International Journal Of Emergency Mental Health[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
The changing role of leadership in the fire service.
Calo J
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980492
The role of the modem fire service is evolving drastically and today's leaders must have the courage, tenacity, and perseverance to embrace and prepare for substantial change in an industry heavily steeped in almost two...
The role of the modem fire service is evolving drastically and today's leaders must have the courage, tenacity, and perseverance to embrace and prepare for substantial change in an industry heavily steeped in almost two centuries of tradition that's historically resistant to new ways of doing things. Moreover, from an individual perspective, fire service professionals must personally prepare themselves to lead the emergency response industry in the years ahead. Fire service leaders will be faced with new and different challenges. The roles and responsibilities of our profession are changing and becoming more complex. Many common practices currently done in the fire service today will require innovative solutions in the future. To lead our firefighters, not only into dangerous environments, but through these changing times, the professional fire officer will need to be functionally educated, current with new tactics to combat changing conditions, and possess an understanding of leadership principles such as emotional intelligence, leadership style, and leadership theory. This foundation will help today's fire officers become tomorrow's fire service professionals.
Elite firefighter/first responder mindsets and outcome coping efficacy.
Dowdall-Thomae C, Gilkey J, Larson W … +1 more , Arend-Hicks R
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980491
The present study examined coping strategies used by firefighters, the relationship between appraisals and coping strategies used, and the relationship between transitional coping strategies used and outcome coping effic...
The present study examined coping strategies used by firefighters, the relationship between appraisals and coping strategies used, and the relationship between transitional coping strategies used and outcome coping efficacy for mental preparedness. Firefighter coping strategies of problem focused coping and seeking social support were found to have positive significant relationships to outcome coping efficacy, after transitioning from one critical incident to a second. The coping strategies of blamed self wishful thinking, and avoidance appear to have a negative significant relationship to outcome coping efficacy. Additionally, the appraisals of challenge and positive reappraisal to meet the challenge appear to have a positive significant relationship to problem focused coping and seeking social support. These findings on outcome coping efficacy may be of help to firefighters for rehabilitative efforts after traumatic incidents when used in the Peer Support Review intervention model.
Trauma and stress-related disorders in German emergency physicians: the predictive role of personality factors.
Pajonk FG, Cransac P, Müller V … +2 more , Teichmann A, Meyer W
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980490
Emergency medical personnel (EMP) are repeatedly exposed to traumatic and stressful events with possible consequences on their mental wellbeing. Out of the group of EMP, we chose German Emergency Physicians (EP), because...
Emergency medical personnel (EMP) are repeatedly exposed to traumatic and stressful events with possible consequences on their mental wellbeing. Out of the group of EMP, we chose German Emergency Physicians (EP), because they represent a distinct group within the German pre-hospital emergency services. In this group, we studied the prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout and depression. We specifically focussed on the role of personality and other factors of vulnerability. Four hundred eighty-seven German EPs answered questionnaires with scales assessing probable PTSD, burnout, depression, and personality factors. Additionally, we asked for biographic, occupational and mental health information. More than 90% of the participants reported at least one traumatic event. We found low to moderate levels of stress-related disorders with 16.8% of participants meeting the criteria for probable PTSD, 4.1% for burnout, and 3.1% for clinical depression. We identified four clusters of personalities that were related to the prevalence of PTSD and depression. The type of personality seems to be more predictive of the development of trauma and stress-related disorders than the EPs' traumatic experiences.
Incident-related television viewing and psychiatric disorders in Oklahoma City bombing survivors.
Pfefferbaum B, North CS, Pfefferbaum RL … +3 more , Jeon-Slaughter H, Houston JB, Regens JL
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980489
The objective of this study was to examine terrorism media coverage and psychiatric outcomes in directly-exposed terrorism survivors. The study used (1) self-report questionnaires to retrospectively assess event-related...
The objective of this study was to examine terrorism media coverage and psychiatric outcomes in directly-exposed terrorism survivors. The study used (1) self-report questionnaires to retrospectively assess event-related media behaviors and reactions in a cross sectional design and (2) longitudinal structured diagnostic interviews to assess psychopathologic outcomes. The participants were 99 directly-exposed Oklahoma City bombing survivors who were initially studied six months after the 1995 incident. Though a fear reaction to bombing-related television coverage and fear-driven discontinuation of bombing-related media contact were associated with diagnostic outcomes, the number of hours viewing bombing-related television coverage in the first week after the event was not associated with the prevalence of bombing-related posttraumatic stress disorder or post-bombing major depressive disorder during the seven years post event. The results raise doubt about the effects of quantified incident-related television viewing on clinically-significant emotional outcomes in directly-exposed terrorism survivors.
Experiences of chronic stress one year after the Gulf oil spill.
Werner D, Locke C
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980488
One of the largest oil spills in world history happened off the Alabama Gulf coast in April of 2010. One year later the Gulf Coast community was still trying to recover and reestablish itself as a major source for the sh...
One of the largest oil spills in world history happened off the Alabama Gulf coast in April of 2010. One year later the Gulf Coast community was still trying to recover and reestablish itself as a major source for the shipping, tourism, fishing and energy industries. Although this disaster did not physically destroy communities and families, it did take an economic and psychological toll. Researchers conducted focus groups with mental health professionals employed by Project Rebound, a state sponsored response to disasters in Alabama to explore the mental health effects of the Gulf Oil Spill on two gulf coast communities one year after the spill. Project Rebound clinicians were the front line of the mental health response to the spill and collaborated with community service agencies to provide support to adults, children, and families in the Gulf Coast community. The semi-structured focus groups allowed staff to discuss the extent of mental health treatment utilization as well as provide valuable input as to what can be done to better prepare communities and agencies for future disasters.
Emergency mental health.
Miller L
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23980487
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Awareness and utilization of peer support programs in Singapore public general hospitals.
Chan AO, Kee JP, Chan YH
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894802
To address the effects of acute, chronic and cumulative stress in the healthcare environment in Singapore, the Ministry of Health provided funding to develop a comprehensive crisis response management system (peer suppor...
To address the effects of acute, chronic and cumulative stress in the healthcare environment in Singapore, the Ministry of Health provided funding to develop a comprehensive crisis response management system (peer support programs/PSPs) that increases mental health awareness, provides emotional support to affected staff during work-related critical incidents and assists hospital management to better understand the emotional needs of the employees. This paper reports the awareness and utilization of PSPs in Singapore public general hospitals about one year after they were set up.
Crisis intervention team (CIT) training in the jail/detention setting: a case illustration.
Tucker AS, Mendez J, Browning SL … +2 more , Van Hasselt VB, Palmer L
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894801
Research has documented the over-representation of persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMJ) in jails and prisons. Further increased attention has been directed to jail diversion programs and other attempt...
Research has documented the over-representation of persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMJ) in jails and prisons. Further increased attention has been directed to jail diversion programs and other attempts to prevent incarceration of adults with SPMI. Yet, regardless of available diversion programs, and recent trends in mental health within correctional settings, jails continue to see a disproportionate increase in inmates with SPMI. Thepurpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the research, public policy, and current best practices for the development and implementation of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training as an in-house intervention in jail/detention-based settings. Our review provides support for deploying this specialized law enforcement response program to address the needs of mentally ill persons within jail settings. Strategies and issues in the utilization of the CIT model in detention contexts are discussed.
How to choose the right operational police behavioral health specialist (OPBHS).
Greenstone JL
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894800
A recent article (Dennis, December 2011) stressed the need to consider the factors necessary when selecting an operational police physician. It seems apparent that equal attention should be given to the selection of the...
A recent article (Dennis, December 2011) stressed the need to consider the factors necessary when selecting an operational police physician. It seems apparent that equal attention should be given to the selection of the Operational Police Behavioral Health Specialist or Police Psychologist (OPBHS). This is intended to round-out selection considerations for these two important and essential positions on both Special Weapons and Tactics Teams as well as on Police Hostage and Crisis Negotiations Teams. Such considerations are crucial whether these teams are operationalized together separately, or as part of the same unit. The previous outline headings, with some additions, will be utilized specifically to deal with the Operational Police Behavioral Health Specialist. Also, see Greenstone (2005). The issues to be considered for the OPBHS are: Candidate selection. (Also see Greenstone, 2005), Duties, Administrative, Clinical, Training involvement, Relationships, Liability and coverage (Dennis, 2011), Other considerations.
Perception of change and burden in children of national guard troops deployed as part of the global war on terror.
Pfefferbaum B, Houston JB, Allen SF
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894799
Changes in relationships, roles, and dynamics associated with deployment of troops to the Global War on Terror can create challenges for their families as non-deployed spouses and their children take on new responsibilit...
Changes in relationships, roles, and dynamics associated with deployment of troops to the Global War on Terror can create challenges for their families as non-deployed spouses and their children take on new responsibilities. Children, aged 6 to 18 years, of deployed National Guard troops were assessed to determine the children's perceptions about how their father's deployment would or did change them and their family, the burden the children experienced in relation to helping their mothers, and child- and parent-reported emotional and behavioral symptoms in the children. Endorsement of personal change was associated with psychological health. During deployment, recognizing personal change was associated with less perceived burden while perceived change in the family was associated with more perceived burden. In general, increased perception of burden was associated with increased psychological symptoms and problems. The children of deployed service personnel may experience burdens and challenges in relation to the changes associated with the circumstances of deployment. Helping children prepare for and manage changes in relationships, roles, rules, and routines may lessen adverse reactions to changes in the environment.
The burden of disaster: part II. applying interventions across the child's social ecology.
Pfefferbaum RL, Jacobs AK, Noffsinger MA … +3 more , Pfefferbaum B, Sherrieb K, Norris FH
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894798
This second of two articles describes the application of disaster mental health interventions within the context of the childs social ecology consisting of the Micro-, Meso-, Exo-, and Macrosystems. Microsystem intervent...
This second of two articles describes the application of disaster mental health interventions within the context of the childs social ecology consisting of the Micro-, Meso-, Exo-, and Macrosystems. Microsystem interventions involving parents, siblings, and close friends include family preparedness planning andpractice, psychoeducation, role modeling, emotional support, and redirection. Mesosystem interventions provided by schools and faith-based organizations include safety and support, assessment, referral, and counseling. Exosystem interventions include those provided through community-based mental health programs, healthcare organizations, the workplace, the media, local volunteer disaster organizations, and other local organizations. Efforts to build community resilience to disasters are likely to have influence through the Exosystem. The Macrosystem - including the laws, history, cultural and subcultural characteristics, and economic and social conditions that underlie the other systems - affects the child indirectly through public policies and disaster programs and services that become available in the child's Exosystem in the aftermath of a disaster The social ecology paradigm, described more fully in a companion article (Noffsinger Pfefferbaum, Pfefferbaum, Sherrieb, & Norris,2012), emphasizes relationships among systems and can guide the development and delivery of services embedded in naturally-occurring structures in the child's environment.
The effects of mortality salience and conceptual focus in CISM providers: implications for mental health response to mass fatality disasters.
Morrow HE, Haussmann R
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894797
On the basis of terror management theory (TMT) and cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), research has demonstrated that when individuals are experientially (rather than rationally)focused, mortality salience (MS) ca...
On the basis of terror management theory (TMT) and cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), research has demonstrated that when individuals are experientially (rather than rationally)focused, mortality salience (MS) can engender world view defense in the form of increased in-group bias, increased favoritism toward others who uphold cultural values, and greater derogation of those who threaten them. The goal of the present study was to replicate previously observed effects of mortality salience on world view defense in a sample of disaster responders, specifically Criticallncident Stress Management (CISM) providers, and to examine the potential moderating effect of conceptual mode (rational versus experiential) on these effects. Sixty-two participants at the International Critical Incident Stress Foundation's 2011 World Congress were selected for participation in the study. Subsequent manipulation checks revealed that neither,manipulation (mortality salience: MS versus non-MS or conceptual mode: rational versus experiential) was effective. This failure is discussed in terms of the potentially mortality salient nature of conference proceedings that preceded data collection, the depletion of self-control resources required to maintain a rational focus on conference presentations, participants 'need to maintain their focus during future conference presentations, and profession-related practice effects that may have made it easier for some participants to maintain a rational focus.
Police suicide in small departments: a comparative analysis.
Violanti JM, Mnatsakanova A, Burchfiel CM … +2 more , Hartley TA, Andrew ME
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894796
The majority of police suicide research has focused on larger police departments. Very little research has been done within small departments. The present study compared suicide rates between small and larger police depa...
The majority of police suicide research has focused on larger police departments. Very little research has been done within small departments. The present study compared suicide rates between small and larger police departments. Two Hundred ninty-eight departments were drawn from the U.S. Public Safety Officer Benefits database totaling 119,624 officers. Annual suicide rates were calculated per 100,000 for each of four category (by size of department) and p-values from Chi-square tests were employed to assess differences in rates across categories. The annual suicide rate varied significantly across departments. Smaller police departments had a significantly higher suicide rate than large departments. Possible reasons include lack of availability for mental health assistance, increased workload and danger and community visibility.
Safety and the violent person: guidelines for emergency services.
Flannery RB
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2012 · PMID 23894795
Emergency service providers (EMS), police, health-care providers, counselors, and other helping professionals are at times called upon to provide services to violent or potentially violent individuals. Providing these se...
Emergency service providers (EMS), police, health-care providers, counselors, and other helping professionals are at times called upon to provide services to violent or potentially violent individuals. Providing these services safely can be enhanced with six general guidelines that can be implemented to reduce the risk of violence or contain what violence may have already erupted. Thinking about medical/ psychiatric illnesses, call log information, scene surveillance, old brain stem functioning, early warning signs of loss of control, and the theories of violence may provide strategies to enhance both the safety and quality ofservices provided in these difficult situations.
Suicide intervention: basic processes and strategies.
Miller L
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957756
Dealing with a subject in suicidal crisis requires a certain set of communication and empathic skills. This article outlines some facts and misconceptions about suicide, then describes some practical intervention strateg...
