The International Journal Of Developmental Biology[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Insights into the mechanism of adult neurogenesis - an interview with Arturo Álvarez-Buylla.
Escalante-Alcalde D, Chimal-Monroy J
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 33200811 · Publisher ↗
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are formed from progenitor cells. The adult nervous system was long considered unable to generate new neurons, especially in mammals. It was not until the 1960s that Josep...
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are formed from progenitor cells. The adult nervous system was long considered unable to generate new neurons, especially in mammals. It was not until the 1960s that Joseph Altman and Gopal Das, using H-thymidine autoradiography to trace newly formed cells, that the first suggestions of new neurons added to the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampus came about. These observations remained controversial for many years as they went against the dogmatic view that the structure of the adult brain precluded processes of neurogenesis. It was not until two decades later that work in songbirds and then in mammals, not only confirmed that new neurons could be produced in the adult brain, but revealed basic processes of how young neurons are produced, how they could migrate long distances and become incorporated into adult brain circuits. Arturo Álvarez-Buylla has made important contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of adult neurogenesis, including the identification of adult neural stem cells. Here we summarize a discussion with him related to the field of adult neurogenesis, the root of his interest in neural development and the ramifications of some of his laboratory findings.
A hypothetical MEK1-MIP1-SMEK multiprotein signaling complex may function in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells.
Sobko A
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33200810 · Publisher ↗
In a previous study, we characterized Dictyostelium SUMO targeted ubiquitin ligase (StUbL) MIP1 that associates with protein kinase MEK1 and targets SUMOylated MEK1 to ubiquitination (Sobko et al., 2002). These modificat...
In a previous study, we characterized Dictyostelium SUMO targeted ubiquitin ligase (StUbL) MIP1 that associates with protein kinase MEK1 and targets SUMOylated MEK1 to ubiquitination (Sobko et al., 2002). These modifications happen in response to activation of MEK1 by the chemoattractant cAMP. Second site genetic suppressor of mek1- null phenotype (SMEK) was also identified in Dictyostelium. MEK1 and SMEK belong to the same linear pathway, in which MEK1 negatively regulates SMEK, which then negatively regulates chemotaxis and aggregation. RNF4 is mammalian homologue of MIP. RNF4 interacts with hSMEK2, the human homologue of Dictyostelium SMEK. We propose the existence of an evolutionarily conserved MEK1-SMEK signaling complex that upon MEK1 activation and SUMOylation, recruits ubiqutin ligase MIP1/RNF4, which, in turn, ubiquitinates SMEK and targets this protein for proteasomal degradation. This could be a mechanism for negative regulation of SMEK by MEK1 signaling.
Precise control of ion channel and gap junction expression is required for patterning of the regenerating axolotl limb.
Sousounis K, Erdogan B, Levin M … +1 more , Whited JL
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33200809 · Full text
Axolotls and other salamanders have the capacity to regenerate lost tissue after an amputation or injury. Growth and morphogenesis are coordinated within cell groups in many contexts by the interplay of transcriptional n...
Axolotls and other salamanders have the capacity to regenerate lost tissue after an amputation or injury. Growth and morphogenesis are coordinated within cell groups in many contexts by the interplay of transcriptional networks and biophysical properties such as ion flows and voltage gradients. It is not, however, known whether regulators of a cell's ionic state are involved in limb patterning at later stages of regeneration. Here we manipulated expression and activities of ion channels and gap junctions in vivo, in axolotl limb blastema cells. Limb amputations followed by retroviral infections were performed to drive expression of a human gap junction protein Connexin 26 (Cx26), potassium (Kir2.1-Y242F and Kv1.5) and sodium (NeoNav1.5) ion channel proteins along with EGFP control. Skeletal preparation revealed that overexpressing Cx26 caused syndactyly, while overexpression of ion channel proteins resulted in digit loss and structural abnormalities compared to EGFP expressing control limbs. Additionally, we showed that exposing limbs to the gap junction inhibitor lindane during the regeneration process caused digit loss. Our data reveal that manipulating native ion channel and gap junction function in blastema cells results in patterning defects involving the number and structure of the regenerated digits. Gap junctions and ion channels have been shown to mediate ion flows that control the endogenous voltage gradients which are tightly associated with the regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, migration, and other cellular behaviors. Therefore, we postulate that mis-expression of these channels may have disturbed this regulation causing uncoordinated cell behavior which results in morphological defects.
