Current Pharmaceutical Design[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Advances in Chemotherapy in Pediatrics Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (Pall): Actions, Associated Risks and Emerging Therapies.
Ullah H, Asif M, Audhal FA … +1 more , Rasool M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41863452 · Publisher ↗
Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (PALL) represents the most frequent type of cancer in children, affecting about 25% of all childhood cancers. The main treatment for PALL is chemotherapy, which leads to survival rate...
Pediatric Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (PALL) represents the most frequent type of cancer in children, affecting about 25% of all childhood cancers. The main treatment for PALL is chemotherapy, which leads to survival rates of 85-90% in high-income countries. Usually, chemotherapy is administered in combination with several drugs given in phases, such as induction, consolidation, intensification, and maintenance. Despite showing great success in overall survivability in most cases, these treatments are linked to serious acute and long-term side effects, such as low blood counts, mental health issues, dysfunction of multiple organs, and an increased risk of developing other types of cancer. In addition, the development of resistance to several drugs, usually due to more drug excretion, different drug target sites, or lowered apoptosis, still makes it hard for some patients to maintain long-term results. Consequently, new methods of therapy are under exploration with targeted therapies like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (e.g., blinatumomab), and CAR T-cell therapy that promise to treat cancer without major side effects to normal cells. Many people are also turning to phytomedicines as an additional supplement alongside chemotherapy. The herbal ingredients curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic activities, which may enhance the success of therapy without causing significant side effects. Even so, these therapies need to be thoroughly examined for safety, success, and their effects in children before being approved. In conclusion, while chemotherapy still forms the core of PALL therapy, realizing its side effect problems, suggests that we should look for better solutions using new targeted approaches, supportive herbal medicines, and individualized care plans that may greatly alleviate pediatric leukemia and improve overall health parameters of children with leukemia.
Self-Medication as a Type of Nonadherence in Cardiac Patients Over 50 Years of Age.
Martsevich SY, Tsaregorodtseva VV, Lukina YV … +5 more , Kutishenko NP, Zagrebelnyi AV, Mikhailova IV, Kiselev AR, Drapkina OM
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41863451 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Self-medication is widely discussed regarding over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, as well as some prescription drugs, especially antibiotics. There are virtually no studies on selfmedication with cardiovas...
BACKGROUND: Self-medication is widely discussed regarding over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, as well as some prescription drugs, especially antibiotics. There are virtually no studies on selfmedication with cardiovascular drugs. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of self-medication and adherence to prescribed treatment in patients with Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) seeking advice at a cardiology dispensary. METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included all patients aged 50 years or older (n=300) who repeatedly visited an outpatient clinic for CVD from December 14, 2023, to August 07, 2024. The information on previously prescribed and actually taken medicinal drugs by the patient was recorded during the visit. Patient-reported adherence was evaluated using a specific scale. RESULTS: Self-medication was detected in 120 patients (40%) who either replaced or added drugs to the therapy prescribed by their attending physician. The most common recorded practice was self-prescription of medicinal drugs (106 cases, 88.3%), especially prescription drugs (72 of 106 patients, 67.9%). In 17 patients, self-medication led to inappropriate administration of the drug. In 7 patients (41.2%), self-medication resulted in potentially dangerous combinations of drugs. In 4 patients (23.5%), self-medication resulted in inadequate replacement of the drug, and in 6 patients (35.3%), duplication of drugs was noted. The majority of patients (76.3%) exhibited various violations of compliance with medical recommendations. Among patients practicing self-medication, there were more partially nonadherent patients, and in the subgroup without selfmedication, there were more completely nonadherent patients (p=0.008). DISCUSSION: Self-medication is potentially associated with several risks, including delayed professional consultation, incorrect self-diagnosis, severe adverse reactions, dangerous drug-drug interactions, masking of severe conditions, and the risk of drug abuse. Existing literature predominantly focuses on self-medication with over-the-counter drugs. This study demonstrates that in the Russian Federation, self-medication (including the use of cardiovascular drugs) is remarkably prevalent. More than a third of the surveyed patients independently added new medications to their physician's regimen or substituted prescribed ones. Moreover, more than half of the self-medications were for prescription drugs. CONCLUSION: Self-medication, as one of the options for nonadherence, was employed by 40% of CVD patients. In some cases, this has led to the emergence of potentially dangerous drug combinations.
Mechanistic Insights into the Qingge Formula for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Study.
