Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
An evidence-based, multidimensional definition of the Mediterranean Diet within the Italian National Guidelines "La Dieta Mediterranea".
Casirati A, Nucci D, Troiano E … +13 more , Veronese N, Mazza E, Lisso F, Volpe M, Maggi S, Onder G, Fontana L, Zanetti M, Medea G, Rossi L, Silano M, Gianfredi V, Mediterranean Diet Guidelines Group
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41819766 · Publisher ↗
The Mediterranean Diet (MD), first conceptualized by Ancel Keys in the 1950s, is widely acknowledged as a dietary pattern associated with significant health benefits. It is also a cultural heritage, recognized by UNESCO...
The Mediterranean Diet (MD), first conceptualized by Ancel Keys in the 1950s, is widely acknowledged as a dietary pattern associated with significant health benefits. It is also a cultural heritage, recognized by UNESCO in 2010. Despite its relevance, the MD has been variably defined through descriptive models, food pyramids, and adherence scoring systems. This heterogeneity limits comparability across research and practice. This paper describes the development of a standardized, evidence-based, and multidimensional definition of the MD within the Italian National Guidelines "La Dieta Mediterranea." Importantly, the proposed definition integrates both nutritional components and sociocultural dimensions, including lifestyle practices, conviviality, and sustainability. The guideline development process followed internationally recognized standards, involving a multidisciplinary panel and systematic evidence synthesis. The MD was defined conceptually through an operational approach based on the analysis of existing adherence scores available in the literature. Thirty-three eligible studies and fifteen Mediterranean Diet Scoring Systems were analyzed to identify common food groups, nutrients, and lifestyle components. The proposed definition emphasizes high consumption of plant-based foods, olive oil as the primary fat source, moderate intake of fish, dairy, and white meat, and limited consumption of red meat and processed products. Beyond nutrition, the MD is conceptualized as a multidimensional lifestyle encompassing physical activity, conviviality, and sustainability principles. This integrated approach aligns with contemporary evidence on chronic disease prevention and health promotion. The resulting definition provides a conceptual framework for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, supporting harmonized interventions and policy strategies that extend "beyond the plate."
Reference muscle mass values in children to evaluate low muscle mass while assessing sarcopenia and malnutrition.
Aydın T, Bahat E, Saylar BA … +7 more , Erol Meral C, Karacan I, Kızılkurt T, Dıracoglu D, Karan A, Karan MA, Bahat G
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41819765 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia, traditionally considered an aging-related condition, is increasingly being recognized in pediatrics, where low muscle mass (LMM) affects growth and health outcomes. LMM is also a hallmark of malnu...
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia, traditionally considered an aging-related condition, is increasingly being recognized in pediatrics, where low muscle mass (LMM) affects growth and health outcomes. LMM is also a hallmark of malnutrition. Normative muscle mass (MM) values are critical for assessing LMM in children, yet current references are limited to a few studies conducted in specific populations, underscoring the need for further research. The aim of this study was to establish age- and sex-specific reference values for MM indicators in healthy children, representing a new population cohort. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of healthy children aged 5-14 y was conducted. The bioelectrical impedance analysis technique, using equipment that enables the evaluation of body composition in children (Tanita DC360, Tokyo, Japan), was used to evaluate body composition. The percentile values for fat-free mass (FFM) and MM were calculated by age and indexed according to weight, height squared, and body mass index. RESULTS: A total of 844 healthy children (388 girls and 456 boys) were included, with age- and sex-specific percentiles for FFM and MM established. Comparative analyses with previously studied populations were also performed. Reference values for FFM and MM adjusted by body mass index were reported for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides normative reference values for MM indicators in children, offering a valuable tool for monitoring growth and diagnosing conditions such as sarcopenia and malnutrition. Further research in diverse populations is recommended to enhance the accuracy of LMM assessment.
The Amazonian diet and its association with metabolic syndrome in adolescents: Insights from the ERICA study.
Medina M, Rosa PBZ, Cureau FV … +7 more , Tavares BM, Bloch KV, Leotti VB, de Leon EB, da Costa MS, Schaan BD, Drehmer M
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41806643 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The Amazon region offers a diverse array of foods rich in phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and vitamins, which are associated with a reduced cardiovascular...
BACKGROUND: The Amazon region offers a diverse array of foods rich in phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and vitamins, which are associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk, but evidence linking the Amazonian diet with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents from northern Brazil is limited. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between the Amazonian diet and MetS, as well as its components, among adolescents in the northern region of Brazil. METHODS: The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) includes 7041 adolescents aged 12 to 17 y residing in this northern region of Brazil, who had blood samples taken. The Amazonian diet was assessed through 24-h food recall. Associations with MetS and its components were evaluated using multivariate Poisson regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, nutritional, behavioral, and anthropometric factors. RESULTS: Higher Amazonian diet intake was linked to a 23% lower prevalence of high blood pressure (PR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.96), 14% lower insulin resistance (PR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.97), and a borderline 5% lower prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol (PR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-1.00), but a 38% higher prevalence of elevated triglycerides (PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.07-1.59) compared to those with intake levels below the median. No significant association was found between the Amazonian diet and the prevalence of MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of the Amazonian diet was associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure, low HDL levels, and reduced insulin resistance in adolescents, along with a higher prevalence of elevated triglycerides.
Associations of muscle quality indices (phase angle, ECW/TBW, and echo intensity) with physical performance in community-dwelling older women.
Noritake K, Fujii K, Nakashima D … +6 more , Kubo Y, Yorozuya K, Tsujishita S, Tomiyama N, Watanabe H, Yoshida A
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41802401 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: It remains unclear which indicators most accurately reflect functional status. Phase angle (PhA), extracellular water/total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), and echo intensity (EI) capture distinct physiological c...
OBJECTIVES: It remains unclear which indicators most accurately reflect functional status. Phase angle (PhA), extracellular water/total body water ratio (ECW/TBW), and echo intensity (EI) capture distinct physiological characteristics and may differ in their association with physical performance in older adults. We compared the associations of these indices with physical performance in community-dwelling older women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In this cross-sectional study, 109 community-dwelling women aged ≥65 y (mean age: 77.9 y, standard deviation: 5.6 y) were assessed. PhA and ECW/TBW were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the EI of the rectus femoris was obtained using B-mode ultrasonography. Physical performance outcomes included handgrip strength, usual gait speed, and chair stand time. We performed hierarchical multiple regression models, including three indices, additional adjustments for age and body mass index, and further adjustments for skeletal muscle mass index as a sensitivity model. RESULTS: ECW/TBW showed an inverse association with handgrip strength in the sensitivity model, additionally adjusted for skeletal muscle mass index (β = -0.324, P = 0.016). It was significantly associated with five-times chair stand time in all models (β = 0.541, P < 0.001). Usual gait speed was not associated with any muscle quality index. CONCLUSIONS: Among the evaluated indices, ECW/TBW showed the most consistent association with physical function in older women. PhA and EI showed limited independent associations. ECW/TBW may be a practical marker for characterizing muscle quality in relation to physical performance in community settings.
A low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet in the short term induces oxidative stress in the cardiac muscle of rats.
Allebrandt Neto EW, Spada ECL, Dahmer DSV … +7 more , da Silva WB, da Rosa-Santos CA, Paes de Barros AJB, Latorraca MQ, Pereira MP, de Souza RL, França Lemes SA
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41802400 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive species exceeds the antioxidant capacity. In the heart muscle, this imbalance is associated with heart failure. The objective of this study was to evalu...
OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive species exceeds the antioxidant capacity. In the heart muscle, this imbalance is associated with heart failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the markers of cardiac damage and the antioxidant system in the hearts of rats fed a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet for 15 days. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), weighing 90-100 g and approximately 21 days old were used (CEUA: n° 23108.006061/2021-11). The animals were randomly divided into two groups: low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC), animals fed 77% carbohydrates and 6% protein, and control (C), animals fed a normoprotein diet (64% carbohydrates and 17% proteins). At the end of day 15, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, and blood and heart muscle were collected. RESULTS: An increase in the content of carbonylated proteins, substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and myeloperoxidase (serum + plasma) activity was observed. A reduction in absolute heart weight, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione, intracellular oxidation, superoxide dismutase gene expression, glutathione reductase, and myeloperoxidase (heart muscle) activity was observed in LPHC animals compared with those in group C. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that consuming the LPHC diet for 15 days may lead to an oxidative imbalance in the heart muscle, altering the antioxidant capacity induced by stress.
When phase angle fails the physiology: Rethinking sarcopenic obesity through electrical architecture and clinical decision logic.
Thanchonnang C, Rattanapitoon SK, Arunsan P … +1 more , Rattanapitoon NK
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41791981 · Publisher ↗
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High dose methyl donor nutrient supplementation fails to prevent the adverse effects of a maternal Western-style diet on depression-related behavior and results in stress-dependent effects on learning.
Farber C, Jackson C, Renteria K … +6 more , Rivers C, Ritter J, Muraida JD, Koh GY, Zhu J, Lane MA
Nutrition · 2026 Jul · PMID 41791170 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Exposure to a Western diet during gestation and lactation adversely impacts offspring mood, learning, and memory. We determined if high dose maternal methyl donor nutrient (MDN) supplementation ameliorated th...
BACKGROUND: Exposure to a Western diet during gestation and lactation adversely impacts offspring mood, learning, and memory. We determined if high dose maternal methyl donor nutrient (MDN) supplementation ameliorated the effects of a high fat/high sucrose (HFS) diet during gestation and lactation on the behavior of young, adult offspring. METHODS: Rat dams consumed the following diets through gestation and lactation: [1] AIN93G control (CON) diet, [2] 45% fat diet with sucrose (HFS), [3] CON diet supplemented with folic acid, B, betaine, choline, zinc, and methionine (CON+MDN), or [4] HFS diet with MDNs (HFS+MDN). Pups were weaned to the CON diet. At 10 wk, pups experienced one behavioral test/d: forced swim (FST), shuttle box escape (SBET), open field, elevated O-maze, and holeboard. Corticosterone levels were determined before and after the FST; brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and global DNA methylation at sacrifice. RESULTS: MDN supplementation increased depression-related behavior regardless of maternal base diet (P = 0.003). Learning under stress was reduced in offspring of MDN supplemented dams evidenced by fewer SBET escapes (P = 0.042) and increased escape latency in FR1 trials (P = 0.037). MDNs did not alter novelty reactivity, anxiety-related behavior, or working memory but improved reference memory (P = 0.023). MDNs did not affect corticosterone, reduced BDNF when dams consumed the HFS diet (P = 0.025), and tended to increase DNA methylation (P = 0.065). CONCLUSION: Maternal MDN supplementation increased depression-related behavior and decreased learning under stress, indicating high dose MDN supplementation may not be warranted.
Predicting 10-year survival in early and locally advanced breast cancer: prognostic value of nutritional status and body composition.
Bicakli DH, Gecgel A, Ozkan O … +3 more , Aktuna A, İsci M, Gursoy P
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41775036 · Publisher ↗
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of nutritional status assessed by the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and body composition parameters on 10-year overall survival (OS) in pa...
AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of nutritional status assessed by the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and body composition parameters on 10-year overall survival (OS) in patients with early and locally advanced breast cancer. METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study included 437 women aged over 18 years diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer between 2015-2017. Patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis or incomplete data were excluded. Nutritional status was assessed using PG-SGA. Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Clinical data and antropometric measuremets were collected from electronic medical records. ROC analysis identified cut-off values, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses evaluated the impact of nutrition and body composition on OS. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 117.7 months (mean 121.2 ± 51.1 months). PG-SGA cut-off value of 5.5 effectively stratified patients into low- and high-risk nutritional groups. Higher PG-SGA scores were significantly associated with poorer OS (HR = 1.057; 95% CI: 1.021-1.094; p = .002). Anthropometric measurements including calf circumference, mid-arm circumference, skinfold thickness, body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass, and muscle mass predicted survival outcomes (all p < .05). Patients with PG-SGA ≥5.5 had a median survival of 145.8 months (95% CI: 130.3-161.4), compared to 285.7 months (95% CI: 267.9-303.5) in those with lower scores (p < .001). Similarly, higher body composition metrics correlated with significantly longer survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed PG-SGA and body composition parameters as independent prognostic factors, adjusting for age, stage, disease progression (defined as the development of distant metastases during follow-up), and receipt of systemic treatment during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status and body composition are valuable predictors of long-term survival in early and locally advanced breast cancer. Defining a PG-SGA threshold in this setting, our study highlights the importance of integrating nutritional assessment into routine care, even beyond advanced disease.
Optimising SARC-F cut-off for sarcopenia screening: A comparative analysis with muscle strength and physical performance tests.
Cengiz D, Baş AO, Öztürk Y … +10 more , Kayabaşı C, Pehlivan M, Özgün Ö, Turhan O, Nacar İA, Eşme M, Balcı C, Doğu BB, Cankurtaran M, Halil MG
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41764982 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia, a prevalent geriatric syndrome with multifactorial origins, is strongly influenced by malnutrition alongside immobility and chronic illness and contributes substantially to falls, disability, and...
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia, a prevalent geriatric syndrome with multifactorial origins, is strongly influenced by malnutrition alongside immobility and chronic illness and contributes substantially to falls, disability, and mortality. The (Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) questionnaire is widely used to screen for probable sarcopenia; however, the conventional cut-off of ≥4 has yielded insufficient sensitivity across studies. The aim of the study was to evaluate how SARC-F scores correspond to muscle strength and physical performance tests endorsed by the EWGSOP2 algorithm and to determine the most suitable cut-off for screening probable sarcopenia in older adults. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years who attended a tertiary geriatric outpatient clinic (January 2022-May 2024). Patients with active malignancy, non-ambulatory status, or missing performance data were excluded. Diagnostic accuracy of SARC-F thresholds was assessed against handgrip strength (HGS), the sit-to-stand test (STST), 4-meter gait speed, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test using receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1,355 participants (mean age 74.0 ± 6.0 years; 64.9% female) were analyzed. Prevalence of SARC-F ≥4 was 22.2%. For HGS and STST, a cut-off of ≥2 yielded the most favorable discrimination (AUC = 0.705 and 0.735, respectively). Gait speed showed the best accuracy at ≥3 (AUC = 0.788), while TUG demonstrated the highest performance at ≥4 (AUC = 0.881). CONCLUSIONS: SARC-F performance varies across muscle strength and functional domains. A threshold of ≥2 may enhance early detection of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, while higher cut-offs better reflect advanced functional impairment.
Reassessing the nutrition policy landscape: Mapping nutrition policies and analysing malnutrition burdens in selected South Asian countries.
Bhattacharjee S, Mishra T, Kandapan B … +2 more , Reja T, Pradhan J
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41763161 · Publisher ↗
Malnutrition is an extensive and complicated public health issue experienced by countries across South Asia that affects millions of lives and impedes the socioeconomic progress of nations. Despite decades of policies, p...
Malnutrition is an extensive and complicated public health issue experienced by countries across South Asia that affects millions of lives and impedes the socioeconomic progress of nations. Despite decades of policies, programs, and interventions the region continues to suffer from high rates of undernutrition, overweight, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as maternal and child malnutrition. In this article we examine the impact of malnutrition in South Asia through the public policy lens, with an emphasis on policy formulation and the evaluation of implementation constraints. By drawing on national policy mappings and empirical analyses, we highlight policy architectures across the region. This public policy cycle framework and Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework have been applied to analyze how certain issues impact policy agendas, how decisions are made, and how implementation is carried out. Results suggest that while early childhood and pregnancy receive significant policy attention, adolescence and the preconception period are frequently ignored, limiting the effectiveness of maternal and child health interventions. The implications of this conceptual gap are severe, as a large proportion of individuals in the reproductive-age group of most South Asian nations are adolescents of "marriageable age" per their respective cultures, who are often married and become parents of children before they enter adulthood. This is a sensitive situation in the South Asian health scenario that needs to be addressed immediately. We argue for an urgent pivot toward preconception-centered, equity-driven interventions that align national commitments with global nutrition targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Targets 2025.