PuraMatrix allows differentiation of a broad repertoire of neural and mesenchymal phenotypes from trunk neural crest.
Taufer CR, Rodrigues-Da-Silva MA, Calloni GW
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33063837 · Publisher ↗
The neural crest (NC) is a transitory embryonic structure of vertebrates that gives rise to an astonishing variety of derivatives, encompassing both neural and mesenchymal cell types. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are an exc...
The neural crest (NC) is a transitory embryonic structure of vertebrates that gives rise to an astonishing variety of derivatives, encompassing both neural and mesenchymal cell types. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are an excellent model to study how environmental factors modulate features such as cell multipotentiality and differentiation. Tests with multifunctional substrates that allow NCCs to express their full potential, while promoting cell subcloning, are needed to advance knowledge about NCC self-renewal and to foster future biotechnological approaches. Here we show that a self-assembled peptide named PuraMatrix is an excellent substrate that allows the differentiation of NCCs based on the identification of seven different cell types. Depending on the PuraMatrix concentration employed, different frequencies and quantities of a given cell type were obtained. It is noteworthy that an enormous quantity and diversity of mesenchymal phenotypes, such as chondrocytes, could be observed. The quantity of adipocytes and osteocytes also increased with the use of mesenchymal differentiation factors (MDF), but PuraMatrix alone can support the appearance of these mesenchymal cell types. PuraMatrix will promote advances in studies related to multipotentiality, self-renewal and control of NCC differentiation, since it is an extremely simple and versatile material which can be employed for both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Control of fibrosis by TGFβ signalling modulation promotes redifferentiation during limited regeneration of mouse ear.
Abarca-Buis R, Contreras-Figueroa ME, Garciadiego-Cázares D … +1 more , Krötzsch E
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33063836 · Publisher ↗
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is involved in several aspects of regeneration in many organs and tissues of primitive vertebrates. It has been difficult to recognize the role of this signal in mammal r...
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is involved in several aspects of regeneration in many organs and tissues of primitive vertebrates. It has been difficult to recognize the role of this signal in mammal regeneration due to the low ability of this animal class to reconstitute tissues. Nevertheless, ear-holes in middle-age female mice represent a model to study the limited epimorphic-like regeneration in mammals. Using this model, in this study we explored the possible participation of TGFβ signalling in mammal regeneration. Positive pSmad3 cells, as well as TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 isoforms, were detected during the redifferentiation phase in the blastema-like structure. Daily administration of the inhibitor of the TGFβ intracellular pathway, SB431542, during 7 days from the re-differentiation phase, resulted in a decreased level of pSmad3 accompanied by a transitory higher growth of the new tissue, larger cartilage nodules, and new muscle formation. These phenotypes were associated with a decrease in the number of α-SMA-positive cells and loose packing of collagen I. These results indicate that the modulation of the fibrosis mediated by TGFβ signalling contributes to enhancing the differentiation of cartilage and muscle during limited ear-hole regeneration.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) regulates embryonic organizer formation during zebrafish early embryogenesis.
Liu Y, Lin Z, Sun H
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33063835 · Publisher ↗
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with the manifestation of a number of medical conditions throughout the body. This prompted us to investigate the etiology of CF from the viewpoint of the embryonic organizer, which is...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with the manifestation of a number of medical conditions throughout the body. This prompted us to investigate the etiology of CF from the viewpoint of the embryonic organizer, which is responsible for steering the movement of surrounding cells into specific organs and tissues. In our previous work, we found that a cftr mutant had decreased nuclear β-catenin levels in the early embryo at 5 hours post-fertilization (hpf), when the organizer forms. It is known that nuclear β-catenin signaling is essential for the induction of the dorsal organizer. Therefore, we explored the role of cftr in the formation of the embryonic organizer in this work. Indeed, the expression of organizer and germ layer markers was significantly affected in cftr mutant embryos dependent on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, quantitative proteome analysis revealed that the cftr mutant induced significant alteration in the expression of proteins related to many critical biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, and signaling pathways, except for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings demonstrate the function of cftr in embryonic organizer formation and provide an explanation for why many abnormalities occur in the bodies of CF patients.
Branching morphogenesis - historical first evidences.
Ribatti D, Guidolin D
Int J Dev Biol · 2020 · PMID 33063834 · Publisher ↗
Branching morphogenesis, the creation of branched structures in the body, is a key feature of animal and plant development. It requires the coordinated interplay of multiple types of epithelial cells with the surrounding...
Branching morphogenesis, the creation of branched structures in the body, is a key feature of animal and plant development. It requires the coordinated interplay of multiple types of epithelial cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix. Cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix dynamics have different roles in driving budding in different organs. This historical review article summarizes the first founding literature data concerning branching morphogenesis occurring in kidney, lung, vascular system, mammary glands and neurons.
Identification of the maize Mediator CDK8 module and transposon-mediated mutagenesis of .
Alonso-Nieves AL, Núñez-Ríos T, Massange-Sánchez JA … +6 more , Ahern KR, Lepe-Soltero D, García-Aguilar M, Brutnell TP, Sawers RJH, Gillmor CS
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930384 · Publisher ↗
Mediator is a conserved transcriptional co-activator that links transcription factors bound at enhancer elements to RNA Polymerase II. Mediator-RNA Polymerase II interactions can be sterically hindered by the Cyclin Depe...
Mediator is a conserved transcriptional co-activator that links transcription factors bound at enhancer elements to RNA Polymerase II. Mediator-RNA Polymerase II interactions can be sterically hindered by the Cyclin Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) module, a submodule of Mediator that acts to repress transcription in response to discrete cellular and environmental cues. The CDK8 module is conserved in all eukaryotes and consists of 4 proteins: CDK8, CYCLIN C (CYCC), MED12, and MED13. In this study, we have characterized the CDK8 module of Mediator in maize using genomic, molecular and functional resources. The maize genome contains single copy genes for , , and , and two genes for . Analysis of expression data for the CDK8 module demonstrated that all five genes are broadly expressed in maize tissues, and change their expression in response to phosphate and nitrogen limitation. We performed insertional mutagenesis, recovering two independent insertions in the gene, one of which produces a truncated transcript. Our molecular identification of the maize CDK8 module, assays of CDK8 module expression under nutrient limitation, and characterization of transposon insertions in establish the basis for molecular and functional studies of the role of these important transcriptional regulators in development and nutrient homeostasis in .
Dissecting the neural divide: a continuous neurectoderm gives rise to the olfactory placode and bulb.
Torres-Paz J, Tine EM, Whitlock KE
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930383 · Publisher ↗
The olfactory epithelia arise from morphologically identifiable structures called olfactory placodes. Sensory placodes are generally described as being induced from the ectoderm suggesting that their development is separ...
The olfactory epithelia arise from morphologically identifiable structures called olfactory placodes. Sensory placodes are generally described as being induced from the ectoderm suggesting that their development is separate from the coordinated cell movements generating the central nervous system. Previously, we have shown that the olfactory placodes arise from a large field of cells bordering the telencephalic precursors in the neural plate, and that cell movements, not cell division, underlie olfactory placode morphogenesis. Subsequently by image analysis, cells were tracked as they moved in the continuous sheet of neurectoderm giving rise to the peripheral (olfactory organs) and central (olfactory bulbs) nervous system (Torres-Paz and Whitlock, 2014). These studies lead to a model whereby the olfactory epithelia develop from within the border of the neural late and are a neural tube derivative, similar to the retina of the eye (Torres-Paz and Whitlock, 2014; Whitlock, 2008). Here we show that randomly generated clones of cells extend across the morphologically differentiated olfactory placodes/olfactory bulbs, and test the hypothesis that these structures are patterned by a different level of distal-less (dlx) gene expression subdividing the anterior neurectoderm into OP precursors (high Dlx expression) and OB precursors (lower Dlx expression). Manipulation of DLX protein and RNA levels resulted in morphological changes in the size of the olfactory epithelia and olfactory bulb. Thus, the olfactory epithelia and bulbs arise from a common neurectodermal region and develop in concert through coordinated morphological movements.