Dealing with a subject in suicidal crisis requires a certain set of communication and empathic skills. This article outlines some facts and misconceptions about suicide, then describes some practical intervention strategies from the fields of crisis intervention and emergency mental health.
Police organizational stress: the impact of negative discipline.
Violanti JM
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957755
Previous work has suggested that the police organization is considered a difficult work stressor by officers. Of stress factors stemming from the police organization, excessive or unfair discipline rates high among rank...
Previous work has suggested that the police organization is considered a difficult work stressor by officers. Of stress factors stemming from the police organization, excessive or unfair discipline rates high among rank and file officers. The police organization may be considered a punishment centered bureaucracy, where emphasis is placed on what is wrong and not on proper or laudatory behavior Although discipline is essential in critical occupations such as police work, it is important that such discipline be properly administered in order to avoid stress and feelings of organizational abandonment. This paper provides a general overview of present police organizational discipline prescriptions, and an example of an alternative positive-based discipline program.
Mental health screening at temporary military health clinics in low income Hispanic communities within the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
Morecook R, Greenstone JL, Hays JR
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957754
Behavioral and mental health problems are not always considered in temporary medical clinics nor are instruments readily available to provide medical practitioners in these settings with information relevant to mental he...
Behavioral and mental health problems are not always considered in temporary medical clinics nor are instruments readily available to provide medical practitioners in these settings with information relevant to mental health conditions. This study provided preliminary data on the utility of the Mini Mental Screen in temporary military medical clinics in the Texas Rio Grande Valley. This instrument was administered to individuals who may have behavioral or mental health problems. In a sample of mostly Hispanic patients (N = 75) seen at a temporary medical clinic, 12% were at significant risk of mental health problems, with an additional 9% at moderate risk using published cut-off scores for the risk of such problems. The results for each patient were provided to a medical practitioner who further evaluated the risk, treated the problem, or made a referral. When asked, three of four medical practitioners found that screening data was helpful in their work with patients. One practitioner was concerned that the screening instrument might have too high a false positive rate to be useful. Cultural issues of openness about mental health and behavioral problems need to be considered in such settings.
Psychological distress following wildfires disaster in a rural part of Greece: a case-control population-based study.
Papanikolaou V, Adamis D, Mellon RC … +1 more , Prodromitis G
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957753
Psychological distress is common in the aftermath of a disaster. This study investigated psychological distress and morbidity in individuals who had experienced severe exposure to a wildfire disaster in a part of Greece....
Psychological distress is common in the aftermath of a disaster. This study investigated psychological distress and morbidity in individuals who had experienced severe exposure to a wildfire disaster in a part of Greece. The study was a cross sectional case control of an adult population (18-65 years old). Face to face interviews were used in the collection of the data which were demographics, the type and number of losses and the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised for assessment of psychological symptoms. The results showed that those exposed to wildfires disaster scored significantly higher on the symptoms of somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, and paranoia; had significantly more symptoms of psychopathology and were more distressed, compared to controls. Risk factors for potential psychiatric cases were those exposed to disaster; those who had lower education, and those who were widowed. It was concluded that wildfires may cause considerable psychological symptoms comparable to other disasters and there are reasons to create services to help and improve the mental health of those affected.
The Colorado Crisis Education and Response Network: an analysis of policy and practices.
Crepeau-Hobson F, Drennen C
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957752
The Federal government has recognized the importance of including behavioral health in disaster response plans and policies. Many states have responded to these directives with the development and implementation of disas...
The Federal government has recognized the importance of including behavioral health in disaster response plans and policies. Many states have responded to these directives with the development and implementation of disaster behavioral health response teams. The Colorado Crisis Education and Response Network (CoCERN) is a statewide asset that is based in community partnerships formed to deliver effective, efficient, and professional disaster behavioral health services to communities impacted by a disaster Using the K. McInnis-Dittrich model of policy analysis, this paper analyzes this approach to disaster behavioral health response. Strengths and weaknesses of the program, as well as implications for practice are discussed.
Collateral damage in disaster workers.
Mitchell JT
Int J Emerg Ment Health · 2011 · PMID 21957725
Disaster workers are not immune to the negative personal and professional effects of their services at a disaster. For the purposes of this article, the intra and interpersonal disturbances that arise from disaster work...
Disaster workers are not immune to the negative personal and professional effects of their services at a disaster. For the purposes of this article, the intra and interpersonal disturbances that arise from disaster work are called "collateral damage. " The harmful effects may range from, among other reactions, feelings of disappointment, confusion, resentment, anger; and lack of appreciation to the more serious reactions such as anxiety attacks, severe social withdrawal, substance abuse, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder This article reviews some of the causative factors of personal distress and disruptions to teamwork in disaster relief operations. It suggests a variety of practical methods to reduce the potential of collateral damage among disaster response personnel.
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