Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959437
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To build a biomechanical human model can make much sense for surgical training and surgical rehearse. Especially, it will be more meaningful to develop a biomechanical model to guide the control strategy for the medical...To build a biomechanical human model can make much sense for surgical training and surgical rehearse. Especially, it will be more meaningful to develop a biomechanical model to guide the control strategy for the medical robots in HIT-Robot Assisted Orthopedic Surgery System (HIT-RAOS). In this paper, based the successful work of others, a novel reliable finite element method based biomechanical model for HIT-RAOS was developed to simulate the force needed in reposition procedure. Geometrical model was obtained from 3D reconstruction from CT images of a just died man. Using this boundary information, the finite element model of the leg including part of femur, broken upper tibia, broken lower tibia, talus, calcaneus, Kirschner nail, muscles and other soft tissues was created in ANSYS. Furthermore, as it was too difficult to reconstruct the accurate geometry model from CT images, a new simplified muscle model was presented. The bony structures and tendons were defined as linearly elastic, while soft tissues and muscle fibers were assumed to be hyper elastic. To validate this model, the same dead man was involved to simulate the patient, and a set of data of the force needed to separate the two broken bones and the distance between them in reposition procedure was recorded. Then, another set of data was acquired from the finite element analysis. After comparison, the two sets of data matched well. The Finite Element model was proved to be acceptable.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959436
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For years, emergency medical response communities have relied upon paper triage tags, clipboards of notes, and voice communications to share information during medical emergencies. This workflow, however, has proven labo...For years, emergency medical response communities have relied upon paper triage tags, clipboards of notes, and voice communications to share information during medical emergencies. This workflow, however, has proven labor intensive, time consuming, and prone to human error [1]. In collaboration with three EMS groups in the Washington, DC Metropolitan area, we have developed a next generation triage system to improve the effectiveness of emergency response. This system includes: 1) electronic triage tags, 2) wearable vital sign sensors, 3) base stations laptops to monitor and manage patients, 4) pervasive tracking software to locate patients at all stages of the disaster response process, and 5) PDAs to support documentation and communication. Our system has evolved through three iterations of rapid-development, field-studies, usability reviews, and focus-group interview. This paper summarizes engineering considerations for technologies that must operate under constraints of medical emergencies. It is our hope that the lessons reported in this paper will help technologists in developing future emergency response systems.
Brunetti F, Moreno JC, Ruiz AF
… +2 more, Rocon E, Pons JL
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959435
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Systems for motion caption and assessment in biomechanics are mostly based on photogrammetry. These systems are restricted to the movement analysis lab and moreover, they are very expensive. New advances in MEMs (Microel...Systems for motion caption and assessment in biomechanics are mostly based on photogrammetry. These systems are restricted to the movement analysis lab and moreover, they are very expensive. New advances in MEMs (Microelectromechanical) and wireless technologies enable inertial sensing as an alternatives for motion caption. This paper presents a wireless inertial sensor including 3 linear accelerometers, 3 gyroscopes and 3 magnetometers. The IMU (inertial measurement unit) includes a IEEE802.15.4 compliant transceiver. The platform expands the frontiers of movement analysis for motion caption in real scenarios like sports and wearable robotics since it does not need structurated labs. Besides the advantages, the cost of the platform is much lower comparing actual photogrammetry systems.
Al-Abed M, Behbehani K, Burk JR
… +2 more, Lucas EA, Manry M
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959434
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This paper presents a new method of analyzing time frequency plots of heart rate variability to detect sleep disordered breathing from nocturnal ECG. Data is collected from 12 normal subjects (7 males, 5 females; age 46...This paper presents a new method of analyzing time frequency plots of heart rate variability to detect sleep disordered breathing from nocturnal ECG. Data is collected from 12 normal subjects (7 males, 5 females; age 46 +/- 9.38 years, AHI 3.75 +/- 3.11) and 14 apneic subjects (8 males, 6 females; age 50.28 +/- 9.60 years; AHI 31.21 +/- 23.89). The proposed algorithm uses textural features extracted from normalized gray-level co-occurrence matrices (NGLCM) of images generated by short-time discrete Fourier transform (STDFT) of the HRV. Thirty selected features extracted from 10 different NGLCMs representing four characteristically different gray-level images are used as inputs to 10 Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) Classifiers. Each FLS is trained and their outputs are combined using a weighed majority rule method. The mean training detection sensitivity, specificity and accuracy are 86.87%, 71.72%, and 79.29%, respectively. The mean testing detection sensitivity, specificity and accuracy are 83.22%, 68.54%, and 75.88%, respectively.
