Parents from different cultures may employ different parenting behaviors to support children's development. It remains unclear whether the associations of parental warmth and control with self-control abilities vary acro...Parents from different cultures may employ different parenting behaviors to support children's development. It remains unclear whether the associations of parental warmth and control with self-control abilities vary across cultures. Moreover, little is known about how these associations may differ for father' parenting behaviors. We investigated the associations of paternal warmth and control with children's self-control problems using data from the Netherlands and South Korea. Data came from two prospective studies: the Dutch Generation R Study (n = 2,136) and the Panel Study on Korean Children (n = 1,468). Results showed paternal warmth was protective against child self-control problems in both countries. Paternal control was associated with more self-control problems in Dutch but not in Korean children, though this association in Dutch children was not significant after including all covariates. The findings emphasize the universal significance of paternal parenting in fostering children's self-control and stress to support fathers' involvement in child development.
This study examined how adverse parenting practices mediate the relationship between child temperament and later externalizing problems, and whether the teacher-child relationship moderates these associations. Data on ch...This study examined how adverse parenting practices mediate the relationship between child temperament and later externalizing problems, and whether the teacher-child relationship moderates these associations. Data on child temperament, parenting practices, child externalizing problems (parent-reported), and teacher-child relationship (teacher-reported) were collected over three years (mean ages 8.40 to 11.29) among 434 children (44.7% girls) with early-onset externalizing problems. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that parental hostility mediated associations between temperamental factors (high negative affectivity, low effortful control) and later externalizing problems, controlling for demographics and baseline externalizing problems. These indirect associations were specific to children with low to average levels of closeness with teachers. Inconsistent parental discipline also mediated the association between low effortful control and greater externalizing problems but only at high levels of teacher-child closeness. Results suggest that teacher-child closeness could alter the risks associated with specific parenting practices in the development of externalizing problems during childhood.
This study examined factors contributing to shared and unique perspectives among fathers', mothers', and teachers' ratings of school-aged children's psychosocial adjustment among military families. Utilizing baseline dat...This study examined factors contributing to shared and unique perspectives among fathers', mothers', and teachers' ratings of school-aged children's psychosocial adjustment among military families. Utilizing baseline data from three randomized controlled trials of a preventive parenting program (N = 870, 51.7% girls; M = 8.13; 12.7% fathers and 12.8% mothers identified as people of color), we first described the pattern of informant (dis)agreement on children's psychosocial adjustment rated using the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC). Using trifactor models, this study explored factors associated with informants' shared and unique perspectives. Moderate-to-strong correlations between similar informants and small-to-moderate correlations between distinct informants were observed. Parental efficacy, parental distress, and couple relationships were related to parental shared and unique perspectives of children's internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and adaptive functioning. These results emphasize the complexity of accessing child psychosocial adjustment, and highlights the need for multi-informant assessment in future research and practice.
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique opportunity to investigate the longitudinal associations between parents' pre-pandemic mental health issues and their emotion-related parenting practices during the pandemic, as w...The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique opportunity to investigate the longitudinal associations between parents' pre-pandemic mental health issues and their emotion-related parenting practices during the pandemic, as well as the impact on children's socio-emotional functioning. The present study aimed to: 1) investigate associations between pre-existing parent mental health issues (2019) with children's long-term socio-emotional functioning (2021), via changes in emotion-related parenting practices during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020); and 2) test whether COVID-19 pandemic-related environmental stressors during 2020 and 2021 exacerbated associations between emotion-related parenting practices and children's socio-emotional functioning. Data were drawn from the Child and Parent Emotion Study (CAPES). Parents of children aged 4-9 years (N = 1,046) completed online self-report surveys. A moderated mediation model was estimated via path analysis to test all aims, controlling for covariance. Parent mental health issues at Time 1 were associated with lower levels of emotion coaching practices at Time 2, and emotion dismissing practices at Time 2 were associated with higher levels of children's parent-reported behavioral problems at Time 3. There was no evidence to support mediation effects or a moderating influence of cumulative COVID-19 stressors. The findings highlight the importance of providing parents with mental health support and encourage them to engage in emotion coaching practices. Moreover, parents who receive specific support related to their parenting practices may see improvements in their children's externalizing behavior problems.