Conserved roles of genes in hypothalamus and pituitary development.
De Souza FSJ, Placzek M
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930382 · Publisher ↗
() genes encode paired-type homeodomain-containing transcription factors present in virtually all metazoan groups. In vertebrates, studies in fish, amphibian, chick and mouse models have revealed that these genes play im...
() genes encode paired-type homeodomain-containing transcription factors present in virtually all metazoan groups. In vertebrates, studies in fish, amphibian, chick and mouse models have revealed that these genes play important roles in the development of structures located at the anterior portion of the central nervous system, in particular the eyes, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. In addition, human patients with eye and brain defects carry mutations in the two human paralogues, and . Here, we review work done in the last years on genes, focusing especially on the function that mouse and its zebrafish homologue, , play in hypothalamic and pituitary development. Work on both of these model organisms indicate that genes are necessary for the patterning, growth and differentiation of the hypothalamus, in particular the ventro-tuberal and dorso-anterior hypothalamus, where they effect their action by controlling expression of the secreted signalling protein, Sonic hedgehog (Shh). In addition, mutations disturb the development of the pituitary gland, mimicking phenotypes observed in human subjects carrying mutations in the gene. Thus, along with their crucial role in eye morphogenesis, genes play a conserved role in the development of the hypothalamus and adjacent structures in the vertebrate clade.
Anatomical and genetic bases underlying the convergent evolution of fleshy and dry dehiscent fruits in and (Solanaceae).
Hernández-Ciro N, Pabón-Mora N
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930381 · Publisher ↗
The mechanisms controlling evolutionary shifts between dry and fleshy fruits in angiosperms are poorly understood. In Solanaceae, and represent cases of convergent evolution of fleshy and dry fruits, respectively. Here...
The mechanisms controlling evolutionary shifts between dry and fleshy fruits in angiosperms are poorly understood. In Solanaceae, and represent cases of convergent evolution of fleshy and dry fruits, respectively. Here we study the anatomical and genetic bases of the independent origin of fleshy fruits in and the reversion to dry dehiscent fruits in . We also characterize the expression of candidate fruit development genes, including and . We identify anatomical changes to establish developmental stages in the ovary-to-fruit transition in and . We generate reference transcriptomes for both species, isolate homologs for all genes in the fruit genetic regulatory network (GRN) and perform gene expression analyses for and throughout fruit development. Finally, we compare our results to expression patterns found in typical capsules of and berries of available in public repositories. We have identified homologous, homoplasious and unique anatomical features in and fruits, resulting in their final appearance. Expression patterns suggest that , and might control homologous characteristics, while and likely contribute to homoplasious anatomical features. The fruit GRN changes considerably in these genera when compared to typical capsules and berries of Solanaceae, particularly in where expression of and is lacking.
A polymorphism in oocyte pigmentation in natural populations of the glass frog (Centrolenidae).
Salazar-Nicholls MJ, Hervas F, Muñoz-Tobar SI … +4 more , Carrillo AB, Ricaurte H, Ron SR, Romero-Carvajal A
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930380 · Publisher ↗
The adaptive role of amphibian oocyte melanic pigmentation and its molecular control are still elusive. Here we present evidence of a polymorphism in egg pigmentation in the emerald glass frog . In Ecuadorian natural pop...
The adaptive role of amphibian oocyte melanic pigmentation and its molecular control are still elusive. Here we present evidence of a polymorphism in egg pigmentation in the emerald glass frog . In Ecuadorian natural populations of this species, females can lay dark brown or pale eggs that develop into normal pigmented tadpoles and adults. This trait is a sex-limited phenotype which is inherited like a recessive allele that we called . The phenotype is exclusive of oocyte cortical melanic pigmentation, which is reduced in comparison to wild type dark pigmented oocytes. Consequently, early embryos are paler in appearance, with reduced melanic pigmentation distributed to early blastomeres and embryonic ectoderm. However, these embryos form normal melanocyte derived pigmentation. Finally, we discuss the origin of this polymorphism and propose the use of as a model to study the adaptive role of egg pigmentation.
