Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF SUBRETINAL BALANCED SALT SOLUTION INJECTION IN DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH HARD EXUDATES.
Li B, Li S, Cun Y
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41349043 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of subretinal balanced salt solution injection for diabetic macular edema patients with hard exudates (HEs) using a 40-gauge curved needle. METHODS: Patients with diabetic mac...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of subretinal balanced salt solution injection for diabetic macular edema patients with hard exudates (HEs) using a 40-gauge curved needle. METHODS: Patients with diabetic macular edema with HEs were randomized to injection group (subretinal balanced salt solution injection combined with pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling, n = 28) or control group (pars plana vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling, n = 28). Changes in best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness, HEs, foveal avascular zone, and mean macular thickness were compared. Patient demographics, laboratory results, and surgical complications were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar ( P > 0.05). In the injection group, compared with the preoperative indicators, the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen) improved from 20/426 ± 20/98 to 20/163 ± 20/59, central macular thickness decreased from 453.32 ± 125.90 µ m to 305.14 ± 119.23 µ m, HEs area decreased from 3.00 ± 1.68 mm 2 to 1.50 ± 1.24 mm 2 , foveal avascular zone area decreased from 0.41 ± 0.11 mm 2 to 0.32 ± 0.11 mm 2 , and mean macular thickness decreased from 411.77 ± 64.52 µ m to 322.96 ± 52.62 µ m ( P < 0.001, respectively). Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness, HEs area, foveal avascular zone, and mean macular thickness in the injection group were different from those in the control group ( P < 0.05). Postoperative complications did not differ ( P > 0.05). The mean follow-up duration was 7.13 ± 2.02 months. CONCLUSION: Subretinal balanced salt solution injection with a 40-gauge curved needle is safe and effective for diabetic macular edema with HEs, improving macular structure and vision.
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS FOR PREVENTING ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Aleksander-Ivanov Y, Cheidde L, Zago Filho LA
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41349005 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe complication of intravitreal injections that can result in significant vision loss. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical antibio...
PURPOSE: Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe complication of intravitreal injections that can result in significant vision loss. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing endophthalmitis incidence, a topic of ongoing controversy and varied clinical practice worldwide. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science through July 2025. Studies comparing endophthalmitis incidence in intravitreal injections with and without antibiotic prophylaxis were included; reviews, case reports, and studies lacking outcome data were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions tool. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251102460). RESULTS: Twenty-two studies encompassing 5,834,932 intravitreal injections (3,426,671 with prophylaxis and 2,408,261 without) were included. Overall, no significant difference in endophthalmitis incidence was observed between groups ( P = 0.09). However, a subgroup analysis of antivascular endothelial growth factor injections showed a significantly higher risk of endophthalmitis in the antibiotic group (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.36; I 2 = 31%; very low-certainty evidence). CONCLUSION: Topical antibiotic prophylaxis was not associated with a reduced risk of endophthalmitis and may increase the risk in patients receiving antivascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injections. These findings suggest that the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis for these injections is unwarranted.
MICROSCOPE-INTEGRATED INTRAOPERATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR INTRAOCULAR LENS TILT EVALUATION DURING SCLERAL-SUTURE FIXATION.
Lin S, Wu K, Shi J … +3 more , Zhao H, Huang X, Jiang C
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41284974 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of a commercially available microscope-integrated intraoperative optical coherence tomography (MI-OCT) system during scleral-sutured fix...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of a commercially available microscope-integrated intraoperative optical coherence tomography (MI-OCT) system during scleral-sutured fixation of intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: Scleral-sutured IOL fixation was performed in 18 eyes using the Zeiss Rescan 700 MI-OCT system. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography images were captured, and the utility of MI-OCT in the procedure was assessed. RESULTS: Eighteen eyes from 18 patients underwent scleral-sutured IOL fixation using the MI-OCT system. The system provided clear anterior segment images in all cases. In 15 cases, the captured images provided crucial information for evaluating IOL tilt in at least one meridian (0° or 90°). In the remaining cases, failure to assess tilt was attributed to iris asymmetry (2 cases) or a very posteriorly positioned IOL (1 case) in both horizontal and vertical meridians. In 16 cases with at least 3 months of follow-up, spherical equivalent significantly improved (preoperative: +5.72 ± 6.97 D; postoperative: -1.57 ± 1.77 D; P = 0.004), while corneal endothelial cell density, best-corrected visual acuity, and intraocular pressure remained stable. Postoperative Pentacam HR imaging demonstrated a mean IOL tilt of 0.98 ± 0.93° horizontally and 1.67 ± 1.37° vertically. CONCLUSION: The commercial MI-OCT system enabled intraoperative evaluation of IOL tilt during scleral-sutured IOL fixation, although its utility was limited in cases involving asymmetric iris or posteriorly located IOLs. Future systems with wider and deeper scanning ranges and the ability to reference the anterior chamber angle may enhance performance.
