 2019) sought to quantify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength outcomes among athletes in a meta-analysis. The authors reported a pooled effect size (standardized mean difference; SMD) of -0.75 (95% CI: -1.82 to 0.32, p = 0.17) in favor of supplementation, but the analytical approach was not appropriate for a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials and the effect sizes were calculated incorrectly. This letter discusses how these issues impact the results and interpretation of the paper, then provides an update on the estimated average effect of vitamin D on strength outcomes in athletes. METHODS: Identified errors included the use of within-group rather than between-group effect size metrics, the use of standard error values in place of standard deviations, and failure to account for correlated observations within the model. The data were reanalyzed after correcting for these common meta-analytic errors. RESULTS: The results of this reanalysis reflect a dramatically smaller and statistically nonsignificant pooled effect estimate of SMD = 0.16 (-0.24 to 0.56, p = 0.43) in favor of supplementation. Further, the model from this reanalysis has more favorable statistical characteristics than the original analysis, as evidenced by a fairly symmetrical funnel plot and a nonsignificant result for Cochrane's Q test (Q = 5.02, p = 0.41). CONCLUSION: In order to disseminate robust information to sports nutrition practitioners and researchers, it is critically important for meta-analyses to produce valid effect estimates that are appropriate for the underlying study designs and calculated without error. This letter highlights common errors to inform the calculation and interpretation of future meta-analyses in sports nutrition.
Nutritional knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in rugby league; influences of age, body composition and ancestry.
Sharples A, Duffield R, Wade J … +1 more , Fullagar HHK
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2024 Dec · PMID 39361434 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Rugby league is a physically demanding sport that necessitates considerable nutritional intake, focusing on quality and type, in order to optimize training and competition demands. However, rugby league ath...
INTRODUCTION: Rugby league is a physically demanding sport that necessitates considerable nutritional intake, focusing on quality and type, in order to optimize training and competition demands. However, rugby league athletes are reported to have inadequate nutrition intake to match these demands. Some factors that may determine an athlete's nutrition intake have been reported in other sports, including (but not limited to, knowledge, time, cooking skills, food costs, income, belief in the importance of nutrition, body composition goals, and family/cultural support). However, these potential factors are relatively unexplored in rugby league, where a range of personal (age, body composition) or social (ancestry) influences could affect nutritional intake. Further exploration of these factors is warranted to understand the knowledge, attitudes and behavior underlying rugby league athletes' nutritional intake that can provide practitioners with a more detailed understanding of how to approach nutrition behaviors and attitudes in rugby league athletes. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to describe the nutrition behaviors and knowledge of rugby league athletes. A secondary aim was to compare nutrition knowledge and behavior based on age, body composition and self-identified ancestry. METHODS: Fifty professional rugby league athletes anonymously completed a seventy-six-question online survey. The survey consisted of three sections : 1) sports nutrition knowledge, 2) attitudes toward nutrition on performance , and 3) nutrition behaviors. All participants completed the online survey without assistance using their own personal device, with data entered via REDCap during pre-season. Nutrition knowledge was compared based on age (years), body composition (body fat percentage (%)) and ancestral groups (Pasifika, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) and Anglo- European).Pearson correlation was used for the relationship between nutrition knowledge, age and body composition. An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine nutrition knowledge differences between ancestral groups with age and body composition as covariates. Attitudes and behaviors were compared based on age groups (<20, 20-24 and >25 y), ancestry and body composition. Attitudes and behaviors were analyzed by Pearson correlation for body composition, one-way ANOVA for age groups and ANCOVA for ancestry with covariates age and body composition. RESULTS: Overall athletes' nutrition knowledge score was reported as 40 ± 12% (overall rating "poor"). Nutritional behaviors were significant for body composition, as those with lower body fat percentage had higher intakes of vegetables and dairy products ( = 0.046, = 0.009), and ate more in the afternoon (lunch = 0.048, afternoon snack = 0.036). For ancestry, after adjustment for both age and body composition, Pasifika athletes were more inclined to miss breakfast and lunch compared to their Anglo-European ( = 0.037, = 0.012) and ATSI ( = 0.022, = 0.006) counterparts and ate more fruit than Anglo-Europeans ( = 0.006, = 0.016). After adjustment for body composition, ATSI athletes also viewed the impact of nutrition on mental health and well-being significantly lower than Pasifika ( = 0.044). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest differences exist within rugby league athletes based on ancestral backgrounds and body composition for nutrition attitudes, behaviors and knowledge. Such outcomes could be used when designing nutrition education interventions, with consideration given to these factors to optimize long-term positive behavior change.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe