J Int Soc Sports Nutr [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Nutritional supplements to improve esports player performance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Huang D, Zheng Y, Xu M … +1 more , Huang W
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026 Dec · PMID 41424341 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Esports has become a globally popular competitive activity. The performance of esports athletes depends not only on daily skill training but also on cognitive function, reaction speed, and psychological mood....
BACKGROUND: Esports has become a globally popular competitive activity. The performance of esports athletes depends not only on daily skill training but also on cognitive function, reaction speed, and psychological mood. In recent years, nutritional supplements have attracted widespread attention as a potential adjunctive treatment. However, their actual effects lack systematic evaluation. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to comprehensively review existing evidence and assess the impact of nutritional supplements on the performance of esports athletes, including cognitive, psychological, and gaming aspects. METHODS: As of June 17, 2025, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or randomized crossover trials investigating the effects of nutritional supplements on cognitive function, psychological mood, and competitive performance in esports players were retrieved from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Two researchers independently extracted key information and data from the literature. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS: A total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included, comprising 10 randomized crossover trials and 3 randomized controlled trials. The study population comprised 466 participants. The methodological quality of the studies, assessed by the PEDro scale (score range 6-10), was good to excellent. The studies included 18 nutritional supplement protocols, with 14 protocols involving pure caffeine or caffeine-containing supplements. Other protocols included active substances such as inositol-enhanced arginine silicate (ASI + I), -aminobutyric acid (GABA), and microalgae extracts. Based on existing evidence, some nutritional supplements are associated with three aspects of competitive performance among esports players: 1) Esports players demonstrate significant improvements in attention and executive function, which are closely related to gaming. 2) Improvements in esports players' psychological mood are manifested as increased vitality and reduced fatigue/negative emotions. 3) Improvements in gaming performance are primarily focused on shooting performance, such as increased shooting scores and accuracy, as well as reduced reaction times. CONCLUSION: Specific nutritional supplements may improve esports players' cognitive function, psychological mood, and gaming performance.However, these findings represent preliminary evidence based on the heterogeneity of the included studies and raise concerns regarding the overall risk of bias in over half of the research. Furthermore, the small sample sizes and focus on amateur players limit the generalizability of the results. Consequently, caution is warranted when interpreting these findings.Future clinical studies are needed to standardize supplementation protocols, dosage, and measurement methods to confirm the benefits of nutritional supplements for esports players.
Negligible benefit of oral single-dose sodium bicarbonate on continuous running performance: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
Miller LE, Bhattacharyya R, Katz SJ … +2 more , Bhattacharyya M, Herbert WG
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41416636 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation may enhance short-term, high-intensity exercise performance through improved extracellular buffering capacity, but its effect on continuous running performance has not...
BACKGROUND: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation may enhance short-term, high-intensity exercise performance through improved extracellular buffering capacity, but its effect on continuous running performance has not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the effects of oral single-dose SB supplementation on continuous running performance. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for eligible trials published through 31 December 2024. The primary outcome was performance on a continuous running test. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and GI-associated study withdrawal rates. Running performance was analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis with adjustment for GI-related study withdrawals using intent-to-treat methods and publication bias using the trim-and-fill method. Treatment effects were reported using the standardized mean difference (SMD) statistic where 0.00-0.19 represents negligible benefit, 0.20-0.49 small benefit, 0.50-0.79 medium benefit, and ≥ 0.80 large benefit. We used univariable meta-regression to examine factors associated with treatment effect magnitude. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. RESULTS: Among 11 studies with 126 participants, all used a cross-over design. Most (84%) subjects were male, SB dose was typically 0.3 g/kg, and performance test durations ranged from 1 to 30 minutes (median: 4 minutes). GI symptoms occurred more frequently with SB than placebo (29.5% vs. 2.6%; odds ratio = 5.9; = 0.003; low certainty), as did GI-related study withdrawal (8.7% vs. 1.6%; odds ratio = 2.9; = 0.049; moderate certainty). After adjusting for GI-related study withdrawal and publication bias, the treatment effect of SB was negligible and not statistically significant (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.36; = 0.06; = 0%; moderate certainty). In meta-regression, male sex ( = 0.03) and higher body mass ( = 0.04) were associated with greater SB performance benefits. In the 8 studies that enrolled males only, the treatment effect of SB was small and statistically significant (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.63; < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SB supplementation has a negligible benefit on continuous running performance in a mixed-sex population, the ergogenic effect may be more pronounced in males, GI symptoms are common, and some users may not tolerate supplementation. Athletes should carefully weigh the potential performance benefit of SB against the risk of GI symptoms and establish individual tolerance during training before considering use during competition.
Carbohydrate mouth-rinsing does not rescue simulated time trial performance in trained endurance cyclists following a 5-day ketogenic diet.
Guppy G, Brouner J, Spendiff O
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41384325 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CHO-MR) during periods of fasting or low muscle glycogen availability could provide a more pronounced ergogenic effect compared to fed and high muscle glycogen conditions. However,...
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CHO-MR) during periods of fasting or low muscle glycogen availability could provide a more pronounced ergogenic effect compared to fed and high muscle glycogen conditions. However, there is little evidence investigating the efficacy of CHO-MR during periods of low muscle glycogen induced by ketogenic diets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of CHO-MR vs. a placebo (PLA-MR) on cycling time trial performance in trained endurance cyclists following their habitual diet (HD) or a 5-day ketogenic diet (KD). METHODS: Eight participants completed baseline testing and four trial conditions. For each trial, participants adhered to either their HD or a KD for 5 consecutive days. During the first 4 days of each dietary phase, they tracked daily nutrition; additionally, they recorded morning fasting blood glucose and -hydroxybutyrate (βHB) levels for the 4 days preceding and the morning of each trial. Each trial comprised a 33.6 km simulated time trial in which rinsing was performed for ten seconds at 7 km intervals. RESULTS: The 5-day KD significantly increased the time to completion (TTC) compared to HD ( < .001). Although no significant differences in TTC were detected between HD + CHO-MR and KD + CHO-MR ( = .670), CHO-MR did not restore KD performance to within 2% of HD conditions (±158 s; 4.8%). While a significant main effect for diet on morning fasted blood [βHB] ( = .001) was observed on day 5, it was not significantly associated with exercise time ( = -.442, = .086). Post-exercise blood [glucose] was significantly higher in the HD + CHO-MR and HD + PLA-MR conditions compared to the KD + CHO-MR ( = .038 & = .021), and KD + PLA-MR ( = .011 and = .003) conditions, respectively. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that repeated 6.4% CHO-MR during endurance cycling is insufficient to overcome performance impairments induced via a 5-day ketogenic diet. This suggests that peripheral substrate availability may constrain the hepatic glucose output in response to central nervous system cues. Further research is required to elucidate how peripheral glycogen stores, central neural drive, and ergogenic interventions interact under low-carbohydrate conditions.
Prevalence of physically active females at risk for the female athlete triad in Spain.
Torres Dos Ramos A, Bellver M, Esquius L … +3 more , Martínez Pastor I, Barea Montes A, Andrés A
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41332253 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationship between energy availability, menstrual function, and bone health, which may have clinical and subclinical manifestations including eating disor...
BACKGROUND: The female athlete triad (Triad) refers to the interrelationship between energy availability, menstrual function, and bone health, which may have clinical and subclinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of physically active 15- to 45-year-old Spanish women at risk for the Triad. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the validated questionnaires 'Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire' (LEAF-Q) and the 'Female Athlete Screening Tool' (FAST). Exercising women were invited to participate anonymously and voluntarily by email via Spanish sports clubs and federations, as well as through social networks. The questionnaires were also distributed to elite athletes attending the High Performance Center of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona). RESULTS: The study participants comprised 1154 physically active women (age = 28.5 ± 7.7 years; height = 165.2 ± 6.2 cm; body weight = 60.5 ± 9.7), representing 78 recreational and competitive level sports. The results showed that 40.0% ( = 462) were considered at risk for the Triad, while 24.3% ( = 280) were at risk for subclinical eating disorder, and 7.3% ( = 84) at risk for clinical eating disorder. Other results were: menstrual dysfunction displayed a positive correlation with the LEAF-Q score (r = 0.499, = < 0.001); FAST presented an association with the LEAF-Q score (r = 0.252, < 0.001); and body weight (r = 0.207, = < 0.001) and body mass index (r = 0.225, = < 0.001) displayed a positive correlation with the FAST score. CONCLUSION: Based on this research, the implementation of strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the Triad disorders should be made a priority among physically active Spanish women.
Safety of long-term creatine supplementation in women's football players: a real-world in-season study.
Garcia MP, Longobardi I, Saito T … +3 more , Miranda MS, Roschel H, Gualano B
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Sep · PMID 41328005 · Full text
Although creatine supplementation is well established for enhancing athletic performance, data on its long-term safety are still limited, particularly among female athletes. This study investigated the effects of in-seas...
Although creatine supplementation is well established for enhancing athletic performance, data on its long-term safety are still limited, particularly among female athletes. This study investigated the effects of in-season creatine supplementation on biochemical safety markers in young female football players. This real-world, longitudinal single-arm study assessed the safety of creatine supplementation during a competitive season in 71 female athletes from youth and professional football teams. Participants received 20 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 7 days, followed by 5 g/day for the remainder of the season. Dietary intake and a comprehensive panel of hematological, renal, and hepatic biomarkers were evaluated at baseline, mid- (week 16), and end-season (week 32). Linear mixed-model with repeated measures analysis revealed that 8 out of 18 biochemical markers showed statistically significant though clinically minor fluctuations throughout the season. All analytes, except creatine phosphokinase (CPK), remained within reference ranges. No adverse effects were observed on renal (e.g. glomerular filtration rate, creatinine, urea, albuminuria) or hepatic (ALT, AST) function. CPK levels variation likely reflected training load rather than supplementation effects. In this single-arm in-season cohort, long term creatine supplementation was not associated with clinically meaningful derangements in biochemical safety markers in female football players. These findings support the long-term safety profile of creatine in this population and encourage further research into its sex-specific effects in athletic settings.
Dileucine-supplemented essential amino acids support whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise and serum-stimulated cell-based anabolism.
Aguilera JA, Tinline-Goodfellow CT, Lees MJ … +9 more , Kortebi I, West DWD, Abou Sawan S, Sharma M, Bashir R, Barnes TM, Ulanov AV, Burd NA, Moore DR
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41321015 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Essential (EAA) and branched chain (BCAA) amino acid ingestion support whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise and can attenuate markers of postexercise myofibrillar protein breakdown (i.e. urinary 3-m...
BACKGROUND: Essential (EAA) and branched chain (BCAA) amino acid ingestion support whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise and can attenuate markers of postexercise myofibrillar protein breakdown (i.e. urinary 3-methylhistidine; 3MH). Leucine is often considered a primary anabolic EAA through its ability to activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and stimulate muscle protein synthesis. The dipeptide leucine (dileucine) has been shown to more effectively stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis than leucine in young males at rest. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of a dileucine-containing essential amino acid formula (DIEAA; 2 g dileucine, 1 g leucine, 9.15 g total EAA) on the anabolic and catabolic responses following resistance exercise in young recreationally active adults when compared with ingesting branched chain amino acids (BCAA; 3 g leucine, 1.5 g isoleucine, 1.5 g valine) or isonitrogenous (to DIEAA) collagen hydrolysate (COL). METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 12 healthy adults (8 M, 4F, aged 24 ± 3 y) performed a 60 min bout of whole-body resistance exercise, after which they ingested DIEAA, BCAA, or COL protein beverages containing 100 mg L-[1-C]leucine (#NCT05754125). Total exogenous leucine retention (as an estimate of whole-body anabolism) was assessed over the 6 h postprandial period by determining total leucine oxidation from CO enrichment (isotope ratio mass spectrometry) in repeated breath samples. A urinary 3MH:creatinine ratio (3MH:Cr) over 6 h was used as an estimate of skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein breakdown. To further assess the anabolic potential of nutrients, C2C12 myotubes were treated with a subset ( = 7) of human serum-conditioned media for 4 h to measure downstream mTORC1 substrate phosphorylation, protein synthesis (puromycin and L--[D]phenylalanine incorporation) and breakdown (ubiquitinated protein), and myotube hypertrophy. RESULTS: Total exogenous leucine retention were similar ( = 0.68) between DIEAA (215.72 ± 42.45 μmol·kg) and BCAA conditions (219.15 ± 45.26 μmol·kg), with both DIEAA and BCAA being greater ( < 0.0001) than COL (37.25 ± 8.16 μmol·kg). There were no differences ( = 0.58) in 3MH:Cr between supplement conditions. There was no effect of condition on puromycin incorporation into nascent peptides ( = 0.31), total protein ubiquitination as an estimate of protein breakdown ( = 0.59), phosphorylation of downstream mTORC1 substrates -RPS6 ( = 0.39) or -4E-BP1 ( = 0.50), and myotube diameter ( = 0.55). Stable isotope-derived rates of mixed muscle protein synthesis (MPS) demonstrated a trend toward a main effect ( = 0.086) with pairwise comparisons revealing a large effect of DIEAA compared to COL (dz = 1.47), a medium effect of DIEAA compared to BCAA (dz = 0.81), and a trivial effect of BCAA comapred to COL (dz = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Dileucine-supplemented EAA and BCAA support greater whole-body anabolism compared with COL after resistance exercise independent of attenuation in urinary estimates of myofibrillar protein breakdown. Exploratory experiments reveal a potential anabolic effect of DIEAA in stimulating MPS. Collectively, these findings suggest that consuming dileucine with sufficient EAA and BCAA increases exogenous leucine retention to support whole-body anabolism during postexercise recovery in individuals performing resistance training.
Reliability of achieving target dehydration levels using a portable infrared sauna protocol in healthy young adults.
Lebron MA, Fukuda DH, Cregan JT … +3 more , Shell JM, Wells AJ, Stout JR
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41320841 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Although environmental chambers have traditionally been used to study passive dehydration and recovery in the context of sports nutrition, portable infrared saunas may provide a more accessible and cost-effec...
BACKGROUND: Although environmental chambers have traditionally been used to study passive dehydration and recovery in the context of sports nutrition, portable infrared saunas may provide a more accessible and cost-effective alternative. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and test-retest reliability of achieving target body mass (BM) losses using a portable infrared sauna. METHODS: Fifteen healthy adults (11 males: 22.46 ± 2.70 years, 175.48 ± 6.54 cm, 76.35 ± 9.78 kg; 4 females: 21.00 ± 2.58 years, 163.10 ± 2.79 cm, 54.78 ± 4.25 kg) completed two identical dehydration trials separated by at least 72 hours. After a standardized warm-up, participants alternated for up to 20 minutes of sauna exposure (~66 °C) with 5 minutes of rest (~23 °C) until reaching 2.8% ± 0.3% (males) or 2.4% ± 0.3% (females) BM loss. The dependent variables were total sauna time, maximum core temperature (MCT), average sauna temperature when entering, average sauna temperature when exiting, absolute BM loss, relative BM loss, absolute BM loss per 60 minutes, and relative BM loss per 60 minutes. Reliability was evaluated using a two-way fixed intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CVs; acceptable <15%). RESULTS: The point estimate ICCs ranged from 0.710 to 0.969, with CVs < 5%. There were significant intertrial differences for MCT (Trial 1 > Trial 2, < 0.05), whereas all other variables demonstrated no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that a portable infrared sauna protocol yields reliable dehydration outcomes (CV < 5%; ICC > 0.75) and achieves > 2% BM loss in under 180 minutes, supporting its use when environmental chambers are unavailable.
Amino acid supplementation accelerates resolution of exercise-induced phagocyte infiltration in human skeletal muscle.
Ye M, Condello G, Chao KC … +9 more , Yang HT, Huang CY, Lai LF, Dewi L, Liao YC, Nicholls A, Ji F, Chi NF, Kuo CH
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41320288 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Amino acids activate neutrophil phagocytosis and free radical release . AIM: We examined the effects of amino acid supplementation on post-exercise accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive (MPO⁺) cells in hum...
BACKGROUND: Amino acids activate neutrophil phagocytosis and free radical release . AIM: We examined the effects of amino acid supplementation on post-exercise accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive (MPO⁺) cells in human skeletal muscle using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. METHODS: Ten young men (22 ± 2.8 years) consumed either amino acids (15 g) or an isocaloric placebo before resistance exercise. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were collected at baseline, immediately after exercise (0 h), and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS: Resistance exercise increased MPO⁺ cell infiltration (+161%, = 0.02) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels (+66%, = 0.02) at 24 h. Amino acid supplementation accelerated MPO⁺ cell infiltration to 0 h (+100%, p = 0.03), which diminished by 24 h post-exercise (+53%, = 0.06). Immunofluorescence co-staining revealed that MPO⁺ cells exhibited markedly higher mitochondrial density (TOM20-labeled) and integrated with the injured regions of adjacent myofibers showing lower mitochondria. Other infiltrating MPO-negative cells also contributed mitochondria to exercised muscle tissue, resulting in an overall ~2-fold increase in mitochondrial content during 24-h recovery ( < 0.001), similar under both supplementation conditions. Cellular senescence marker p16Ink4a mRNA decreased by 58% at 24 h post-exercise, with an earlier reduction observed under amino acid treatment (0 h: -49%, = 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that amino acid supplementation accelerates the resolution of inflammation in exercised human skeletal muscle. Immunofluorescence evidence further suggests that infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells contribute to fast mitochondrial gains as part of the muscle damage-response following exercise.
Theacrine as a novel ergogenic aid: impact on canoe sprint performance.
Jovanov P, Vraneš M, Barak O … +4 more , Rapaić M, Maravić N, Marić A, Obradović B
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41320283 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid in high-intensity sports, but it can cause side effects like cardiovascular stress and tolerance buildup. Theacrine, a structurally similar purine alkaloid, may offer compa...
BACKGROUND: Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid in high-intensity sports, but it can cause side effects like cardiovascular stress and tolerance buildup. Theacrine, a structurally similar purine alkaloid, may offer comparable performance benefits with fewer adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the acute effects of theacrine, caffeine, and their combination on performance and physiological responses in elite canoe sprint athletes. METHODS: Twenty highly trained male canoe sprint athletes participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with four conditions: placebo (), caffeine (K), theacrine (T), and a combination of caffeine and theacrine (KT). Each participant completed a 500-meter time trial and a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on a kayak ergometer under each condition. Primary outcomes included race time, power output, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂), total hemoglobin (THb), and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and VO₂ analysis. RESULTS: Caffeine significantly improved the 500-meter time trial (-1.872 s vs. , < 0.001) and WAnT distance (+2.31 m, = 0.005), while KT produced smaller but still significant effects. Theacrine alone (T) did not lead to statistically significant performance improvements. Caffeine increased MAOD ( < 0.005), whereas KT and T showed non-significant changes. SmO and THb slopes were not significantly affected in any condition, suggesting that performance gains were mediated by mechanisms other than local oxygen delivery. No significant differences were observed in heart rate, blood pressure, or perceived exertion across conditions. Strong negative correlations between race time and power output-especially under caffeine-indicated that mechanical output is the primary factor influencing performance. CONCLUSION: Caffeine remains a powerful ergogenic aid in sprint paddling, enhancing both mechanical output and muscle oxygen utilization. Although theacrine alone showed limited ergogenic effects, its combination with caffeine produced additional improvements compared to placebo, indicating a possible complementary role. These findings support targeted supplementation strategies in elite sports.
Short term body mass manipulation in powerlifting: a narrative review and best practice recommendations.
Renner A, Helms ER, Kwan K … +1 more , Csapo R
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41320256 · Full text
Short Term Body Mass Manipulation (SBM) is frequently used in powerlifting by athletes to qualify for lower weight classes and improve relative competitiveness. The three primary physiological pathways that SBM leverages...
Short Term Body Mass Manipulation (SBM) is frequently used in powerlifting by athletes to qualify for lower weight classes and improve relative competitiveness. The three primary physiological pathways that SBM leverages are gastrointestinal content reduction, glycogen storage and body water manipulation, in addition to post-weigh-in refueling. Despite its high prevalence among athletes competing in the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF), the scientific literature on SBM remains limited, and sport-specific guidelines are currently lacking. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on SBM in powerlifting, with a focus on physiological mechanisms, practical implementation, and associated risks. The specific demands of IPF competition, consisting of maximal strength performance after only a two-hour window between weigh-in and competition, necessitate uniquely tailored SBM strategies. SBM should not be regarded as a standard preparation method. Instead, it should be seen as a targeted intervention to be applied with caution and strategic intent. The decision to implement SBM must be based on individual assessment, physiological plausibility, and a well-considered cost-benefit rationale. Ensuring effective rehydration and refueling between weigh-in and competition is critical to support both safety and performance. This review provides sport specific, evidence-based recommendations to assist practitioners in applying SBM responsibly within the context of powerlifting.
The interplay of coffee consumption, plant-based diets on sleep quality and emotional well-being in physically active adults.
Zok A, Matecka M, Bienkowski A … +1 more , Poczta Z
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41320238 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, with ongoing debate regarding its potential benefits and drawbacks for human health, particularly sleep quality. Simultaneously, dietary composit...
BACKGROUND: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, with ongoing debate regarding its potential benefits and drawbacks for human health, particularly sleep quality. Simultaneously, dietary composition-especially a predominantly plant-based diet-has been linked to better health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate how coffee intake and dominant dietary components relate to sleep quality in physically active individuals, with consideration of additional lifestyle factors such as stress and emotional well-being. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered online and via QR codes displayed in sports facilities. Physically active adults ( = 392) completed a standardized questionnaire assessing sleep quality, stress, physical activity, and demographic data. Factor analysis identified underlying dimensions of interest, which were then used in K-Means clustering to group participants with similar response patterns. Statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-hoc comparisons, determined differences in dietary and coffee consumption habits across factors and clusters. RESULTS: Four factors emerged from the analysis: Stress, Health, Relaxation, and Emotional Well-being. Higher stress levels strongly correlated with poor sleep quality, while coffee consumption alone was not statistically linked to stress or sleep problems. Respondents who consumed more than two cups of coffee daily often clustered into groups reporting higher health and emotional well-being. A predominantly plant-based diet was significantly associated with better overall health scores and lower stress. Clustering analysis revealed that participants with the healthiest behaviors (Cluster 2) tended to follow plant-rich diets and reported lower stress levels and better sleep outcomes. CONCLUSION: In a physically active population, stress appears to be a more robust predictor of poor sleep quality than coffee consumption. Moderate coffee intake may even coincide with higher health and emotional well-being scores. The findings emphasize that coffee consumption does not adversely affect sleep quality, and in fact has a positive effect on emotional wellbeing and health.
How does acute caffeine ingestion affect maximal strength and muscular power in bench press and back squat in resistance-trained men?
Ma Y, Chen Y, Ding L … +6 more , Xiao Y, Lei TH, Barnes M, Guo L, Cao Y, Girard O
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41297920 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether caffeine (4 mg/kg) enhances upper- and lower-body maximal strength and muscular power by increasing muscle recruitment and reducing in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain p...
OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether caffeine (4 mg/kg) enhances upper- and lower-body maximal strength and muscular power by increasing muscle recruitment and reducing in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain perception. METHODS: Fourteen resistance-trained males completed two randomized trials involving either caffeine ingestion (4 mg/kg) or a placebo. Sixty minutes after ingesting capsule, participants performed maximal strength tests (one-maximum repetition [1RM]) followed by muscular power assessments (bar velocity and power output) at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of 1RM, performing 3, 2, 1, and 1 repetitions, respectively during bench press and back squat. Outcome measured included 1RM, mean and peak velocity, mean and peak power output, surface electromyographic activity of the prime movers, RPE, and pain perception. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, caffeine significantly increased 1RM in both bench press and back squat, while reducing RPE and pain perception and enhancing root mean square (RMS) activity in the (all < 0.05), though it did not affect the median frequency (MDF) or mean frequency (MF) in any studied muscle (all > 0.05). The percent improvement in 1RM was larger (+7.0 ± 2.9% vs. + 4.1 ± 2.9%; < 0.05) for the back squat than for the bench press. Furthermore, caffeine significantly increased muscular power during both exercises (all < 0.05), without affecting surface electromyographic activity of the prime movers, RPE, and pain perception (all > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ingesting a caffeine capsule at a dose of 4 mg/kg enhances maximal strength by increasing muscle recruitment and reducing RPE and pain perception, with greater improvement observed in the bench press than in the back squat. Caffeine also improves muscular power in both exercises without altering muscle recruitment or subjective perception.
Plasma levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol in sarcopenia: comparison with non-sarcopenic individuals and the impact of resistance exercise and nutrition interventions.
Chang KV, Wu WT, Chen YH … +3 more , Chen LR, Lin YL, Han DS
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41297911 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia may disrupt the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal axis, affecting neurotransmitter and hormone levels. However, the impact of sarcopenia on these markers, particularly in comparison to non-sarcopenic...
BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia may disrupt the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal axis, affecting neurotransmitter and hormone levels. However, the impact of sarcopenia on these markers, particularly in comparison to non-sarcopenic controls, is understudied. Additionally, the effects of resistance exercise and nutritional support on neurotransmitter levels in sarcopenic patients are largely unknown. This study explores these neurochemical changes and their response to therapeutic interventions. METHODS: This post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial included 57 sarcopenic and 57 non-sarcopenic participants from the same cohort. Grip strength and body composition were measured. Sarcopenic patients received a 12-week intervention involving resistance exercise and supplementation with branched-chain amino acids, calcium, and vitamin D3. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and cortisol were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Sarcopenic individuals had significantly lower levels of serotonin (13.28 vs 19.21 ng/mL, = 0.002), adrenaline (97.6 vs 110.9 pg/mL, < 0.001), and noradrenaline (169.2 vs 302.5 pg/mL, < 0.001), with a trend toward reduced dopamine (246.9 vs 270.6 pg/mL, = 0.053). Cortisol levels were similar between the groups (48.2 vs 49.5 ng/mL, = 0.436). Generalized estimating equations adjusted for age and gender, showed sarcopenia was linked to reduced serotonin ( = -5.92, = 0.002), adrenaline ( = -13.32, < 0.001), and noradrenaline ( = -132.9, < 0.001), while the intervention raised noradrenaline levels ( = 27.75, = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenic patients exhibit lower serotonin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline compared to non-sarcopenic controls, with no significant difference in cortisol levels. Resistance exercise and nutritional interventions increased noradrenaline in sarcopenic individuals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects on neurotransmitter and hormone levels.
Caffeine consumption patterns, motivations, and adverse effects among Brazilian esports players: a cross-sectional study.
Abhulime EWM, André HCS, Formagio J … +2 more , Saunders B, Benatti FB
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41297888 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Electronic sports (esports) are a growing global phenomenon engaging millions of competitive players worldwide. Caffeine is a widely used compound for individuals seeking cognitive enhancement. However, evide...
BACKGROUND: Electronic sports (esports) are a growing global phenomenon engaging millions of competitive players worldwide. Caffeine is a widely used compound for individuals seeking cognitive enhancement. However, evidence on consumption patterns, motivations, and safety in esports remains limited. We aimed to describe daily caffeine intake among Brazilian esports players and examine associations with competitive level, gaming habits, and adverse effects. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 181 Brazilian esports players. A 64-item questionnaire captured demographics, gaming habits, and caffeine intake from all dietary sources. We compared amateurs vs semi-professional/professional players and performance-motivated vs other motivations, and examined dose-response using intake categories (≤100, 101-300, 301-600, >600 mg/day) and correlations for continuous variables. RESULTS: Median 168 mg/day (IQR 52-402; mean 280 ± 316); coffee was the main source (72.2% of total), and 55.8% consumed energy drinks, contributing 14.0% of intake. Overall, 25.7% exceeded 400 mg/day (46/179); intake did not differ between competitive levels (Amateur 172 vs Semi-Pro/Pro 121 mg/day; = 0.387). No correlation with gaming hours ( = 0.068; = 0.369). Under the primary positivity rule (≥"occasional"), adverse effects were common among respondents with symptom frequency data: any adverse effect 76.5%, insomnia 45.2%, tachycardia 29.1%, stomach pain 45.5%, tremors 23.7%. Linear trend tests across dose categories were not significant (any 0.822; insomnia 0.530; tachycardia 0.905; stomach pain 0.409; tremors 0.877), and per-category effect sizes were small (-trend ≈ 0.01-0.08; OR per +1 category ≈ 0.89-1.16). Comparing >300 vs ≤300 mg/day for any adverse effect yielded OR 1.38 (95% CI 0.56-3.45). Performance-motivated players (12.6%) consumed more (+89 mg/day; < 0.001). Using caffeine to combat fatigue (56.0%) was associated with higher insomnia (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.37-4.55; = 0.004). Notably, insomnia was common (45.2%), underscoring applied relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian esports players show moderate caffeine intake, mainly from coffee. Adverse effects were common, although linear dose-response across intake categories was not observed; the observed fatigue-caffeine cycle highlights the need for practical guidance on timing and source awareness, alongside sleep-hygiene strategies, to support sustainable performance.