Youth anxiety and depression are rising rapidly worldwide, highlighting the need for efficient school-based assessment tools across sociocultural contexts. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) is one of...Youth anxiety and depression are rising rapidly worldwide, highlighting the need for efficient school-based assessment tools across sociocultural contexts. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) is one of the most widely used screening measures, with demonstrated cross-cultural applicability. However, its psychometric properties have rarely been evaluated in Chinese populations. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the 25-item short-version RCADS (RCADS-25) in a sample of 534 preadolescents in Mainland China (ages 9-12, 42% female). Participants completed self-reports on the RCADS-25, positive and negative affect, and psychological resilience, while their parents rated child internalizing and externalizing problems. The RCADS-25 showed adequate reliability and validity in our sample. RCADS-25 scores were positively associated with negative affect and emotional-behavioral difficulties, and negatively associated with positive affect and psychological resilience. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that anxiety and depression are two distinct yet closely related constructs. In addition, participants at risk for clinical-level internalizing and externalizing problems had significantly higher RCADS-25 Total Depression scores. These findings provide initial psychometric support for using the RCADS-25 with Chinese preadolescents. Given its brevity, the RCADS-25 may be a valuable tool for large-scale mental health screening of Chinese students in school settings.
The purpose of this rapid review was to identify effective care delivery strategies for children and youth with anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) to inform the developmen...The purpose of this rapid review was to identify effective care delivery strategies for children and youth with anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) to inform the development of Canadian standards for mental health care provision. The review was developed using the Cochrane organization's minimum standards for Rapid Reviews.The eligible population was children and youth with anxiety disorders, depressive disorder, OCD, or TS. We included comparative studies published since 2010 evaluating the effect on health outcomes of care delivery strategies for diagnosis, assessment and/or treatment of anxiety, depression, OCD, or TS compared to usual care, sham intervention, or no treatment. Thirty-seven studies were included, with sixteen studies pertaining to anxiety, seven to depression, seven to OCD and seven to TS. While a few studies were published on the use of stepped care models in anxiety, depression and OCD, the majority of research studies published in the past 15 years sought to establish if alternative delivery systems for psychological therapies (i.e. by telephone, videoconference, online with minimal therapist involvement) are superior to waitlist or attention controls, or similar in efficacy to face-to-face delivery across these four conditions. Although data are emerging on the cost-effectiveness of online psychological therapies, the evidence summarized here confirms that online approaches are a possible way of ensuring access to these standards of care in rural and remote communities and increasing accessibility.
van Tetering EMA, van der Mheen M, Klip H
… +4 more, Muskens J, Polderman TJC, Lindauer RJL, Staal WG
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40884688
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Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, such as sleep problems, low physical activity, poor diet, and excessive screen time, are common among children and adolescents. Lifestyle has a significant impact on children's physical an...Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, such as sleep problems, low physical activity, poor diet, and excessive screen time, are common among children and adolescents. Lifestyle has a significant impact on children's physical and mental health. This study examined the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle habits in children and adolescents in psychiatric care, and how they vary by age, gender, and diagnosis. Parent-reported data on sleep, physical activity, diet (i.e., vegetables and fruit), and screen time from 4,633 children and adolescents (ages 0-18 years) referred for specialized psychiatric care were used. Parents reported high levels of unhealthy lifestyle habits among children with mental disorders. Adolescents (13-18 years) exhibited the unhealthiest lifestyles, with more sleep problems, less physical activity, more screen time and less fruit intake. Reported lifestyle habits were worse for girls than boys, with girls exhibited less physical activity, more sleeping problems, more screen time and less fruit intake. Children and adolescents with depression and anxiety disorders reported the least physical activity, most screen time and the least fruit and vegetable intake. Children and adolescents with trauma and stressor related disorders had the most sleep problems. To conclude, parents report high amounts of unhealthy lifestyle habits in their children with mental disorders. These unhealthy lifestyle habits appeared to be highly prevalent in this group of children compared to those in the normative population. Given the high prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle in this clinical population of children, it is crucial to place greater emphasis on improving lifestyle interventions within psychiatric care.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40879704
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Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) symptoms are prevalent among adolescents, yet no validated scale exists for Iran. This study evaluated the factor structure, measurement invariance, and prevalence of ARF...Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) symptoms are prevalent among adolescents, yet no validated scale exists for Iran. This study evaluated the factor structure, measurement invariance, and prevalence of ARFID symptoms among adolescents at high risk for ARFID using the Farsi Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen (F-NIAS). Following translation and back-translation, 1,243 adolescents (75.9% girls) completed the F-NIAS. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original three-factor structure with a good model fit. The scale demonstrated measurement invariance across sex, age, weight status, and residency, ensuring consistent performance across groups. Girls and younger adolescents showed higher ARFID symptoms than boys and older adolescents. Adolescents with average body mass index were more likely than those with higher weight to screen at high risk based on picky eating. Urban adolescents reported more low appetite-related restrictions. The F-NIAS is a valid scale for assessing ARFID symptoms in Iranian adolescents at risk for ARFID.
Mohammady MN, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Khazaee-Pool M
… +4 more, Naghibi SA, Yazdani F, Kordasiabi MC, Ponnet K
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40879703
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As ethnic diversity increases in schools, it"s vital to understand the dynamics of ethnic violence, which can negatively impact student well-being and academic achievement. Addressing the issue requires recognizing the c...As ethnic diversity increases in schools, it"s vital to understand the dynamics of ethnic violence, which can negatively impact student well-being and academic achievement. Addressing the issue requires recognizing the complexities of ethnic diversity, promoting inclusivity, and implementing targeted interventions to prevent and mitigate violence. This systematic review focuses on understanding the multiple levels of factors that contribute to ethnic violence among adolescents within school settings. This is a systematic review of articles published between 1990 and the end of 2023 using the keywords race/ethnic minority, adolescent, ethnic and racial minorities, school, and violence in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. And the main entry criteria were articles that dealt with the issue of ethnic violence, and their target population was teenagers of different ethnicities who were studying in educational environments. We identified key determinants at the student, classroom, and school levels. At the student level, immigrant status, gender, and academic performance were significant factors, with immigrants and first-generation boys more involved in violence. Classroom-level factors included the ethnic composition of the classroom, where increased diversity sometimes exacerbated tensions. At the school level, school size, security measures, and the presence of gangs influenced the prevalence of ethnic violence. The consequences of ethnic violence are profound, resulting in physical harm, psychological harm, reduced academic achievement, and long-term health problems. This violence also undermines social cohesion and economic development by perpetuating cycles of fear, mistrust, and social isolation. This review shows that ethnic violence in schools is shaped by a range of student-, classroom-, and school-level factors. In particular, immigrant generation, low SES, classroom diversity without integration, and school-level prejudice or gang presence are pivotal drivers. Multilevel interventions are required to support first-generation adolescents, manage classroom diversity, and implement anti-gang school policies.