Gore A, Chakrabartty S, Pal S
… +1 more, Alocilja E
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959433
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Rapid detection of pathogens using field deployable biosensors requires integrated sensing and data processing. Detection of low concentration of biological agents is possible using accurate and real-time signal characte...Rapid detection of pathogens using field deployable biosensors requires integrated sensing and data processing. Detection of low concentration of biological agents is possible using accurate and real-time signal characterization devices. This paper presents a multi-channel conductometric array that can detect and measure current up to femtoampere range. The architecture uses a novel semi-synchronous SigmaDelta modulation that allows measurement of ultra-small currents by using a hysteretic comparison technique. The architecture achieves higher energy efficiency over a conventional SigmaDelta by reducing the total switching cycles of the comparator. A 3 mm x 3 mm chip implementing a 42 channel potentiostat array has been prototyped in a 0.5 microm CMOS technology. Measured results show 10 bits of resolution, with a sensitivity of upto 50 fA of current. The power consumption of the potentiostat is 11 microW per channel at a sampling rate of 250 kHz. The multi-channel potentiostat has been integrated with a conductometric biosensor for field deployable applications. Results with a Bacillus Cereus based biosensor demonstrate the effectiveness of the potentiostat in characterizing different concentration levels of pathogens in realtime.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959432
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To date, the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in support of drug discovery remains limited, in part due to information deficit and uncertainty regarding model parameters. Fuzzy set theor...To date, the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in support of drug discovery remains limited, in part due to information deficit and uncertainty regarding model parameters. Fuzzy set theory provides a suitable way to objectively account for parameter uncertainty in models. Here, we present a fuzzy set-based PBPK modeling framework and demonstrate its utility in predicting diazepam pharmacokinetics in human plasma, following intravenous dosing, from available animal in vivo and literature data. For computationally expensive PBPK models, the sparse grid method is proposed as an efficient alternative to commonly used fuzzy arithmetic algorithms for function simulation.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959431
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This study shows that a precise eye tracking and pupillometer system, neither interfering visual field nor influenced by head movement, can be implemented by analyzing first Paikinje image of visual field which has a few...This study shows that a precise eye tracking and pupillometer system, neither interfering visual field nor influenced by head movement, can be implemented by analyzing first Paikinje image of visual field which has a few reference points. If two or more reference points are sited around the center of visual field, then eye camera captures the overlapped image of reference points and pupil. Four high intensity infra-red light-emitting diodes(IR LEDs) are used as reference points in this study not to disturb the subject's attention. These reference points appear as four highlighting points in the captured pupil image. The actual gazing point can be calculated by finding the distance between the center of these four reference points and pupil center and angle. Head movement causes some shift of location of pupil and reference points in the same direction and with the same amount hence does not change the relation of them.This technique can afford to make a system that has fast sampling time and high resolution without extra servo-mechanism to chase subject's head movement.
Hauenstein L, Gao T, Sze TW
… +3 more, Crawford D, Alm A, White D
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959430
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Real-time information communication presents a persistent challenge to the emergency response community. During a medical emergency, various first response disciplines including Emergency Medical Service (EMS), Fire, and...Real-time information communication presents a persistent challenge to the emergency response community. During a medical emergency, various first response disciplines including Emergency Medical Service (EMS), Fire, and Police, and multiple health service facilities including hospitals, auxiliary care centers and public health departments using disparate information technology systems must coordinate their efforts by sharing real-time information. This paper describes a service-oriented architecture (SOA) that uses shared data models of emergency incidents to support the exchange of data between heterogeneous systems. This architecture is employed in the Advanced Health and Disaster Aid Network (AID-N) system, a testbed investigating information technologies to improve interoperation among multiple emergency response organizations in the Washington DC Metropolitan region. This architecture allows us to enable real-time data communication between three deployed systems: 1) a pre-hospital patient care reporting software system used on all ambulances in Arlington County, Virginia (MICHAELS), 2) a syndromic surveillance system used by public health departments in the Washington area (ESSENCE), and 3) a hazardous material reference software system (WISER) developed by the National Library Medicine. Additionally, we have extended our system to communicate with three new data sources: 1) wireless automated vital sign sensors worn by patients, 2) web portals for admitting hospitals, and 3) PDAs used by first responders at emergency scenes to input data (SIRP).
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959429
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Brain-machine interferes (BMIs) have shown promise in augmenting people's control of their surroundings, especially for those suffering from paralysis due to neurological disorders. This paper describes an experiment usi...Brain-machine interferes (BMIs) have shown promise in augmenting people's control of their surroundings, especially for those suffering from paralysis due to neurological disorders. This paper describes an experiment using the rodent model to explore information available in neural signals recorded from chronically implanted intracortical microelectrode arrays. In offline experiments, a number of neural feature extraction methods were utilized to obtain neural activity vectors (NAVs) describing the activity of the underlying neural population while rats performed a discrimination task. The methods evaluated included standard techniques such as binned spike rates and local field potential spectra as well as more novel approaches including matched-filter energy, raw signal spectra, and an autocorrelation energy measure (AEM) approach. Support vector machines (SVMs) were trained offline to classify left from right going movements by utilizing features contained in the NAVs obtained by the different methods. Each method was evaluated for accuracy and robustness. Results show that most algorithms worked well for decoding neural signals both during and prior to movement, with spectral methods providing the best stability.
Yang S, Xu G, Wang L
… +4 more, Chen Y, Wu H, Li Y, Yang Q
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17959428
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful non-invasive tool for investigating functions in the brain. The target inside the head is stimulated with eddy currents induced in the tissue by the time-varying magn...Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful non-invasive tool for investigating functions in the brain. The target inside the head is stimulated with eddy currents induced in the tissue by the time-varying magnetic field. Precise spatial localization of stimulation sites is the key of efficient functional magnetic stimulations. Many researchers devote to magnetic field analysis in empty free space. In this paper, a realistic head model used in Finite Element Method has been developed. The magnetic field inducted in the head bt TMS has been analysed. This three-dimensional simulation is useful for spatial localization of stimulation.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947193
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Remote patient monitoring (RPM) of physiological measurements offers the potential to provide high quality care to elderly, chronically and acutely ill people in their home environment, while making effective use of heal...Remote patient monitoring (RPM) of physiological measurements offers the potential to provide high quality care to elderly, chronically and acutely ill people in their home environment, while making effective use of healthcare resources. However, despite its clearly demonstrated potential, RPM has not become an integrated part of patient care so far. In this paper, we undertake an extensive systematic literature review to identify the typical setup of RPM projects and services in the UK. We then propose a solution for a clinically and organizationally more integrated service, which is based in primary care. Key to the design is the involvement of other healthcare services such as social care, the emergency department of a hospital, and out-of-hours General Practitioner services, and also the involvement of the patient and their carer/s. This allows a team-based approach with information-sharing across different healthcare sectors, and offers maximum continuity of care for the patient.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947192
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Mobile healthcare provision in the home environment presents many challenges. Patients are becoming more informed about the management of chronic conditions and the use of technology to support the process is rising. Iss...Mobile healthcare provision in the home environment presents many challenges. Patients are becoming more informed about the management of chronic conditions and the use of technology to support the process is rising. Issues such as system interoperability, cost, security and training all have to be addressed to ensure effective use of mobile devices within the home healthcare arena. An aging population will impact upon traditional healthcare delivery methods.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947191
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The changes in pulse transit time (PTT) during the continuous slow deflation of brachial cuff were early reported; however, the PTTs obtained for specific cuff pressures during inflation or deflation have not been compar...The changes in pulse transit time (PTT) during the continuous slow deflation of brachial cuff were early reported; however, the PTTs obtained for specific cuff pressures during inflation or deflation have not been compared before. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the differences in PTT when cuff pressure (P(cuff)) was raised or deflated to the desired level. Sixteen subjects participated in this study and according to their systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBF), 8 levels of P(cuff) were predetermined for them individually. P(cuff) was directly raised to each predetermined level while 20 seconds of electrocardiographic and photoplethysmographic signals were recorded for the calculation of PTT. Another set of recordings were taken when P(cuff) was raised above the SBP and deflated to the predetermined levels. The results of this study showed that PTT increase significantly when P(cuff) was larger than 80% of DBF, regardless of whether P(cuff) was reached by inflation or deflation. Overall, no significant difference was found between PTT obtained during inflation and deflation for 12 out of the 16 subjects. To conclude, changes in PTT are mainly induced by the level of cuff pressure when there is no prolonged period of artery occlusion.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947190
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Faced with the growing population of seniors, Western societies need to think about new technologies to ensure the safety of elderly people at home. Computer vision provides a good solution for healthcare systems because...Faced with the growing population of seniors, Western societies need to think about new technologies to ensure the safety of elderly people at home. Computer vision provides a good solution for healthcare systems because it allows a specific analysis of people behavior. Moreover, a system based on video surveillance is particularly well adapted to detect falls. We present a new method to detect falls using a single camera. Our approach is based on the 3D trajectory of the head, which allows us to distinguish falls from normal activities using 3D velocities.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947189
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In this work two novel valve devices are proposed for treatment of glaucoma. By opening or closing, the proposed valves can be used to reduce high pressures in the eye (hypertony), or prevent low pressures in the eye (hy...In this work two novel valve devices are proposed for treatment of glaucoma. By opening or closing, the proposed valves can be used to reduce high pressures in the eye (hypertony), or prevent low pressures in the eye (hypotony) respectively. These devices work based on the buckling of fluid channel connected to the anterior chamber of the eye. The first proposed valve is fully mechanical while the second proposed device is magnetically driven.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947188
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With the aging population, the number of individuals requiring long-term care is expected to dramatically increase in the next twenty years, placing an increasing burden on healthcare. Many patients are admitted to assis...With the aging population, the number of individuals requiring long-term care is expected to dramatically increase in the next twenty years, placing an increasing burden on healthcare. Many patients are admitted to assisted living facilities at a fairly early stage due to their inability to perform normal daily living activities. The purpose of this study is to determine if the use of technology for both monitoring and intervention can permit elderly patients to remain in their homes for longer periods of time with the benefit of the comfort of familiar surroundings while at the same time reducing the burden on caregivers. In addition, remote access to healthcare can improve monitoring of the patient's physical and mental condition and involve the patient in his or her own care. The home monitoring and intervention system is based on intelligent agent methodology developed by the authors.