Effects of the ketogenic-caloric restricted diet on metabolic endotoxemia and metabolic health in adults with prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial.
Jawamis A, Al-Domi H, Sarayreh NA
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41747400 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a ketogenic-caloric-restricted (KD+CR) diet on metabolic endotoxemia and related metabolic markers in adults with obesity and prediabetes. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial w...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a ketogenic-caloric-restricted (KD+CR) diet on metabolic endotoxemia and related metabolic markers in adults with obesity and prediabetes. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 90 adults with obesity and prediabetes. Participants were randomized to three groups: 1) KD+CR, 2) normal diet with caloric restriction (ND+CR), or 3) normal diet without caloric restriction (ND). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), inflammatory biomarkers, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and anthropometric measures were assessed at baseline and week 12. RESULTS: After 12 wk, serum LPS levels were significantly higher in KD+CR group compared with ND+CR and ND (158.6 ± 6.9 versus 129.6 ± 6.6, 126.7 ± 7.0; P = 0.004). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly decreased in KD+CR versus ND (2.4 ± 0.2, 3.9 ± 0.2; P = 0.004). Insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly lower in KD+CR and ND+CR than in ND (insulin: 12.0 ± 1.1, 13.9 ± 1.0, 19.3 ± 1.1; P < 0.001) (HOMA-IR: 2.9 ± 0.28, 3.2 ± 0.27, and 4.7 ± 0.29; P < 0.001). Body weight and fat mass reductions were greater in the KD+CR group than in the ND+CR and ND groups (body weight: -10.5%, -3.9%, -4.5%; P < 0.001), (body-fat mass: -21.7%, -7.7%, -9.8%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A 12-wk KD+CR diet in adults with obesity and prediabetes improved inflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity, and body composition, alongside a significant increase in serum LPS levels and altered LPS-cytokine dynamics. The long-term metabolic consequences of LPS changes during prolonged ketogenic exposure warrant investigation in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06911879).
Assessing nutritional and hydration status in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer: Agreement between hand-to-hand and hand-to-foot bioimpedance methods.
Van Dessel K, Lauwers P, Verrijken A … +2 more , De Block C, Dirinck E
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41740204 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is prevalent among people with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and is associated with impaired wound healing and increased amputation risk. Assessing fat-free mass (FFM) is crucial for diagnosing mal...
OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is prevalent among people with a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and is associated with impaired wound healing and increased amputation risk. Assessing fat-free mass (FFM) is crucial for diagnosing malnutrition. However, hand-to-foot (HF) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements are often not feasible due to amputations or ulcerated feet. This study evaluates the agreement between hand-to-hand (HH) and HF BIA measurements in assessing body composition, hydration, and nutritional status in patients with DFU. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 164 patients with DFU underwent HF and HH BIA measurements to assess body composition. Malnutrition was diagnosed using the GLIM criteria. Agreement between methods was analyzed using one-sample t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, intra-class correlation, and Cohen's d. Over- or underestimation was defined as deviation >10% from HF values. RESULTS: Statistically significant but small differences were observed between HF and HH measurements for resistance (P < 0.001), reactance (P = 0.036), and phase angle (P < 0.001). Strong agreement was found for body composition and hydration metrics. Malnutrition was diagnosed in 32.3% of patients, with HH showing 88.7% accuracy in identifying malnourished individuals, similar to HF (89%). CONCLUSIONS: HH BIA is a reliable alternative for assessing body composition and nutritional status in patients with DFUs. Although statistically significant differences were found in resistance, reactance, and phase angle, the derived body composition and hydration indices showed strong consistency between methods (ICC > 0.75). The small systematic biases observed were clinically negligible, supporting the use of HH BIA when HF measurements are unfeasible.
Serine modulates insulin resistance during short-term bed rest.
Ivetac A, Cannito T, Nunnari A … +3 more , Sturma M, Giorgio Di Girolamo F, Biolo G
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41734639 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) manifesting as a result of muscle unloading is often accompanied by an altered amino acid (AA) profile. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of AAs on IR during ina...
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) manifesting as a result of muscle unloading is often accompanied by an altered amino acid (AA) profile. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of AAs on IR during inactivity. METHODS: Plasmatic AA, glucose, and insulin were retrospectively analyzed from three different bed rest studies (BR1, BR2, BR3) involving 26 young healthy males. Since AAs were analyzed on different days, we imputed all missing values with multivariate imputation by chained equations, which allowed us to evaluate trends of plasmatic AAs in relation to IR (HOMA IR) during 9 d of inactivity. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was fitted to examine the effect of selected plasmatic AAs (predictors) on HOMA IR (outcome). Results of GLMM were further validated with data from BR1 and BR2 (19 subjects), in which AAs were analyzed on days 1, 5, and 9. RESULTS: Serine exhibited a sig. negative fixed effect on HOMA IR [-0,015] (P = 0.006), while HOMA-IR had no sig. effect on serine (P = 0.507), suggesting a unidirectional relationship. Furthermore, data from BR1 and BR2 confirmed the inverse effect: serine levels sig. increased during the initial days (+13%), followed by a sig. drop from fifth to the ninth d (-6.5%). When serine was available, HOMA IR was not sig. affected. When serine availability dropped, HOMA IR continued to rise, reaching a sig. difference from baseline values to ninth d of BR (+27%). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that serine can have an inverse impact on IR and not vice versa. Upholding serine levels during short-term BR could have a protective role against IR.
Myosteatosis and myopenia may predict oncologic outcomes in patients with rectal cancer receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy.
Kitajima T, Okugawa Y, Shimura T … +8 more , Yamashita S, Imaoka H, Kawamura M, Mochiki I, Okita Y, Yoshiyama S, Ohi M, Toiyama Y
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41722467 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia consists of two patterns of dysregulation of body composition: myopenia and myosteatosis. Correlations between sarcopenia and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and prognosis for rectal cancer (R...
OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia consists of two patterns of dysregulation of body composition: myopenia and myosteatosis. Correlations between sarcopenia and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and prognosis for rectal cancer (RC) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare pre- and post-modified intramuscular adipose tissue content (mIMAC) to investigate these associations in patients with RC. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 97 patients who had undergone nCRT for RC. We compared the prognostic value of pre-nCRT and post-nCRT mIMAC for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in study patients. RESULTS: Post-nCRT mIMAC was significantly lower than pre-nCRT mIMAC (P = 0.001). Older age was significantly associated with low pre- and post-nCRT mIMAC (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Low pre-nCRT mIMAC was significantly associated with the presence of clinical lymph node metastasis (P = 0.02), whereas low post-nCRT mIMAC was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS (P = 0.008) and DFS (P = 0.009). Additionally, low post-nCRT mIMAC was significantly correlated with poor OS (P = 0.04) and DFS (P = 0.03) in RC patients without pathologically proven lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides novel evidence that post-nCRT mIMAC could serve as a predictor of prognosis in RC patients receiving chemoradiotherapy.
Dietary advice alone or with oral nutritional supplements after hospital discharge in colorectal cancer surgery patients: Five year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.
Tan S, Xi Q, Zhang Z … +4 more , Yan M, Meng Q, Zhuang Q, Wu G
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41719951 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of dietary advice alone compared to dietary advice supplemented with oral nutritional supplements following hospital discharge in post-cancer surgery patients remains a contentious issue. This st...
OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of dietary advice alone compared to dietary advice supplemented with oral nutritional supplements following hospital discharge in post-cancer surgery patients remains a contentious issue. This study was to assess whether combining dietary advice with oral nutritional supplements improves long-term overall survival and other outcomes, compared with dietary advice alone, in patients following discharge after colorectal cancer surgery. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year follow-up of a two-arm randomized controlled trial involving colorectal cancer surgery patients at nutritional risk. The control group was offered dietary advice alone, in contrast to the intervention group, which was provided with both oral nutritional supplements and dietary advice. Overall survival was the primary outcome, while secondary outcomes encompassed nonelective hospital readmissions, quality of life, and functional outcomes such as 6-minute walk distance and handgrip strength. RESULTS: This analysis included 193 patients who completed the 5-year follow-up (97 in the intervention group and 96 in the control group). The intervention group demonstrated a significantly higher overall survival rate compared to the control group for the primary outcome (P = 0.042). The nutritional intervention emerged as a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival, even after adjustment for confounding variables (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.98, P = 0.042). However, the secondary outcomes did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nutritional risk after colorectal cancer surgery who received dietary advice combined with oral nutritional supplements posthospital discharge exhibited improved overall survival compared to those who received dietary advice alone. The results indicate that providing dietary advice combined with oral nutritional supplements may be beneficial for patients after hospital discharge following cancer surgery.
Anthropometry, body composition, nutritional intake and eating behavior of transgender people.
Azevedo M, Rodrigues P, Pinhão S … +1 more , Poínhos R
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41719950 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: This exploratory cross-sectional study related anthropometry, body composition, energy and nutritional intake, and risk of eating disorders among transgender people in the gender transition process. METHODS:...
OBJECTIVES: This exploratory cross-sectional study related anthropometry, body composition, energy and nutritional intake, and risk of eating disorders among transgender people in the gender transition process. METHODS: Cross-sectional study; data collection from March to May 2023. Sixteen transgender people (62.5% assigned female at birth, AFAB), 18 to 53 y, were assessed regarding the risk of eating disorders (eating attitudes test-26), dietary intake (semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire), and body composition (electrical bioimpedance). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 50.0%, and 12.5% presented a high risk of eating disorders. The absolute differences in body composition when male or female sex is selected on the equipment were below 0.8% for muscle mass and below 1.1% for fat mass. AFAB and assigned male at birth (AMAB) participants seem to differ regarding the associations between the risk of eating disorders and their weight status, energy, and nutritional intake. Intake and risk of eating disorders do not seem to follow the sex assigned at birth, but rather gender identity. CONCLUSIONS: Transgender people assigned female or male at birth need different nutritional care, and individual processes and influences should be taken into account by health professionals. The results introduce elements for better nutritional care, particularly regarding the minimal impact of sex/gender selection on bioimpedance equipment in the context of a consultation.
Effectiveness of body roundness index, relative fat mass, and body adiposity index in predicting body adiposity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in women.
Rangel MMA, Solar I, Martelli ME … +6 more , Dos Santos V, Freitas RGBON, Crouchan NSK, Gonçalves SOA, Geloneze B, Vasques ACJ
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41713331 · Publisher ↗
Traditional anthropometric indicators, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), are widely used for cardiometabolic risk assessment; however, they do not fully capture the body composition. Novel indic...
Traditional anthropometric indicators, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), are widely used for cardiometabolic risk assessment; however, they do not fully capture the body composition. Novel indices, including the body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), and relative fat mass (RFM), have been proposed to improve the assessment. We aimed to compare novel and traditional anthropometric indicators in predicting total and visceral adiposity, insulin resistance/sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in women. This cross-sectional study included 374 women aged 18 to 59 y. Anthropometric parameters (BMI, WC, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], sagittal abdominal diameter [SAD], BRI, BAI, and RFM) were assessed. Body composition was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and a subgroup (n = 67) underwent a hyperglycemic clamp. BAI and RFM showed inferior or similar performance compared to traditional anthropometric indicators for all outcomes. Among the novel indices, BRI showed the best performance, with an equivalent performance to BMI, WC, and waist-to-height ratio, and superior to WHR in the prediction of total body fat. For visceral adipose tissue, BRI also outperformed WHR, as well as in predicting insulin resistance. For insulin sensitivity, BRI showed inferior performance compared to WC, and for the prediction of MS, BRI performed better than BMI and WHR. Traditional anthropometric indicators, mainly BMI and WC, remained superior for predicting total and visceral adiposity, insulin resistance/sensitivity, and MS. However, among the novel indices, the BRI emerged as the most accurate complementary tool, providing performance comparable to traditional measures for predicting body adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes in Brazilian women.