Ma J, Liu T, Liu FZ … +1 more , Shi YJ
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837598 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions globally. This study explores the therapeutic mechanisms of Qingge Formula (QGF) against AD using network pharmacology and molecular docking. METHODS: Active compon...
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions globally. This study explores the therapeutic mechanisms of Qingge Formula (QGF) against AD using network pharmacology and molecular docking. METHODS: Active components and targets were identified via TCMSP, Swiss ADME, and GeneCards databases. PPI networks, GO, and KEGG analyses were performed, followed by molecular docking. RESULTS: Core targets included PTGS2, EGFR, ESR1, STAT3, and SRC. GO identified 222 terms; KEGG revealed 65 pathways. Molecular docking revealed that the six key components bind to the core targets with energetically favorable conformations, among which SRC showed the highest affinity for all the Discussion: QGF likely modulates neuroinflammation, immunity, and synaptic plasticity pathways, with SRC as a crucial target. CONCLUSION: QGF demonstrates multi-component, multi-target therapeutic potential against AD.
Unveiling Guggulipid: Bioactivity, Therapeutic Potential, Advanced Delivery Systems, and Future Prospects.
Sharma A, Rathee S, Jain SK … +1 more , Patil UK
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837597 · Publisher ↗
Guggulipids, lipid-soluble bioactives derived from the resin of Commiphora mukul, have gained increasing scientific attention for their diverse pharmacological properties. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis o...
Guggulipids, lipid-soluble bioactives derived from the resin of Commiphora mukul, have gained increasing scientific attention for their diverse pharmacological properties. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current findings on the bioactivity, therapeutic potential, and advanced delivery systems of guggulipids. Beginning with a brief overview of their traditional medicinal significance, we outline key mechanisms of action, including modulation of lipid metabolism, modulation of anti-inflammatory pathways, antioxidant activity, and regulation of apoptosis. We examine preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of guggulipids in managing cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Special attention is given to recent innovations in drug delivery strategies, such as nanoparticles, proniosomal gels, and guggulosomes, which are designed to overcome the challenges of poor solubility and limited bioavailability. Additionally, emerging research avenues are discussed, including synergistic interactions with other phytochemicals and personalized medicine approaches. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological insights, this review aims to guide future research and therapeutic applications of guggulipids in evidence-based medicine.
Insights into the Recent Breakthroughs in Nanotechnological Outlook of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids: An Updated Approach.
Sharma N, Kumar P, Singh S … +2 more , Agarwal G, Gupta S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837596 · Publisher ↗
Pentacyclic triterpenes have attracted significant scientific interest due to their notable biological activities against inflammation, cancer, liver diseases, oxidative stress, and bacterial infections. They are commonl...
Pentacyclic triterpenes have attracted significant scientific interest due to their notable biological activities against inflammation, cancer, liver diseases, oxidative stress, and bacterial infections. They are commonly found in fruits and vegetables and are marketed globally as nutritional supplements. Examples of pentacyclic triterpenoids include ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, boswellic acid, lupeol, betulinic acid, maslinic acid, and asiatic acid. The low water solubility, poor permeability, and limited bioavailability of pentacyclic triterpenoids hinder their therapeutic potential. The development of nanoformulations has the potential to address these limitations by facilitating effective distribution and improving therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a thorough discussion of the sources, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of pentacyclic triterpenoids. It also offers a comprehensive analysis of their integration with nanotechnological systems, including solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. The databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were carefully examined for relevant information. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025. Review and research articles containing adequate scientific detail were included, while documents written in languages other than English were excluded. Published patents related to nanoformulations of pentacyclic triterpenoids are also briefly summarized. The clinical applications of pentacyclic triterpenoids currently in various clinical phases are outlined as well.
Treatment Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: When Less is Not More.
Lazzarotto-da-Silva G, Marek FA, Chedid MF
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837595 · Publisher ↗
The arsenal of therapeutic options for HCC ranges from surgical strategies such as resection and Liver Transplantation (LT) to Locoregional Therapies (LRT), including ablation and transarterial procedures. Recently, the...
The arsenal of therapeutic options for HCC ranges from surgical strategies such as resection and Liver Transplantation (LT) to Locoregional Therapies (LRT), including ablation and transarterial procedures. Recently, the pool of resources available to treat HCC has been expanded with randomized clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of advanced HCC. Despite the wide variety of treatment options, tailoring the best strategy to each patient remains challenging. Several combinations of different treatments have been utilized in different clinical scenarios. In the setting of unresectable HCC, combining TACE with an ablation procedure such as Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) or Microwave Ablation (MWA) is associated with improved outcomes over Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) alone. Additionally, TACE can be utilized as an adjuvant treatment for resected HCC with narrow margins. Patients waiting for LT may be treated with TACE combined with RFA or percutaneous ethanol injection to prevent tumor progression beyond the acceptable LT threshold. Immune checkpoint inhibitors given as adjuvant treatment following liver resection or TACE seem to improve recurrence-free survival. Finally, several trials are underway to investigate the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors as neoadjuvant therapy prior to liver resection. In conclusion, in many clinical settings, combining different approaches surpasses monotherapy for the treatment of HCC. Thus, the maxim "less is more" seems not to have stood the test of time.
Probiotic Interventions and Cognitive Performance: Insights from Recent Clinical Trials.
Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Chaiyasut C … +2 more , Mathew TM, Alagarsamy K
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837594 · Publisher ↗
Probiotics, traditionally recognized for their role in gastrointestinal health, have recently been investigated for their potential influence on cognitive function through modulation of the gut-brain axis (GBA). This rev...
Probiotics, traditionally recognized for their role in gastrointestinal health, have recently been investigated for their potential influence on cognitive function through modulation of the gut-brain axis (GBA). This review summarizes the current clinical evidence and mechanistic insights on the role of probiotic interventions in mitigating cognitive decline and enhancing brain function, particularly in older adults and individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions. Cognitive impairments in the elderly, driven by neurodegeneration, vascular compromise, inflammation, and lifestyle factors, present significant challenges to public health systems. Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of specific probiotic strains, such as Bifidobacterium breve A1, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8, and multispecies formulations, in improving memory, attention, and emotional regulation in populations with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. The cognitive improvements are linked to various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, modulation of neurotransmitter levels, maintenance of gut barrier integrity, and shifts in gut microbiota composition favoring beneficial taxa. However, not all interventions have yielded significant effects, suggesting strain-specific efficacy and interindividual variability in response. The present study discusses the limitations of existing studies and emphasizes the need for personalized approaches and rigorous, long-term clinical trials. Overall, probiotics show promise as adjunctive agents for preserving cognitive health and managing neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders via modulation of the microbiota-GBA.
Uncovering the Redox and Immunoregulatory Basis of the Chinese Herbal Formula Ping An Fang Yu Yin using Network Pharmacology and In Silico Target Profiling.
Mailem RC, Tsai PW, Tayo L … +3 more , Hsueh CC, Hsieh CY, Chen BY
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837593 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Ping An Fang Yu Yin (PAFYY) is a traditional Chinese herbal tea formula commonly used to treat respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Previous research indicates potential antiinflammatory activities;...
INTRODUCTION: Ping An Fang Yu Yin (PAFYY) is a traditional Chinese herbal tea formula commonly used to treat respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Previous research indicates potential antiinflammatory activities; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PAFYY, specifically its electron-transport and bioenergetic properties, through network pharmacology, electrochemical analysis, and Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) assessments. METHODS: Active compounds and their respective targets were identified via database searches. Proteinprotein interaction networks were constructed using the STRING database and further analyzed using Cytoscape and MCODE software. Molecular docking was employed to assess the binding affinity between identified key compounds and their targets. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and MFC assays evaluated the electrontransport characteristics of PAFYY water and ethanol extracts. RESULTS: The analysis identified 298 active compounds associated with 1,940 biological targets, highlighting key targets including EP300, CREBBP, ESR1, AKT1, MAPK3, MAPK1, and STAT3. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that PAFYY significantly influences immune system processes and neuronal signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed the anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential of the identified active compounds. Additionally, electrochemical studies demonstrated that PAFYY contains electroactive substances mediating electron-driven redox reactions. DISCUSSION: Recent studies have demonstrated that traditional Chinese herbal teas contain electron shuttles capable of mediating electron transfer in electrogenic bacteria. Emerging evidence further indicates that electroactive plant polyphenols can modulate microbial ecology through redox-mediated mechanisms. Our findings suggest that PAFYY may act on the microbiota-immune axis, with its electron-shuttling constituents contributing not only to direct cellular effects and antioxidant activity but also to modulation of the gut microbiome in ways that support antiviral immunity and attenuate inflammation. These results may inform future research into the mechanistic basis of medicinal herbs, while highlighting the potential of MFCs as a functional screening platform for identifying bioactive redox compounds. CONCLUSION: The anti-COVID-19 properties of PAFYY may be largely attributed to its electron-transport capabilities, mediated through electroactive compounds. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanistic basis of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, potentially enhancing their therapeutic application.
Recent Advances in Flavonoid-Based Therapeutics for Wound Healing: Focus on Polymeric and Hybrid Delivery Systems.
Thakur GS, Ahirwar VP, Singhai H … +2 more , Rathee S, Patil UK
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837592 · Publisher ↗
Wound healing is a highly intricate biological process that progresses through sequential phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling, each regulated by a series of cellular and molecular mechanisms...
Wound healing is a highly intricate biological process that progresses through sequential phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling, each regulated by a series of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The healing process is often impaired by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, infections, and other pathological conditions, resulting in delayed tissue regeneration. Natural flavonoids, with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pro-angiogenic properties, have gained significant attention as potential therapeutic agents for enhancing wound repair. However, their clinical application remains constrained by challenges such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions. To address these limitations, polymer-based delivery systems-including hydrogels, nanofibers, nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations-have been developed using natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic polymers. These systems offer improved drug encapsulation, sustained release, targeted delivery, and enhanced stability, thereby optimizing the therapeutic potential of flavonoids in wound management. This review comprehensively discusses the characteristics, selection criteria, and mechanisms of polymer and hybrid systems employed for flavonoid delivery, along with their synergistic effects on tissue regeneration. Furthermore, it provides a translational framework for designing multifunctional wound healing platforms, highlighting the promise of polymeric carriers in overcoming pharmacokinetic barriers and achieving improved clinical outcomes.
Physcion Alleviates Osteoporotic Bone Loss by Inhibiting Osteoclast Formation and Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation.
Fan J, Hu Y, Yin J … +5 more , Gao C, Zhao C, Zheng C, Yang L, Lu W
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837591 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disorder resulting from imbalanced bone remodeling, characterized by excessive bone resorption and insufficient bone formation. Physcion, a natural anthraquinone, exhibits div...
BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disorder resulting from imbalanced bone remodeling, characterized by excessive bone resorption and insufficient bone formation. Physcion, a natural anthraquinone, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities; however, its effects on bone remodeling remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the potential of physcion in mitigating osteoporotic bone loss by regulating the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. METHODS: In vitro, the effects of physcion on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation were assessed using bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMMs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) treated with various non-cytotoxic doses (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM). Osteoclast formation and function were evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and bone resorption assays. Osteoblast differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity measurement. Expression of key markers and activation of signaling pathways associated with osteoclasts and osteoblasts were analyzed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In vivo, ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic mice were treated with physcion (5 mg/kg, twice weekly) for 8 weeks, and bone microarchitecture was analyzed using micro-CT. RESULTS: Physcion dose-dependently inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)- induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption by suppressing the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and p38 MAPK pathways and downregulating osteoclast-specific genes (e.g., NFATc1 and CTSK). Simultaneously, it promoted osteoblast differentiation and increased the expression of osteogenic markers (RUNX2, OSX, and COL1), associated with activation of SMAD1/5/9 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. In vivo administration of physcion significantly attenuated OVX-induced bone loss. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that physcion holds promise as a natural agent for preventing bone loss. CONCLUSION: Physcion exhibits dual osteoprotective effects by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and enhancing osteoblast formation, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.
From Molecules to Medicine: Investigating the Evolution of Chemical Entities for Therapeutic Use through QSAR Analysis.
Shukla A, Singh M, Kaur P … +1 more , Mujwar S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837590 · Publisher ↗
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) is a computer-based tool that depicts empirical aspects in drug modeling. While it was limited to physical organic chemistry for the past fifty years, QSAR modeling has...
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) is a computer-based tool that depicts empirical aspects in drug modeling. While it was limited to physical organic chemistry for the past fifty years, QSAR modeling has been diversified and has become more challenging, especially in drug design. From physicochemical property prediction to toxicity predictions, ADME properties, and data mining, it has changed the perspective in drug designing. This innovation was much needed in drug design due to the increasing complexity of the process, which demands more proficient tools and a lower probability of errors. However, when it comes to challenges like predicting potency, fast structure-activity generation, and series design, QSAR has much to offer in the near future. This article aims to give an overview of modern drug chemistry and the importance of various QSAR approaches in drug designing across various fields. The present manuscript discusses the application of QSAR methods in drug design and development, along with a historical overview of various QSAR approaches, supported by relevant examples.
Nanotechnology-Enhanced Photosensitizers: Review of Multifunctional Theranostics for Precision Medicine.
Krishnaswami V, Loushambam B, Subramanian S … +2 more , Raja J, Vijayaraghavalu S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837589 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly recognized worldwide as a major therapeutic modality for the management of cancer and infectious diseases. The success of PDT largely depends on the design and per...
INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly recognized worldwide as a major therapeutic modality for the management of cancer and infectious diseases. The success of PDT largely depends on the design and performance of photosensitizers (PSs) capable of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation. However, traditional PSs face challenges such as poor solubility, limited tissue penetration, non-specific accumulation, and phototoxicity. The objective of this study is to provide an updated synthesis of advancements in this evolving field; therefore, a narrative review was conducted. METHODS: An extensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to March 2024. Keywords such as "photodynamic therapy", "photosensitizers", "nanoparticles", "ROS", and "theranostics" were used to identify relevant literature, with emphasis on original research articles, reviews, and clinical studies. RESULTS: This review highlights the evolution of photosensitizer systems, encompassing both natural and synthetic derivatives, and discusses how nanoparticle (NP)-based strategies such as up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), lipid-based carriers, and polymeric systems have enhanced the therapeutic selectivity, ROS production, and tissue targeting of PDT. Particular attention is given to theranostic applications, combining imaging and therapy within a single platform. Furthermore, emerging clinical trials investigating PDT applications in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, systemic sclerosis, and head and neck cancers are summarized, illustrating the expanding translational potential of these technologies. DISCUSSION: These advances show a clear transition from a localized cytotoxic modality in PDT towards a precision nanomedicine modality. Using multifunctional nanocarriers in combination with optimized photosensitizers improves treatment efficacy and reduces off-target damage. Real-time monitoring of treatment and personalization is also made possible by the emergence of theranostic platforms. Collectively, current clinical studies indicate that PDT will be an increasingly flexible and translational approach across diverse disease settings. CONCLUSION: This review paper focuses on PDT with different classes of PSs, with a particular emphasis on nano-based applications at both therapeutic and diagnostic levels.
Quercetin's Multifaceted Role in Alzheimer's Disease, Melanoma, and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review with Preclinical Insights.
Pratap Swain M, Mohanty S, Gupta N … +3 more , Mukherjee T, Kumar Singh S, Pattnaik A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41837588 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid that is abundant in fruits and vegetables, demonstrates substantial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. It has garnered attentio...
INTRODUCTION: Quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid that is abundant in fruits and vegetables, demonstrates substantial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. It has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential in tuberculosis (TB), melanoma cancer, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2000-2024). The focus was on approaches to improve bioavailability, with an examination of preclinical models, pharmacological mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes. RESULTS: Quercetin reduced β-amyloid aggregation (45-60%), improved cognitive performance by up to 50%, and mitigated oxidative stress by nearly 50% in Alzheimer's models. In melanoma, it promoted apoptosis, inhibited angiogenesis (45% reduction), and decreased tumor volume by 40-60% in preclinical studies. In TB models, quercetin enhanced macrophage autophagy (30% increase), decreased bacterial burden by 40-60% and synergistically improved the efficacy of rifampicin by 35-40%. Addressing its bioavailability challenge (<1% in native form), nanotechnology-based delivery systems increased quercetin's absorption up to 10-fold, with certain systems achieving absolute bioavailability improvements of 30-35%. DISCUSSION: Preclinical findings consistently highlight quercetin's multitargeted role in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses across diverse disease models. However, discrepancies between experimental efficacy and clinical applicability are primarily due to its low systemic availability. Nanocarrier-based strategies, including liposomes, nanoparticles, and phytosomes, provide encouraging solutions, yet require robust clinical validation. CONCLUSION: Quercetin demonstrates multifaceted therapeutic potential across AD, melanoma, and TB. However, clinical translation remains limited by poor bioavailability and a lack of large-scale clinical validations. Future directions should emphasize advanced drug delivery systems, combination therapies, and robust clinical trials to establish quercetin's role as a potent therapeutic agent.
Clinical Applications and Safety Analysis of Nefopam and Flupirtine as Examples of Non-Opioid Analgesics.
Ozturk GA, Ozkaya B, Akman C … +3 more , Akgun FS, Erturk N, Karcioglu O
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832716 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The primary goal in treating acute pain is to provide effective analgesia while minimizing the risk of progression to chronic pain. Opioids have long been the mainstay for treating moderate to severe pain....
INTRODUCTION: The primary goal in treating acute pain is to provide effective analgesia while minimizing the risk of progression to chronic pain. Opioids have long been the mainstay for treating moderate to severe pain. However, their use is increasingly questioned due to challenges such as addiction, tolerance, and adverse effects, including respiratory depression. A multimodal approach (balanced analgesia, multimodal analgesia- MMA), which includes non-opioid analgesic agents (NOAAs), adjuvant medications, and opioids, is recommended. This review was designed to cover the current characteristics and use of typical NOAAs, specifically nefopam and flupirtine, in contemporary practice. METHODS: A review search was conducted to abstract articles for analysis. All studies published in English from 1990 to 2025, mainly investigating NOAAs, specifically nefopam and flupirtine, were included. We used Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and MEDLINE databases to extract articles. The findings of these articles were analyzed narratively to highlight mechanisms of action, indications, safety, and specific features. RESULTS: NOAAs may represent a viable alternative in contemporary analgesic treatments. Unlike opioids, centrally acting NOAAs do not carry the same risk of dependence and abuse, making them suitable alternatives for patients with acute and/or chronic pain. Recent studies provide valuable insights into these agents' evolving role in pain management. Typical NOAAs, such as nefopam and flupirtine, are associated with mild side effects, including nausea, dizziness, and anticholinergic symptoms, which may affect their acceptability in certain patient populations. Furthermore, their contraindications render them potentially dangerous for individuals with convulsive disorders or those taking specific medications, necessitating careful patient selection and clinical judgment. CONCLUSION: Although these agents are beneficial in reducing opioid consumption, their use should be tailored to each patient, with careful follow-up. Patients receiving NOAAs should be monitored for adverse effects, particularly during treatment initiation. Monitoring is also essential for elderly patients and those with cardiovascular or neurological conditions to ensure safe administration. In conclusion, the clinical use of NOAAs requires careful consideration of potential adverse effects, contraindications, and drug interactions. Further well-designed studies are needed to better define these agents' characteristics, limitations, and comparisons with alternative pain management approaches.
Dual-Targeted Antiemetic Strategy: A Review of Granisetron-Scopolamine Transdermal Patch for PONV and CINV Management.
Sarkar AK, Shah K, Dewangan HK … +1 more , Shah PJ
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832715 · Publisher ↗
Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) and Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) are common clinical concerns that adversely affect patient recovery and quality of life. Existing pharmacological intervention...
Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) and Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) are common clinical concerns that adversely affect patient recovery and quality of life. Existing pharmacological interventions, including single-agent and combination therapies, often exhibit limitations in fully controlling symptoms and may lead to undesirable side effects. This review examines the pharmacological rationale, clinical implications, and potential benefits of combining granisetron, a selective serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, with scopolamine, a muscarinic (M1) receptor antagonist, in a transdermal patch formulation. Current literature highlights the role of serotonin- and acetylcholine-mediated pathways in nausea and vomiting, suggesting that targeting both pathways may enhance antiemetic efficacy. The transdermal delivery system facilitates sustained and controlled drug release, potentially improving patient adherence and minimizing adverse effects such as sedation, dizziness, and gastrointestinal discomfort. The formulation may be particularly beneficial for patients requiring prolonged antiemetic coverage during chemotherapy or postoperative recovery. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and design considerations associated with the granisetron-scopolamine combination patch. Furthermore, it discusses advancements in transdermal technology and potential directions for future research, including clinical trials and cost-effectiveness evaluations. The findings contribute to the ongoing development of improved antiemetic strategies for the effective management of PONV and CINV.
Advances in siRNA-Loaded Nanocarriers: Harnessing Cutting-Edge Technologies for Precision Cancer Treatment.
Aggarwal K, Jindal P, Patel P … +2 more , Das Gupta G, Kurmi BD
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832714 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cancer remains a major global health concern characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and spread of abnormal cells. Traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery ar...
INTRODUCTION: Cancer remains a major global health concern characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and spread of abnormal cells. Traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are often associated with limitations, including drug resistance, off-target toxicity, and incomplete eradication of cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action, delivery challenges, and the application of nanotechnology to enhance therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: This review analyzes recent advancements in RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, particularly siRNA- based approaches. It highlights delivery barriers, discusses various nanocarrier systems, including lipidbased, polymeric, and hybrid nanoparticles, and evaluates their roles in improving siRNA stability, intracellular uptake, and tumor-targeting. RESULTS: siRNA offers a highly specific method for silencing disease-related genes at the mRNA level by guiding the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade target transcripts, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Despite its therapeutic promise, siRNA delivery faces several challenges including poor stability, limited cellular uptake, and systemic distribution issues. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have shown significant progress in addressing these barriers and improving therapeutic outcomes in preclinical studies. DISCUSSION: siRNA-based cancer drug delivery provides a targeted and controlled treatment option as an alternative to conventional treatments. As per the literature, the application of nanotechnology improved the stability and efficacy of the aforementioned formulations. The reviewed present various in-depth knowledge about the siRNA-based cancer therapeutics. CONCLUSION: siRNA-based therapeutics represent a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy due to their high specificity and ability to reduce off-target toxicity. Nanocarrier systems have greatly enhanced their clinical viability. However, continued efforts are required to overcome biological barriers and facilitate clinical translation. This review also summarizes FDA-approved siRNA-based drugs such as Onpattro®, Leqvio®, Givlaari®, Oxlumo®, Tavnelis®, and Amvuttra®, underscoring the clinical potential of RNAi-based therapies.
Evaluation of the Greenness of Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Tenoxicam in a Pharmaceutical Matrix.
Costa TLC, Sinzervinch A, Carolina Kogawa A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832713 · Publisher ↗
Tenoxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Official compendia report Tenoxicam analysis by titration, while the literature reports analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultraviolet- Visible Spe...
Tenoxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Official compendia report Tenoxicam analysis by titration, while the literature reports analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultraviolet- Visible Spectrophotometry. Each method has its own characteristics, as do each active ingredient, and the analysis objective is also important, as is the matrix in which it is used. The combination of these factors and analytical awareness can result in a harmful, time-consuming, and costly process or a green, fast, and economical one. This work aims to evaluate the greenness of analytical methods for the analysis of Tenoxicam in a pharmaceutical matrix, using the National Environmental Methods Index, Eco-Scale Assessment, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Blue Applicability Grade Index. The articles and monographs were selected from 2016 to 2025 from the main databases PubMed and ScienceDirect, as well as the British Pharmacopoeia. An overview of the analytical methods of the last 10 years for quantitative evaluation of Tenoxicam in pharmaceutical matrices showed that High Performance Liquid Chromatography is the most used method, methanol is the most used solvent, approximately 70% of the analyzes use toxic, hazardous and bioaccumulative reagents, average Eco-Scale Assessment of 82%, predominantly yellow Green Analytical Procedure Index and average Blue Applicability Grade Index of 66.7. There is still room to develop more environmentally friendly analytical conditions, and the combined use of green tools can guide choices and decision- making.
Pharmacokinetic Insights and Therapeutic Potential of Calcium Channel Blockers in Cardiovascular and Non-Cardiovascular Disorders.
Sharma KK, Panday M, Gautam A … +2 more , Verma A, Kumar G
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832712 · Publisher ↗
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) regulate calcium ion transport across cell membranes and are central to the management of hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and cerebrovascular disorders, with emerging roles in neurologi...
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) regulate calcium ion transport across cell membranes and are central to the management of hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and cerebrovascular disorders, with emerging roles in neurological and oncological diseases. Most CCBs undergo significant first-pass metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450, which affects their interindividual variability, dosage, and bioavailability. Recent research highlights the potential of T-type CCBs in cancer treatment and the use of nanocarriers to overcome their low bioavailability and rapid metabolism. Since the introduction of verapamil in the 1960s, newer drugs with improved selectivity and safety, such as cilnidipine and azelnidipine, have been developed. Despite their widespread use, challenges remain in maximizing long-term efficacy, minimizing side effects, and individualizing treatment. This review provides an updated overview of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic applications of dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine CCBs, while identifying research gaps and future directions to enhance their clinical utility. By integrating established pharmacological knowledge with recent advances, this study underscores the continued relevance of CCBs in modern medicine.
Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Explore the Targets for Colchicine against Coronary In-Stent Restenosis.
Gao Y, Shi Q, Shi Z … +5 more , Zhang Z, Gu YS, Ma C, Guo Q, Li M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832698 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: In-Stent Restenosis (ISR) remains a challenging complication following vascular interventions. Colchicine, a well-known anti-inflammatory agent, has shown potential in reducing ISR, but its multi-target mec...
INTRODUCTION: In-Stent Restenosis (ISR) remains a challenging complication following vascular interventions. Colchicine, a well-known anti-inflammatory agent, has shown potential in reducing ISR, but its multi-target mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of colchicine against ISR using an integrated approach. METHODS: Colchicine- and ISR-related targets were identified from multiple public databases. Overlapping targets were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG pathways, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks. Hub genes were identified using the MCODE and CytoHubba algorithms and subjected to Reactome enrichment analysis. Molecular docking assessed colchicine's binding affinity to hub proteins. A rat carotid artery balloon injury model was used to evaluate colchicine's therapeutic effect, focusing on histological and molecular changes. RESULTS: A total of 30 overlapping targets were identified, primarily enriched in atherosclerosis-related and inflammatory signaling pathways. Three key targets, including TGF-β1, ICAM1, and VCAM1, were identified as central to extracellular matrix organization and inflammatory pathways. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinity between colchicine and these targets (binding energy < -5 kcal/mol). In vivo, colchicine significantly attenuated neointimal hyperplasia, reduced collagen deposition, and downregulated the expression of TGF-β1, ICAM1, and VCAM1 at both mRNA and protein levels. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that colchicine suppresses ISR by simultaneously modulating inflammatory and fibrotic processes. The identification of TGF-β1, ICAM1, and VCAM1 as hub targets underscores their roles in neointimal development and highlights colchicine's potential to regulate multiple pathological pathways. Compared with conventional drug-eluting stent agents that primarily inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation, colchicine offers complementary advantages through dual anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mechanisms. Nonetheless, further studies are warranted to optimize drug delivery strategies, explore dose-response relationships, and compare colchicine with standard stent-based therapies. CONCLUSION: Colchicine may exert anti-restenotic effects by suppressing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators such as TGF-β1, ICAM1, and VCAM1. These findings suggest a possible multi-target mechanism and support further investigation into its therapeutic potential in ISR.
Alcohol in Drug Delivery Systems: Scientific Roles and Islamic Ethical Considerations in Muslim Contexts.
Naghib SM, Khorasani MA
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832697 · Publisher ↗
A study on pharmaceutical medicine delivery examines alcohol's scientific value and ethical difficulties in Islam. Ethanol is a common therapeutic excipient because it dissolves, preserves, and enhances the absorption of...
A study on pharmaceutical medicine delivery examines alcohol's scientific value and ethical difficulties in Islam. Ethanol is a common therapeutic excipient because it dissolves, preserves, and enhances the absorption of other drugs. Some alcohol is unclean (najis) and illegal (haram) under Islamic law, making its usage challenging for Muslim patients and healthcare providers. This study seeks to clarify the pharmacological functions of alcohols in modern drug delivery systems, analyze Islamic legal principles-darura (necessity), istihala (transformation), and the assessment of acceptable alternatives-that govern their permissibility, and evaluate innovative approaches that ensure ethical adherence while maintaining therapeutic effectiveness. Studies show that alcohol's physicochemical qualities make it useful in medicine, although its use may be ethical if justified by medical need or chemical alteration. Formulation science increasingly advocates glycerolbased solvents, deep eutectic systems, and nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, over ethanol. Halal and sustainable, these alcohol-free platforms have similar solubility and absorption. Halal certification (HC) systems in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) indicate a regulatory trend toward inclusive and ethical pharmaceutical practices. The report suggests that Islamic scholars, pharmaceutical experts, and regulatory authorities work together to balance therapeutic efficacy with ethical and cultural issues. Standardised halal pharmaceutical frameworks and alcohol-free medicine delivery methods may improve Muslim-majority patient confidence, adherence, and accessibility. This research innovates culturally sensitive and scientifically sound medication delivery methods that meet Islamic ethical criteria to offer fair and inclusive healthcare for Muslim populations globally.
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