WIDE-FIELD RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN HEALTHY CHINESE CHILDREN: Normative Ranges and Influencing Factors.
Zhou L, Zhao C, Li D … +4 more , Du J, Wu K, Shi Y, Wu Z
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41284947 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To characterize the normative distribution of wide-field retinal and choroidal thickness in a large cohort of Chinese children aged 7 to 19 years and to evaluate the associations with age, sex, intraocular press...
PURPOSE: To characterize the normative distribution of wide-field retinal and choroidal thickness in a large cohort of Chinese children aged 7 to 19 years and to evaluate the associations with age, sex, intraocular pressure(IOP), and refractive status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 2032 healthy Chinese students (1,487 primary school students and 545 middle school students). Primary school students underwent comprehensive ocular examinations including IOP, axial length (AL), refractive status, corneal curvature, and wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT); middle school students received basic examinations and OCT. Correlation analyses assessed relationships between retinal/choroidal thickness and ocular parameters. RESULTS: Longer AL was associated with higher IOP, lower vertical corneal curvature (K2), and greater myopia. Older age correlated with greater myopia, longer AL, and reduced K2. Men had longer AL; women had higher K2. The mean subfoveal retinal thickness was 267.69 ± 20.80 µ m, progressively decreasing toward the temporal periphery, up to 15 mm from the fovea. By contrast, the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 304.11 ± 65.61 µ m, with the thinnest region located nasally, near the optic nerve. Choroidal thickness decreased with age, AL, myopia severity, and lower K2. Retinal and choroidal thickness showed opposite spatial trends. CONCLUSION: Wide-field retinal and choroidal thickness exhibited distinct distribution patterns associated with age, myopia, and multiple ocular parameters in children, providing normative data to facilitate early detection, monitoring, and research of ocular development and pediatric eye diseases.
IMPACT OF SLEEP APNEA ON RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN INDIVIDUALS 55 AND YOUNGER: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Shmushkevich SB, Berzack S, Bajrami S … +3 more , Massoumi S, Hernandez G, Williams BK
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41284946 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Sleep apnea (SA) is a systemic vascular risk factor, but its association with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in younger adults is unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between SA and RVO, including centra...
PURPOSE: Sleep apnea (SA) is a systemic vascular risk factor, but its association with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in younger adults is unclear. This study evaluated the relationship between SA and RVO, including central RVO and branch RVO, in individuals ≤55 years. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX US Collaborative Network (August 2005-2025). Patients ≤55 years with SA (N = 2,087,539) were propensity score-matched 1:1 with controls (N = 2,087,539) by age, sex, race, body mass index, and comorbidities. Outcomes included incident RVO, central RVO, and branch RVO. Risk ratios, hazard ratios, and Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence analysis with log-rank tests were performed. RESULTS: Among 2,087,539 patients per group, 547 SA patients (0.026%) and 475 controls (0.023%) developed RVO (risk ratio = 1.152, 95% confidence interval: 1.018-1.302; P = 0.024; hazard ratio = 1.219, 95% confidence interval: 1.078-1.378; χ 2 = 9.958; P = 0.002). Branch RVO occurred in 305 SA patients (0.015%) versus 237 controls (0.011%) (risk ratio = 1.287, 95% confidence interval: 1.086-1.525; P = 0.003; hazard ratio = 1.367, 95% confidence interval: 1.153-1.619; χ 2 = 13.109; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sleep apnea was associated with increased risk of RVO in younger adults, primarily driven by branch RVO. These findings highlight the need for early recognition and management of SA to mitigate retinal vascular complications.