Leães R, Cambraia R, Bacim F
… +5 more, Dalmarco G, Calder A, De Azevedo DF, Pinho M, Russomano T
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947187
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This study aimed to develop a Walking Pattern Evaluation System during Hypogravity Simulation (SAMSH), which included the adaptation of a body suspension device, the instrumentation of a treadmill and the development of...This study aimed to develop a Walking Pattern Evaluation System during Hypogravity Simulation (SAMSH), which included the adaptation of a body suspension device, the instrumentation of a treadmill and the development of a virtual environment. SAMSH was developed using one subject. Kinematic analyses were performed whilst one individual was walking on the treadmill during body weight reduction simulating the gravitational forces of the Moon (reduction of 60%) and Mars (reduction of 30%) with and without virtual reality glasses (Head Mounted Display, HMD). The walking pattern was evaluated by means of knee and ankle electrogoniometers, foot switches placed on the front and back part of the plantar region, and five video cameras. Results showed that the body weight reduction during Moon simulation alter the walking pattern, including the increase in step time, contact time, step length and aerial time, and the decrease of walking cadence time (steps per minute). The findings of this study also suggested that hypogravity simulation reduces walking effort. The utilization of the HMD allowed the evaluation of the head position three-dimensionally during hypogravity simulation. The virtual environment reduced postural balance, due to the absence of visual input, which was evidenced by a protective extension reaction.
Pavel M, Hayes TL, Adami A
… +2 more, Jimison H, Kaye J
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947186
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This paper describes a model-based approach to the unobtrusive monitoring of elders in their home environment to assess their health, daily activities, and cognitive function. We present a semi-Markov model representatio...This paper describes a model-based approach to the unobtrusive monitoring of elders in their home environment to assess their health, daily activities, and cognitive function. We present a semi-Markov model representation with automated learning to characterize individual elder's mobility in the home environment. The assessed mobility can be used to characterize the elder's speed of walking and can serve as one of the predictors of future cognitive functionality and the ability of elders to live independently in their home environment.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947185
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Advances in sensor technology, personal mobile devices, and wireless broadband communications are enabling the development of an integrated personal mobile health monitoring system that can provide patients with a useful...Advances in sensor technology, personal mobile devices, and wireless broadband communications are enabling the development of an integrated personal mobile health monitoring system that can provide patients with a useful tool to assess their own health and manage their personal health information anytime and anywhere. Personal mobile devices, such as PDAs and mobile phones, are becoming more powerful integrated information management tools and play a major role in many people's lives. We focus on designing a health-monitoring system for people who suffer from cardiac arrhythmias. We have developed computer simulation models to evaluate the performance of appropriate electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis techniques that can be implemented on personal mobile devices. This paper describes an ECG analyzer to perform ECG beat and episode detection and classification. We have obtained promising preliminary results from our study. Also, we discuss several key considerations when implementing a mobile health monitoring solution. The mobile ECG analyzer would become a front-end patient health data acquisition module, which is connected to the Personal Health Information Management System (PHIMS) for data repository.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc
· 2006 · PMID 17947184
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This work investigates the data communication problem of implantable devices using fundamental theories in communications. We utilize the volume conduction property of biological tissues to establish a digital communicat...This work investigates the data communication problem of implantable devices using fundamental theories in communications. We utilize the volume conduction property of biological tissues to establish a digital communications link. Data obtained through animal experiments are used to analyze the time and frequency response of the volume conduction channel as well as to characterize the biological signals and noises present in the system. A low power bandwidth efficient channel-coded modulation scheme is proposed to conserve battery power and reduce the health risks associated.