Adams ZW, Marriott BR, Finn PR
… +5 more, Smoker MP, Feagans A, Karra S, McClure D, Hulvershorn LA
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40853411
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Decision biases contribute to disruptive behavior, substance use, and other risky behaviors in youth, yet few interventions directly target decision-making processes to promote adaptive outcomes. This study adapted Impul...Decision biases contribute to disruptive behavior, substance use, and other risky behaviors in youth, yet few interventions directly target decision-making processes to promote adaptive outcomes. This study adapted Impulsive Decision Reduction Training for Youth (IDRT-Y) from an adult model to improve adolescent decision-making and reduce risky behaviors. In an open pilot trial, 26 youth (ages 10-17) with frequent, impairing risky behaviors were randomly assigned to either immediate intervention (n = 13) or a 12-week waitlist (n = 13). IDRT-Y involved eight weekly individual sessions with brief caregiver check-ins. Eighty-five percent of youth completed all sessions, with both youth and caregivers rating the program as highly acceptable. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured decision-making tendencies, impulsivity, and behavioral outcomes. Significant within-person improvements were observed in youth-reported future orientation (p < 0.05), caregiver-reported executive functioning (p < 0.01), youth engagement in risky behaviors (p < 0.05), and caregiver-reported externalizing symptoms (p < 0.001). These findings support IDRT-Y as a feasible, acceptable intervention that engages both decision-making processes and behavioral outcomes. Further research is warranted to assess its efficacy in larger samples and diverse populations.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40848229
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School bullying is a major risk factor related to students' mental health. This study explores the longitudinal relationship between bullying victimization and life satisfaction, focusing on the roles of non-suicidal sel...School bullying is a major risk factor related to students' mental health. This study explores the longitudinal relationship between bullying victimization and life satisfaction, focusing on the roles of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), difficulties in emotional regulation, and family cohesion. Data from 742 Chinese adolescents who completed a two-wave longitudinal study were analyzed using a moderated parallel mediation model. Results showed that greater bullying victimization were significantly associated with lower life satisfaction. NSSI and difficulties in emotional regulation significantly mediated this relationship. Furthermore, family cohesion significantly moderated the indirect relationship between bullying victimization and life satisfaction through NSSI but not through difficulties in emotional regulation. This study confirms the relationship between bullying victimization and life satisfaction through a moderated parallel mediation model, with NSSI and difficulties in emotional regulation as parallel mediators and family cohesion moderating the mediation involving NSSI. Implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Young S, Jensen-Doss A, Woodard GS
… +3 more, Brady M, Jamison J, Becker-Haimes EM
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40839297
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Evidence-based assessments (EBAs) are key to accurately detecting youth who would benefit from exposure therapy (EXP), but EBA is underused, and clinicians struggle to know when EXP is appropriate. Improving clinician ca...Evidence-based assessments (EBAs) are key to accurately detecting youth who would benefit from exposure therapy (EXP), but EBA is underused, and clinicians struggle to know when EXP is appropriate. Improving clinician case conceptualization may improve appropriate use of EXP. We tested whether viewing a simulated feedback report synthesizing results of standardized assessments and implicated treatment recommendations would impact clinicians' case conceptualizations. Using a survey design, 102 clinicians (M age = 36.85, 85% female; 92% master's degree) were randomized to one of four conditions in which they read one of two clinical vignettes describing a teen with either clear or vague youth anxiety symptoms. They then were shown one of two feedback reports suggesting anxiety as the primary treatment target and recommending EXP or a report showing a non-anxiety target. Clinicians who viewed the feedback report suggesting anxiety as the primary target tended to maintain or strengthen their ratings of anxiety as a primary treatment target and were more likely to state they would use EXP as a primary intervention strategy; effects were stronger when the initial case vignette described vague symptoms. Overall, clinicians rated the perceived utility of the report highly. Results of this analog study suggest a diagnostic feedback report may be highly acceptable and impact clinician case conceptualizations for anxious youth. Future work to develop and test this feedback report further is indicated.
Wang Y, Pan B, Fang H
… +7 more, Sun J, Feng Z, Ren B, Yuan K, Xu P, Xiao B, Li Y
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40839296
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The mental health problems of children and adolescents are increasingly becoming a focal point of public health and societal concern. Although existing research suggests that these problems may exhibit intergenerational...The mental health problems of children and adolescents are increasingly becoming a focal point of public health and societal concern. Although existing research suggests that these problems may exhibit intergenerational transmission effects, empirical studies on the subject remain relatively limited. This study, grounded in the historical intergenerational trauma transmission model, investigates the intergenerational effects of parents' childhood experiences in invalidating family environments on preschool children's mental health, with a specific focus on the mediating roles of parents' authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Data were collected through a year-long longitudinal survey conducted across six kindergartens in Shanghai, China, involving a total of 624 matched families. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to construct the complex relationships between parents' childhood invalidating family experiences, parenting styles, and children's mental health. The results indicate that mothers' childhood invalidating family significantly predict children's mental health problems, whereas the corresponding effect for fathers was not significant. Additionally, both authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles of mothers mediated the relationship between their childhood invalidating family experiences and children's mental health. In contrast, neither authoritative nor authoritarian parenting styles of fathers demonstrated significant mediating effects in this relationship. This study enriches the theory of intergenerational trauma transmission, highlights the pivotal role of mothers in family upbringing, and provides empirical evidence for intervention strategies aimed at improving children's mental health.
Olsson E, Andrén P, Claesdotter-Knutsson E
… +8 more, Dellgran K, Castro OC, Möttus A, Mataix-Cols D, Gušić S, Perrin S, Serlachius E, Cervin M
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40839295
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Anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents, but access to evidence-based treatment is limited. Most clinical guidelines recommend stratified care, where less complex patients are offered low intensity inter...Anxiety disorders are common in children and adolescents, but access to evidence-based treatment is limited. Most clinical guidelines recommend stratified care, where less complex patients are offered low intensity interventions and complex patients more intensive options. Stepped care, where all patients initially receive low-intensity treatment, has gained traction due to its potential cost-effectiveness. Research on care models for youth with anxiety disorders is very limited. In this pre-registered (NCT06016907) pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), we examined the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of a trial comparing stepped and stratified care for youth with anxiety disorders. In stepped care, all began with internet-delivered CBT. In stratified care, complex cases (based on a baseline risk score incorporating symptom severity, co-existing disorders, functional impairment, and family conflict) started with in-person CBT. Non-responders in both groups were offered in-person CBT. Over six months, 51 youth with anxiety disorders were enrolled (mean age = 14.18 years, range = 9.25-17.50; 71% girls), with 80% meeting criteria for more than one mental disorder. Treatment adherence (≥ 50% completion) was 78-84% across interventions. Masked outcome assessments were attended by 96% of participants. No serious adverse effects were reported. At the primary endpoint, 40% of participants in stepped care and 75% in stratified care were classified as treatment responders. However, the trial was not powered to detect efficacy differences, and no between-group comparisons were conducted. Results indicate that a definitive trial comparing stepped and stratified care for youth anxiety disorders is feasible.
de la Roche L, Korczak D, Charach A
… +8 more, Birken C, Tsujimoto K, Crosbie J, Cost K, Schumacher A, Anagnostou E, Monga S, Kelley E
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40839294
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Research on pediatric mental health treatment outcomes require continued participant engagement typically involving the caregivers; however, these studies report high rates of attrition. To increase participant retention...Research on pediatric mental health treatment outcomes require continued participant engagement typically involving the caregivers; however, these studies report high rates of attrition. To increase participant retention, an understanding of participants' experiences that influence their participation is necessary. The current study employed qualitative methods to understand the reasons behind participation of parents enrolling in pediatric longitudinal mental health research targeting their child's mental health. Participants were recruited from a longitudinal study that provided mental health resources to families. Data from 49 parent interviews were analyzed using interpretive description, which generated two themes: influential factors behind parent enrollment and factors impacting retention or attrition. Our findings inform the content and dissemination of recruitment material targeting parent participation in youth mental health research. Further, our findings may inform what information related to the study (e.g., participant responses) should be provided to participants and how dissemination of findings may increase future participation.
Astori V, Westphalen Pomianoski B, Lopes Vieira D
… +3 more, Prätzel Ellwanger M, Frizzo Messinger M, Prates-Baldez D
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40824570
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INTRODUCTION: Disparities in mental health services in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) profoundly affect adolescent's well-being. To address this issue, the Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) program may...INTRODUCTION: Disparities in mental health services in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) profoundly affect adolescent's well-being. To address this issue, the Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE) program may offer enhanced psychological support. Therefore, this study assessed the efficacy of EASE compared to Enhanced Treatment as Usual (ETAU) in adolescents aged 10 to 15 years living in LMIC and experiencing psychological distress. METHODS: We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024564497). We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane. The outcomes of interest included the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Total (PSC-T), with Internalization (PSC-I) as primary outcome, along with Attention (PSC-A), Externalization (PSC-E), and well-being measures (WEMWBS and SWEMWBS). RESULTS: We included seven RCTs. The groups that received EASE showed significantly reduced PSC-I scores compared with ETAU (MD = - 0.38; 95% CI [- 0.63, -0.13]; P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences between these groups in PSC-T (MD = 0.26; 95% CI [-2.35-1.84]; P = 0.81), PSC-E (MD = -0.02; 95% CI [- 0.56-0.51]; P = 0.93), PSC-A (MD = -0.04; 95% CI [- 0.53-0.45]; P = 0.88), and Well-being (SMD = -0.01; 95% CI [-0.14-0.13]; P = 0.86) scores. CONCLUSION: We found that EASE was an intervention that significantly reduced internalizing symptoms in adolescents when compared to ETAU. However, our study did not find that EASE was superior to ETAU in reducing externalizing symptoms, attention, or well-being.