THE EFFECT OF PREECLAMPSIA SEVERITY ON CHORIORETINAL MICROVASCULAR CIRCULATION: A Pilot Prospective Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.
Özer Özcan Z, Güngör K, Özcan HÇ
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41284941 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to prospectively assess the impact of preeclampsia severity on chorioretinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: Sixty-six eyes from 66 patients were includ...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to prospectively assess the impact of preeclampsia severity on chorioretinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: Sixty-six eyes from 66 patients were included and classified into mild (n = 33) and severe (n = 33) preeclampsia groups. Optical coherence tomography angiography imaging was performed before delivery, on the second day postpartum, and 6 weeks after delivery. Measurements at each time point were compared within and between groups. Correlations between optical coherence tomography angiography parameters and systemic blood pressure were also evaluated. RESULTS: In the mild preeclampsia group, deep capillary plexus vessel density increased significantly after delivery. In the severe preeclampsia group, both deep capillary plexus vessel density and radial peripapillary capillary vessel density showed significant increases postpartum. However, deep capillary plexus vessel density and radial peripapillary capillary vessel density values measured before delivery and on the second day postpartum were significantly lower in the severe preeclampsia group compared with the mild preeclampsia group. Significant negative correlations were found between deep capillary plexus vessel density, radial peripapillary capillary vessel density, and systemic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Deep capillary plexus vessel density and radial peripapillary capillary vessel density are inversely correlated with systemic blood pressure and are affected by preeclampsia severity. Although microvascular density improves after delivery in both groups, recovery is slower in patients with severe preeclampsia, indicating a more prolonged vascular impact.
Response to Letter to the Editor regarding: "10-year Follow-Up of Patients with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treated with Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections".
Starr MR, Bakri SJ
Retina · 2025 Nov · PMID 41248269 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
MEASUREMENT OF CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX AND CHOROIDAL THICKNESS USING DEEP LEARNING-BASED METHODS WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.
Arkan I, Cakır A, Karslıgil ME … +4 more , Karataş G, Capar O, Aslan MB, Mercan AE
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41248233 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to fully automate the measurement of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in images obtained using swept source optical coherence tomography with the aid of deep learning-b...
PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to fully automate the measurement of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in images obtained using swept source optical coherence tomography with the aid of deep learning-based artificial intelligence. METHODS: Seven hundred and ninety-one swept source optical coherence tomography images obtained from 652 patients were included in the study. Optical coherence tomography images of healthy people or patient with ocular disease aged 18 years and older were included in the study. Of the data set created by labeling 791 images, 474 (59%) were used for model training, 237 (29%) images were used for validation, and 80 (10%) images were used for testing model. An artificial intelligence model was created using the convolutional neural network algorithm to detect the choroidal region and calculate the choroidal thickness. Then, choroidal vascularity index was calculated with the threshold method. Labeled images were introduced to the model, allowing the model to train itself and then testing the model with the images reserved for testing. RESULTS: The model was tested with 80 images. Accuracy, mean absolute error, intersection over union, and area under curve metrics were used to evaluate the model. While the accuracy value of the model in calculating the choroidal region thickness was found to be 0.96955, the mean absolute error was found to be 0.0286, intersection over union was 0.9249, and area under curve was 0.9941. In the evaluation made between two experienced ophthalmologists and the model for choroidal thickness, the intraclass correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.987 (0.979-0.993). CONCLUSION: The results obtained showed that the calculation of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index can be automated with the help of artificial intelligence and be highly effective.
Basal Laminar Deposits and Pseudodrusen: Rethinking Their Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression.
Fragiotta S, Sacconi R, Beretta F … +1 more , Querques G
Retina · 2026 Mar · PMID 41248230 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the association between basal laminar deposits (BLamD) and pseudodrusen and its clinico-prognostic significance in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: A comprehensive narra...