Stress and sex determination in fish: from brain to gonads.
Castañeda-Cortés DC, Fernandino JI
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930379 · Publisher ↗
Fish present remarkable malleability regarding gonadal sex fate. This phenotypic plasticity enables an organism to adapt to changes in the environment by responding with different phenotypes. The gonad and the brain pres...
Fish present remarkable malleability regarding gonadal sex fate. This phenotypic plasticity enables an organism to adapt to changes in the environment by responding with different phenotypes. The gonad and the brain present this extraordinary plasticity. These organs are involved in the response to environmental stressors to direct gonadal fate, inducing sex change or sex reversal in hermaphroditic and gonochoristic fish, respectively. The presence of such molecular and endocrine plasticity gives this group a large repertoire of possibilities against a continuously changing environment, resulting in the highest radiation of reproduction strategies described in vertebrates. In this review, we provide a broad and comparative view of tremendous radiation of sex determination mechanisms to direct gonadal fate. New results have established that the driving mechanism involves early response to environmental stressors by the brain plus high plasticity of gonadal differentiation and androgens as by-products of stress inactivation. In addition to the stress axis, two other major axes - the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which are well known for their participation in the regulation of reproduction - have been proposed to reinforce brain-gonadal interrelationships in the fate of the gonad.
Six decades of scientific pan-Americanism - an interview with Jorge E. Allende.
Allende ML
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930378 · Publisher ↗
Jorge E. Allende is a biochemist trained in the United States of America who has been a professor at the University of Chile since 1961. He has served in many leadership positions in both Chilean and international scient...
Jorge E. Allende is a biochemist trained in the United States of America who has been a professor at the University of Chile since 1961. He has served in many leadership positions in both Chilean and international scientific organizations and academic institutions. He led the International Cell Research Organization, the Latin American Network of Biological Sciences and obtained the Chilean National Science Prize. He belongs to the Chilean Academy of Sciences and is a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) and also of the National Academy of Medicine (USA). During his career, besides leading a highly successful research group, he was instrumental in generating an among Latin American scientists of all fields in biology starting in the late 1960's. He began a longstanding tradition by organizing advanced training courses for young scientists from the region who would not have otherwise had the opportunity to experience the latest methods and concepts in biological research, courses that had world leading researchers as instructors. A constant focus of his efforts consisted in promoting the establishment of postgraduate programs in biology throughout the continent, coordinating international funding programs aimed at scientific development in the third world and, more recently, advocating for science education among children and school teachers as the only way to achieve scientific literacy in our societies. In this interview, we explore how these issues were addressed by him and his counterparts in other Latin American countries, at a time when they had to start, essentially, from scratch.
A brief personal account of a journey in science - an interview with Alejandro Sánchez-Alvarado.
García-Arrarás JE
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930377 · Publisher ↗
Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado represents a younger generation of Latin American scientists that have achieved international scientific recognition. His work, together with that from other labs, has positioned the planaria...
Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado represents a younger generation of Latin American scientists that have achieved international scientific recognition. His work, together with that from other labs, has positioned the planaria as a dynamic model system in which the cellular and molecular bases of regeneration in metazoans can be probed. During his professional career he has established strong ties with Latin America, hosting and training students and participating in seminars, workshops and courses throughout the region. In this interview he discusses his early scientific development and training, and his views on various issues related to the professional development of young scientists.
Development of a non-amphibious amphibian - an interview with a coquí.
Elinson RP
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930376 · Publisher ↗
Development without a free-living tadpole is common among Ibero American frogs. The most derived condition is direct development where the tadpole has been eliminated, and the most investigated direct developing frog is...
Development without a free-living tadpole is common among Ibero American frogs. The most derived condition is direct development where the tadpole has been eliminated, and the most investigated direct developing frog is . To provide a different point-of-view, an imaginary interview with a coqui is conducted. Opinions are offered on invasive species, developmental features that are surprisingly conserved, and novelty in germ layer specification.
Unceasingly searching for answers - an interview with Claudio Stern.