Waitz C, Paden S, Anglemyer E
… +4 more, Anglero-Diaz Y, Zou B, Caracansi A, Ibeziako P
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40810954
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Research on youth Inpatient Psychiatric Units (IPUs) is increasing, yet much remains unknown about the treatment setting. Youth IPU research often treats all patients as part of observable groups (e.g., diagnosis), which...Research on youth Inpatient Psychiatric Units (IPUs) is increasing, yet much remains unknown about the treatment setting. Youth IPU research often treats all patients as part of observable groups (e.g., diagnosis), which may miss unobserved patterns in patient needs. To examine differences in patients in youth IPUs in a nuanced, person-centered way, this study uses Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to examine profile patterns in Patient Reported Outcome Measures administered at admission to youth aged 12-17 on an IPU (n = 496). The LPA identified five profiles characterizing patients: High Internal Distress, Moderate Internal Distress, High Family and Environmental Distress, Moderate Family and Environmental Distress, and Mild Distress. We analyzed these profiles based on race/ethnicity, sex assigned at birth, insurance type, diagnoses, age, length of stay, and treatment satisfaction at discharge. Treatment implications of the LPA and significant findings are discussed and methods of advancing personalization of care are recommended.
Vogel F, Fromm C, Reichert J
… +2 more, Schwenck CM, Rupp S
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40810953
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The network theory of psychopathology allows for personalized psychotherapy through individualized symptom networks, but constructing such networks remains methodologically challenging. Perceived Causal Networks (PECAN)...The network theory of psychopathology allows for personalized psychotherapy through individualized symptom networks, but constructing such networks remains methodologically challenging. Perceived Causal Networks (PECAN) offers a promising approach by capturing individuals' perceived symptom relations. This study adapted PECAN for children and adolescents (PECAN-CA) and assessed its reliability and feasibility in N = 75 subclinically socially anxious participants (10-21 years, M = 15.23, SD = 4.07). Participants created networks based on a past social situation. Retest reliability was tested immediately and after four weeks, comparing results to prior studies applying PECAN to adults and adolescents. Networks generated were comparably reliable to those from PECAN studies with adults and more reliable than those from PECAN studies with adolescents. Centrality measures, critical for clinical decisions, showed high reliability (r = 0.89-0.95). Older age and better understanding of network concepts improved outcomes. Selecting fewer symptoms increased reliability. Most participants found the method feasible. Overall, PECAN-CA appears suitable for generating reliable personalized networks in youth, though adaptations such as psychoeducation and reducing number of selected symptoms may be necessary for younger individuals.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40810952
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The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the overall prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Iranian elementary school children, with a particular focus on potential...The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the overall prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Iranian elementary school children, with a particular focus on potential variations by gender and diagnostic tools. A systematic review of nine studies meeting eligibility criteria was conducted, including data from 9,138 children aged 6 to 12 years. The results indicate a pooled ADHDt prevalence of 11.2% (95% CI: 9.4-13.2%), with a significantly higher prevalence observed in boys (10.1%) compared to girls (7%). The choice of diagnostic instrument was also a source of variability in results, with the Conners' Questionnaire indicating a prevalence of 10.9% and the CSI-4 Questionnaire yielding a prevalence of 12.1%. The study highlights notable heterogeneity across the studies (I² = 87.6%), influenced by differences in sample size, location and diagnostic methodology. These findings highlight the necessity for the standardization of diagnostic practices in order to enhance the accuracy and consistency of estimates regarding the prevalence of ADHD in Iran. Additional research should concentrate on the elucidation of the social and cultural determinants. This will enable a deeper comprehension of these elements and the interwoven relationship between culture, society, and child mental health.