PURPOSE: To explore the association between basal laminar deposits (BLamD) and pseudodrusen and its clinico-prognostic significance in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on histopathological, clinical, and imaging studies that examine BLamD and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) in AMD. Histopathological and clinical studies were analyzed to understand the composition, distribution, and clinical significance of these deposits. RESULTS: Imaging and histologic studies suggest that BLamD may serve as an indicator of AMD severity. BLamD is consistently observed in eyes with pseudodrusen and is characterized by a thin double-layer sign in vivo with a hyporeflective interior. On fundus autofluorescence, BLamD retain an intrinsic autofluorescence, leading to a dark grey appearance of the nascent atrophic lesions. The association with SDD, also known as reticular pseudodrusen, can synergically affect the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium, leading to a rapidly progressive atrophy. CONCLUSION: BLamD is a key pathologic feature in AMD, particularly in eyes with pseudodrusen. Their presence may contribute to disease progression, highlighting the need for further research into their prognostic significance and potential as therapeutic targets. A critical consideration is the need to improve multimodal imaging recognition, facilitating their identification in future clinical studies.
COMPARING THE ABILITY OF GENETIC TESTING TO PROVIDE A DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL AND MACULAR INHERITED RETINAL DISEASE.
Dones AM, Bou Ghanem G, Kessler C … +1 more , Brantley MA
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41248229 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to determine whether there is a significant difference in the percentage of patients with diagnosed inherited macular or peripheral disease who receive more def...
PURPOSE: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study to determine whether there is a significant difference in the percentage of patients with diagnosed inherited macular or peripheral disease who receive more definitive genetic testing results. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-eight patients who presented to the Vanderbilt Eye Institute between 2020 and 2024 and received genetic testing were sorted based on clinically diagnosed macular or peripheral disease. An ordered logistic regression model was used to evaluate for a significant difference in genetic testing outcomes. RESULTS: Two hundred and twelve patients had clinically diagnosed inherited peripheral disease and 126 had clinically diagnosed inherited macular disease. Patients with macular disease were less likely to receive an overall more definitive genetic testing result (odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.68, P = 5.1 × 10 -4 ) or to receive a Positive, Likely Positive, or Potentially Positive genetic testing result (odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.66, P = 2.2 × 10 -4 ). Macular patients were more likely to receive inconclusive results (odds ratio = 2.47, 95% confidence interval, 1.51-4.08, P = 1.2 × 10 -3 ). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that patients with diagnosed macular inherited retinal disease are significantly less likely to receive a definitive genetic testing result, suggesting the need for improvement in identifying genetic variants that contribute to inherited macular disease.
DRSPLUS RETINOGRAPHER IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES: A Comparison Study by Consensus Grading, Reading Center, and Artificial Intelligence.
Parravano M, Costanzo E, De Geronimo D … +5 more , Varano M, Rossi T, Rui C, Gazzina S, Querques G
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41248228 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the gradable rate of the retinal images acquired with DRSplus retinographer in patients with diabetes and to estimate the diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity, comparing different methods of analysis a...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the gradable rate of the retinal images acquired with DRSplus retinographer in patients with diabetes and to estimate the diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity, comparing different methods of analysis and grading. METHODS: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. A mosaic of overlapped retinal images in nonmydriatic condition was acquired, evaluating the gradable images rate at both image and eye-levels, from the human-study team (consensus grading), Reading Center, and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system, respectively. The DR severity was graded by the Reading Center and the AI. RESULTS: A total of 844 images of 422 eyes from 224 patients were included. The gradable rate was 87.4%, 97.4%, and 96.9% at image-level and was 81.3%, 97.4%, and 95.0% at eye-level, according to the consensus grading, the Reading Center, and the AI, respectively. Artificial intelligence sensitivity for detecting referable DR was 97.3%, the specificity was 80.4%, and the accuracy was 86.6%. CONCLUSION: DRSplus retinographer allowed to image the retina in nonmydriatic condition in more than 80% of eyes, with a higher gradable rate with Reading Center and AI in comparison with consensus grading. The estimation of the DR severity showed a high sensitivity for referral cases for AI system, indicating the potentialities of telemedicine-based tool for the DR screening.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.