The effects of time-restricted eating combined with Tai Chi on glycolipid metabolism and endothelial function in postmenopausal women.
Wang XY, Chen J, Li H
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41255053 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the combined effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) and Tai Chi exercise (EX) on glycolipid metabolism and endothelial function in postmenopausal women, a population at heightened ris...
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the combined effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) and Tai Chi exercise (EX) on glycolipid metabolism and endothelial function in postmenopausal women, a population at heightened risk of metabolic and vascular disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 142 postmenopausal women aged 50-60 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups: TRE combined with Tai Chi (TRE + EX, = 47), TRE alone ( = 47), or a control group with conventional lifestyle (CON, = 48). The TRE protocol required participants to consume all meals within an 8-hour window for 8 weeks, while the EX protocol involved three weekly 60-minute sessions of Yang-style 24-form Tai Chi. Outcomes included glycolipid markers, such as fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (Tot-Chol), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as well as endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1). RESULTS: Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for Tot-Chol ( = 0.001) and LDL-C ( = 0.003), with the TRE + EX group showing the largest reductions compared to the TRE group ( = 0.030; = 0.003) and the CON group ( = 0.000; = 0.050). For FMD, a significant interaction was also observed ( = 0.003). Both the TRE + EX group and the TRE group showed significant improvements in FMD compared to baseline ( = 0.005; = 0.044). However, only the TRE + EX group demonstrated significantly higher FMD than the CON group ( = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The combination of TRE and Tai Chi was more effective in improving lipid profiles and endothelial function than TRE alone. These findings highlight the potential of integrating dietary timing with structured exercise as a strategy for enhancing metabolic and vascular health in postmenopausal women.
Fed, not fasted: is carbohydrate mouth rinsing still ergogenic? A three-level meta-analysis.
Deng H, Fan X, Liu P … +4 more , Song T, Ahmad Fuaad AA, Bin Mohd Nasiruddin NJ, Bin Naharudin MN
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41199504 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing improves performance by stimulating oral receptors linked to brain regions involved in motor control and motivation, without requiring digestive processing. Most research has...
BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing improves performance by stimulating oral receptors linked to brain regions involved in motor control and motivation, without requiring digestive processing. Most research has focused on fasting states, but the effects of postprandial CHO mouth rinsing remain inconclusive. This study aims to synthesize existing studies on the impact of postprandial CHO mouth rinsing on exercise and cognitive performance, offering insights for future research and practical recommendations for athletes and coaches. METHODS: Six databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, SciELO and SPORTDiscus) were searched up to March 2025 for randomized, placebo-controlled trials in healthy adults who performed exercise or cognitive tasks under fed conditions following CHO mouth rinsing. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was performed for exercise performance, while narrative synthesis was applied for cognitive outcomes. For exercise performance, moderator and meta-regression analyses examined sex, training status, exercise modality, rinse composition and concentration, rinse duration, timing of food intake and pre-exercise dietary content. RESULTS: Thirty-five articles met inclusion criteria: two assessed cognitive performance and thirty-three evaluated exercise performance. Overall, CHO mouth rinsing improved cognitive function under fed conditions compared with placebo, though certainty was very low. Meta-analysis showed a small but significant ergogenic effect on exercise performance (Hedges' g = 0.18, 95% CI [0.09, 0.28], < 0.01). Moderator and meta-regression analyses indicated that CHO mouth rinsing was more effective under fed conditions during aerobic exercise, when using maltodextrin solutions, rinsing for ≤10 s, and following a high-CHO meal. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and three-level meta-analysis provides evidence that CHO mouth rinsing is ergogenic under fed conditions, improving both exercise and cognitive performance, though the overall certainty of evidence is low. Practical applications include its potential use as a simple, noninvasive ergogenic aid, particularly when combined with specific exercise modalities and nutritional strategies.
Correction.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41146409 · Full text
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Acute ingestion of snake fruit jelly improves glycemic response, enhances endurance performance and antioxidant defense, and reduces inflammatory markers in healthy adults.
Boonla O, Chancharoen P, Padkao T … +4 more , Teethaisong Y, Tangwattanachuleeporn M, Koowattanatianchai S, Prasertsri P
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41139389 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Snake fruit is rich in vitamin C, carotene, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and monoterpenoids - bioactive constituents known for their potent antioxidant properties. Based on these components, the present st...