Sanchez Alvarado A
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930375 · Publisher ↗
Claudio Stern was born in Montevideo, Uruguay where he received his school education. He moved to the United Kingdom at age 18. This interview briefly explores his trajectory from Uruguay, through universities in the UK...
Claudio Stern was born in Montevideo, Uruguay where he received his school education. He moved to the United Kingdom at age 18. This interview briefly explores his trajectory from Uruguay, through universities in the UK (Sussex, UCL, Cambridge and Oxford) and USA (Columbia) and how he was influenced by various mentors and experiences.
A tale of turns and cycles guiding to neural crest migration - an interview with Roberto Mayor.
Concha ML
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930374 · Publisher ↗
Roberto Mayor is a prominent Chilean developmental biologist working in the UK and an advocate of the developmental biology discipline in Latin America. Roberto started as a preimplantation mouse developmental biologist...
Roberto Mayor is a prominent Chilean developmental biologist working in the UK and an advocate of the developmental biology discipline in Latin America. Roberto started as a preimplantation mouse developmental biologist during his undergraduate and graduate studies in Chile. Yet, he now uses and zebrafish to elucidate the mechanisms that drive the directed collective locomotion of neural crest cells. What life events moulded the research career of Roberto across the years? This article addresses this question and provides a personal perspective on his scientific achievements. The story of Roberto is a mix of turns and cycles that ultimately guided him to the migrating neural crest. Turns that made him shift between model organisms and scientific topics. Cycles that drove him back and forth between Chile and the UK and which have connected his early studies as an undergraduate student with the most recent work of his lab. A big lesson that we can learn from the life of Roberto is that no matter how much you plan your life always serendipity plays a significant role. But you have to be alert and brave to take the opportunities that life offers you.
The levels of reprogramming factors influence the induction and maintenance of pluripotency: the case of CD1 mouse strain cells.
Covarrubias L, Martínez-Sarmiento JÁ, Valencia C … +2 more , Nagy A, Hernández-García D
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930373 · Publisher ↗
The amount of proteins of the regulatory pluripotency network can be determinant for somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)....
The amount of proteins of the regulatory pluripotency network can be determinant for somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Here, we report a transposon-based reprogramming system (PB-Booster) that allowed high expression levels of a polycistronic transgene containing K O and () and showed increased reprogramming efficiency of fresh mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into iPSCs under low, but not under high, expression levels. In contrast, MEFs after 2 passages derived into a similar number of iPSC colonies as fresh MEFs at a high MKOS dose, but this number was reduced at a low MKOS dose. Timing of reprogramming was not affected by expression levels but, importantly, exogenous expression in established PSCs caused a significant cell loss. At high but not at low expression levels, MEFs of the CD1 strain produced more initial cell clusters than iPSCs and, although reprogrammed at a similar efficiency as MEFs of the 129/Sv strain, iPSCs could not be maintained in the absence of exogenous . In CD1-iPSCs, , , and expression levels were reduced when compared with the levels in PSCs derived from the 129/Sv strain. Culture of CD1-iPSCs in medium with MEK and GSK3β inhibitors allowed their self-renewal in the absence of exogenous , but the expression levels of , , and were only partially increased. Despite the reduced levels of those pluripotency factors, CD1-iPSC kept high capacity for contribution to chimeric mouse embryos. Therefore, levels of regulatory pluripotency factors influence reprogramming initiation and PSC maintenance without affecting their differentiation potential .
Developmental Biology in Central America, the northern region of South America and the Caribbean.
García-Arrarás JE
Int J Dev Biol · 2021 · PMID 32930372 · Full text
This review highlights the history of Developmental Biology studies in Latin-American countries of Central America, the northern region of South America and the Caribbean and their impact on the field. For this, we have...
This review highlights the history of Developmental Biology studies in Latin-American countries of Central America, the northern region of South America and the Caribbean and their impact on the field. For this, we have compiled the contributions made by investigators in various institutions of the region, including universities, as well as agricultural, research and health centers. Most of the contributions focus on particular fields, among them, Evo-Devo, regenerative biology, nervous system development and health related issues. A large share of the contributions originates from a subset of countries, primarily, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Puerto Rico. In addition, we underscore the new investigators and the ongoing research in the region.
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