Sreenivasan J, Bhende M, Cohen SY
Retina · 2025 Dec · PMID 41236119 · Publisher ↗
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Enhancing Internal Limiting Membrane Inverted Flap Outcomes With Amniotic Solution for Chronic and Large Macular Holes.
Caporossi T, Grieco G, Carlà MM … +3 more , Scampoli A, Governatori L, Rizzo S
Retina · 2025 Dec · PMID 41236118 · Full text
PURPOSE: This study assesses the effectiveness of a modified inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique combined with human amniotic membrane solution for treating large, chronic, and idiopathic conditions. METHO...
PURPOSE: This study assesses the effectiveness of a modified inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique combined with human amniotic membrane solution for treating large, chronic, and idiopathic conditions. METHODS: Fourteen eyes from 14 patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy with a temporal internal limiting membrane flap technique and hAM application. Two methodologies for hAM preparation were compared: the direct injection of an hAM suspension and a refined method that used a vitrectomy probe to produce a homogeneous hAM solution. All eyes were tamponed with 20% sulfur hexafluoride. RESULTS: Postoperative outcomes showed significant improvements in best-corrected visual acuity and successful macular hole closure in all cases. The homogeneous hAM solution yielded superior anatomical and functional outcomes compared with the initial suspension method. It also showed better retinal layer integration without any adverse effects like displaced fragments or visual disturbances. CONCLUSION: This study highlights hAM solution as a promising supplement in macular hole surgery, enhancing flap stabilization and retinal regeneration. Larger studies are needed to confirm its long-term efficacy and safety.
DERIVATION OF A SHORT FORM OF THE NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE VISUAL FUNCTION QUESTIONNAIRE-25 IN SUBJECTS WITH NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
Singerman L, Gugiu C, Tschosik E … +3 more , Doll H, Singerman B, Gentile B
Retina · 2025 Dec · PMID 41236117 · Full text
PURPOSE: Develop a short form of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) using Rasch methodology in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Data on 32 items o...
PURPOSE: Develop a short form of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) using Rasch methodology in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Data on 32 items of the NEI VFQ-25 were analyzed from 1,294 patients in 3 studies of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Items were first grouped by visual function type; iterative multiple-group rating scale Rasch analyses were used to derive the Visual Function Questionnaire-Short Form (VFQ-SF). Item and scale-level VFQ-SF psychometric properties were assessed with estimation of meaningful within-patient change. RESULTS: Fourteen of 32 items were eliminated initially; the final optimal subset included 7 items measuring 5 domains. The seven-item VFQ-SF had strong internal consistency (average item-total correlation 0.67, Cronbach alpha 0.88), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.79-0.91), and high NEI VFQ-25 composite score correlation (r = 0.93). Convergent (mean r = 0.76) and divergent (mean r = 0.24) validity were demonstrated. Known-groups validity was shown by mean VFQ-SF scores monotonically increasing with best-corrected visual acuity severity categories with large between group effect sizes (>2.8). Responsiveness was confirmed with VFQ-SF change linearly related to best-corrected visual acuity change. A meaningful within-patient change estimate of seven points was derived. CONCLUSION: The seven-item VFQ-SF measures composite vision-related functioning, met all psychometric benchmarks, and is fit-for-purpose in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients.
A REVIEW OF FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY, INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY, AND OTHER FLUOROPHORES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Kaiser A, Pulido JS, Brucker A … +2 more , Yonekawa Y, Bommakanti N
Retina · 2026 Jun · PMID 41218194 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To review fluorophores used in ophthalmology and summarize properties relevant to imaging, diagnosis, and safety. METHODS: Discussion of excitation, emission, and other essential properties of specific fluoropho...