BACKGROUND: Snake fruit is rich in vitamin C, carotene, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and monoterpenoids - bioactive constituents known for their potent antioxidant properties. Based on these components, the present study investigated the potential effects of snake fruit jelly ingestion on glycemic control, endurance performance, alongside its impact on antioxidant status, inflammatory responses, and metabolic biomarkers in healthy individuals. METHODS: A randomized crossover design was used in two separate experiments involving 48 healthy sedentary men and women aged 19-35 years. All participants ingested 140 g of both control jelly and snake fruit jelly on separate occasions. Experiment 1 ( = 25): Blood glucose (BG) concentrations were measured at baseline and every 30 minutes for 2 hours post-ingestion. Experiment 2 ( = 23): Following each jelly ingestion, participants performed leg cycling at 60% of peak oxygen consumption until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise to measure BG, insulin, cortisol, and biomarkers of antioxidant status and inflammation. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, BG concentrations at 30 and 60 minutes post-ingestion, as well as the incremental area under the BG curve at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, were significantly lower following snake fruit jelly ingestion compared with control (all < 0.05). In Experiment 2, post-exercise superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly increased, while tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cortisol concentrations were significantly decreased after snake fruit jelly ingestion (all < 0.05). Between-group analysis revealed that endurance time and SOD activity were significantly higher, whereas BG, insulin, and TNF-α concentrations were significantly lower following snake fruit jelly ingestion compared with control jelly ingestion (all < 0.05). Cortisol and interferon-gamma concentrations showed no significant differences between conditions. CONCLUSION: Acute ingestion of snake fruit jelly enhances glycemic control, endurance performance, and antioxidant activity, while reducing blood glucose, insulin, and pro-inflammatory markers in response to endurance exercise. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT06227260).
The harder the prep, the harder the recovery: a qualitative exploration of physique athlete perspectives on competition weight loss and restoration.
Buechel C, Pumpa K, Etxebarria N … +1 more , Minehan M
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41107212 · Full text
BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of Low Energy Availability (LEA) symptoms in physique sports, however there are no clear recovery guidelines. This study explores how athletes perceive and manage recovery from pr...
BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of Low Energy Availability (LEA) symptoms in physique sports, however there are no clear recovery guidelines. This study explores how athletes perceive and manage recovery from prolonged and intentional LEA. Findings will inform future recovery strategies aimed at restoring energy availability. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 natural physique athletes (11 males, 8 females) from Australia, New Zealand, North America, and Europe, and data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Five themes were identified relating to weight management experiences pre- and post-competition: (1) pride, suffering, and rationalizing LEA, (2) navigating energy restoration, (3) body image disruption, (4) evolving autonomy, and (5) opportunities for supporting recovery. Perceived recovery was influenced by the severity of energy restriction, coaching support, and athlete readiness. Athletes voiced that psychological flexibility and physiological literacy were interconnected with successful outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes experience benefit from early recovery planning, applying flexible approaches to nutrition and training post-competition, and a shift from aesthetic to functional goals. Identified themes support treating recovery as a deliberate and individualized phase within the competitive cycle, with further investigation needed on optimizing post-LEA refeeding and coaching practices.
Artepillin C-rich propolis extract supplementation promotes muscle recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage in resistance-trained young females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Ramos Junior OJF, Veiga NS, Berretta AA … +1 more , Alvares TS
J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41074544 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results from intense or unaccustomed exercise, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced muscle function due to excessive reactive oxygen species. Propolis...
INTRODUCTION: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results from intense or unaccustomed exercise, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced muscle function due to excessive reactive oxygen species. Propolis, a natural bee-derived substance rich in bioactive coumpounds such as artepillin-c, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential to mitigate EIMD. This study investigated the effect of a standardized Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF) on recovery from EIMD, which is characterized by muscle soreness, reduced function, and lower muscle quality. METHODS: Twenty-two trained female participants were randomly assigned to consume eight capsules of EPP-AF (containing approximately 54 mg artepillin C) or a placebo (PLA) for seven days. On day four, participants performed 10 sets of 10 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles. Maximal voluntary isokinetic torque (MVIT), muscle thickness (MT), muscle ultrasound echo intensity (EI), and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed before and at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-EIMD. RESULTS: The EIMD protocol significantly increased MT ( = 0.031), EI ( = 0.013), and DOMS ( < 0.001) while reducing MVIT ( < 0.001). Compared to placebo, EPP-AF supplementation attenuated DOMS ( < 0.001), mitigated increases in MT ( = 0.025) and EI ( = 0.043), and accelerated MVIT recovery ( = 0.037) in the days following days of eccentric exercise compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: EPP-AF may alleviate the symptoms and attenuate markers of muscle damage in the knee extensor muscles of resistance-trained females. These findings highlight the potential of propolis as a natural intervention to enhance recovery from EIMD.
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