PURPOSE: To review fluorophores used in ophthalmology and summarize properties relevant to imaging, diagnosis, and safety. METHODS: Discussion of excitation, emission, and other essential properties of specific fluorophores. RESULTS: Sodium fluorescein, a fluorophore, is used for angiography and remains the cornerstone for retinal vascular imaging. Indocyanine green is also a fluorophore that absorbs light at longer wavelengths, enabling improved choroidal visualization and aiding in the diagnosis of various vascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. It is also used to stain the internal limiting membrane during vitreoretinal surgery. Other fluorophores, such as rose bengal, are used topically and can be used in the treatment of corneal fungal infections. Riboflavin has uses in the cornea, and curcurmin has potential uses because of its binding affinity to amyloid. CONCLUSION: In addition to fluorescein and indocyanine green, there are expanding uses for additional fluorophores, with further investigation needed for new imaging and treatment techniques.
INCIDENCE AND ENLARGEMENT RATE OF MYOPIC MACULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION-RELATED ATROPHY IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES.
Moukadem O, Motloch K, Couanon M … +3 more , Gaucher D, Philippakis E, Couturier A
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41218192 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and enlargement rate of myopic macular neovascularization (MNV)-related atrophy in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included highly myopic eyes tre...
PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and enlargement rate of myopic macular neovascularization (MNV)-related atrophy in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included highly myopic eyes treated for myopic MNV followed for ≥24 months. Atrophy was defined as a retinal pigment epithelium disruption with hypertransmission on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The atrophic area detected on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was delineated manually on en-face infrared images and measured with a built-in feature. Only eyes with tessellated fundus or diffuse atrophy at baseline were included. Eyes with preexisting retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, including patchy/MNV-related atrophy, were excluded. RESULTS: Among 473 MNV eyes, 44 eyes of 40 patients (mean follow-up: 75.4 ± 37.7 months) met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen eyes (34.1%) developed MNV-related atrophy 23.37 ± 18.02 months after MNV onset. The atrophy area increased from 0.38 ± 0.67 mm 2 at diagnosis to 1.08 ± 1.45 mm 2 after 45.77 ± 26.45 months ( P = 0.011), corresponding to an enlargement rate of 0.22 ± 0.25 mm 2 /year. Larger MNV diameter and male gender were associated with MNV-related atrophy development. CONCLUSION: In highly myopic eyes without preexisting retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, one third showed MNV-related atrophy within 2 years of MNV onset. The atrophy enlargement rate was 0.22 ± 0.25 mm 2 /year, highlighting the importance of close monitoring.
Ten-year follow-up of patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections.
Călugăru D, Călugăru M
Retina · 2025 Nov · PMID 41218191 · Publisher ↗
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VITRECTOMY WITH SUBRETINAL TENECTEPLASE AND INTRAVITREAL CONBERCEPT FOR SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGE: A Prospective Interventional Study.
Cui M, Zhen X, Si S
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41218174 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To introduce a vitrectomy technique for the submacular hemorrhage (SMH) combined with subretinal tenecteplase injection, intravitreal conbercept administration, perfluoropropane gas tamponade, and to evaluate it...
PURPOSE: To introduce a vitrectomy technique for the submacular hemorrhage (SMH) combined with subretinal tenecteplase injection, intravitreal conbercept administration, perfluoropropane gas tamponade, and to evaluate its efficacy and safety. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective, interventional study, patients underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy with subretinal tenecteplase and intravitreal conbercept injection, followed by 0.5 to 1.0 mL of pure perfluoropropane gas tamponade. The best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness were assessed at baseline, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Favorable outcome was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity ≤0.5 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution at 6 months. RESULTS: Twenty eyes of 20 patients with treatment-naïve spontaneous SMH (≤30 days) secondary to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (70%) or retinal arterial macroaneurysms (30%) were included. Mean central retinal thickness significantly decreased from 887.1 ± 52.2 µ m to 276.7 ± 83.8 µ m ( P < 0.001) at 6 months. Notably, 75% of the treated eyes (13 out of 20) achieved a favorable outcome (best-corrected visual acuity ≤0.5 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; Snellen equivalent ≈ 20/63). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the SMH onset-vitrectomy interval was significantly negatively correlated with a favorable outcome (r = -0.452, P = 0.045). After adjusting for potential interaction effect, the SMH onset-vitrectomy interval remained a statistically significant predictor of worse logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity (odds ratio = 1.023, 95% confidence interval, 1.013-1.034, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present technique for treatment-naïve spontaneous SMH, in combination with subretinal tenecteplase injection, intravitreal conbercept administration, and perfluoropropane gas tamponade, demonstrated potential for visual improvement in eyes treated within 30 days of SMH onset.
LAYER-SPECIFIC MICROVASCULAR CHANGES IN IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE: Implications for Visual Function.
Zhan J, Zhang Q, Yang J … +7 more , Kuang G, Huang X, Deng X, Li H, Wu Q, Lu L, Zhao X
Retina · 2026 Apr · PMID 41212993 · Full text
PURPOSE: To investigate layer-specific microvascular changes in the nerve fiber layer plexus (NFLP) and ganglion cell layer plexus (GCLP) using optical coherence tomography angiography and correlate them with visual outc...
PURPOSE: To investigate layer-specific microvascular changes in the nerve fiber layer plexus (NFLP) and ganglion cell layer plexus (GCLP) using optical coherence tomography angiography and correlate them with visual outcomes after surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 47 eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane and 30 healthy control eyes. Preoperative and 6-month postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, retinal sensitivity, and optical coherence tomography angiography-derived vascular density were assessed in the NFLP, GCLP, and superficial vascular complex. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves, and prognostic value was determined through correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Preoperatively, idiopathic epiretinal membrane eyes showed significantly increased vascular density and perfusion area in the NFLP, GCLP, and superficial vascular complex compared with control eyes ( P < 0.01). Nerve fiber layer plexus parameters demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy over superficial vascular complex metrics. Preoperatively, increased NFLP vascular metrics were associated with higher best-corrected visual acuity improvement (all P < 0.05). Conversely, greater baseline 6 mm 2 × 6 mm 2 GCLP vascular metrics were associated with a lower best-corrected visual acuity improvement (all P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, preoperative GCLP vascular density was an independent predictor of both better final postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (β = 1.84, P = 0.045) and higher postoperative retinal sensitivity (β = 0.048, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Stratified analysis of the NFLP and GCLP through optical coherence tomography angiography provides distinct and powerful biomarkers for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Nerve fiber layer plexus metrics excel in diagnosis, whereas preoperative GCLP integrity is a key predictor of postoperative functional recovery, offering more nuanced insights than traditional superficial vascular complex analysis.
EARLY FINDINGS FROM A NATURAL HISTORY STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH THE PATHOGENIC p.Gly208Asp PRPH2 VARIANT ASSOCIATED WITH RETINAL DYSTROPHY.
AlAshwal SM, Kako R, Kalaw FGP … +7 more , Walker E, Tran M, Wagner NE, Nagel I, Yassin S, Most J, Borooah S
Retina · 2026 Mar · PMID 41212986 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the longitudinal retinal degenerative changes associated with the p.Gly208Asp PRPH2 variant using multimodal imaging. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study was c...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the longitudinal retinal degenerative changes associated with the p.Gly208Asp PRPH2 variant using multimodal imaging. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study was conducted, including seven patients heterozygous for the pathogenic p.Gly208Asp PRPH2 variant and nine age-matched controls. Demographics and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were obtained. Imaging included optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Mesopic microperimetry assessed retinal sensitivity. RESULTS: At baseline, all cases exhibited a central areolar chorioretinal dystrophy (CACD) phenotype with 4 cases exhibiting stage IV and 3 cases at stage II. Six patients had longitudinal data with a mean follow-up of 1 year. Overall, the mean retinal thickness significantly reduced ( P = 0.001), although microperimetric mean sensitivity was not significantly altered with follow-up. In atrophic eyes, areas of definitely decreased autofluorescence increased significantly ( P < 0.001) with follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study highlights an association with the CACD phenotype in patients carrying the p.Gly208Asp PRPH2 variant. Multimodal imaging identified short-term markers of progression that may be useful for disease monitoring and potential future clinical trials.
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