Effect of alternate-day fasting combined with and without voluntary running exercise on body composition and energy metabolism in young adult, normal-weight mice.
Suzuki R, Higashida K, Hatayama S … +2 more , Fukuwatari T, Nakai N
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41702348 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) on body composition and metabolic function in young, healthy and nonobese, individuals remain insufficiently understood. We investigated the effects of ADF with and...
OBJECTIVES: The effects of alternate-day fasting (ADF) on body composition and metabolic function in young, healthy and nonobese, individuals remain insufficiently understood. We investigated the effects of ADF with and without voluntary running exercise on body composition, energy metabolism, and biochemical parameters in mice. METHODS: Eight-week-old male mice were divided into ad libitum (AL) and ADF groups, which were further divided into sedentary (SED) and voluntary wheel running exercise (EX) sub-groups. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted in week 6 of the experimental period. Mice were euthanized in week 7 of the experimental period, and blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The total food intake was significantly increased in the AL-EX group and decreased in the ADF-SED group. Voluntary running distance was reduced by ADF, particularly on feeding days. Skeletal muscle mass per body weight (BW) was reduced in ADF compared with AL. The epididymal fat weight per BW was reduced in EX and increased in ADF. OGTT results revealed that ADF and EX independently improved glucose tolerance, but their combination showed no additive effect. EX increased the synthesis of mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscle and hepatic triglyceride content, whereas ADF led to increased hepatic fatty acid synthase levels. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ADF does not enhance exercise-induced improvements in body composition and may attenuate some beneficial effects of voluntary exercise in healthy young adult mice, potentially because of reduced physical activity associated with ADF.
The role of diet and physical activity in managing anxiety and depression: A scoping review.
Minari TP, Bardella MDC, do Carmo GP … +5 more , da Silva AP, Berrido Dos Reis SA, Hoffmann SA, Lobato VA, Pisani LP
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41702347 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Lifestyle interventions involving diet, nutritional supplementation, and physical activity have gained attention as strategies for improving mental health. However, evidence linking these approaches to anxiet...
BACKGROUND: Lifestyle interventions involving diet, nutritional supplementation, and physical activity have gained attention as strategies for improving mental health. However, evidence linking these approaches to anxiety and depression remains dispersed across heterogeneous study designs and outcomes. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature on dietary, supplementation, and physical activity interventions related to anxiety and depression, describing intervention characteristics, studied populations, assessed outcomes, and key evidence gaps. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, CrossRef, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies examined dietary patterns, nutritional supplements, physical activity, or combined lifestyle interventions and reported outcomes related to anxiety, depression, or associated psychological domains. Studies were charted and categorized by intervention type and outcome focus. RESULTS: Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Most primarily assessed depressive symptoms, whereas anxiety was less frequently examined and rarely defined as a primary outcome. Dietary interventions predominantly focused on depression-related outcomes, while physical activity and supplementation studies more often included anxiety, stress, and broader psychological measures. Substantial heterogeneity was observed across intervention formats, populations, follow-up durations, and outcome measures. Some studies also reported secondary outcomes, including sleep, cognitive performance, biological markers, or neuroimaging findings. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence remains unevenly distributed across lifestyle interventions and mental health outcomes, with a predominant focus on depression. Key gaps include anxiety-specific interventions, standardized outcomes, long-term follow-up, and integrated multimodal approaches. These findings help inform future primary research and the development of targeted systematic reviews.
Reduced skeletal muscle mass and elevated phase angle are linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in Japanese males.
Tajirika S, Miwa T, Shimizu M … +1 more , Yamamoto M
Nutrition · 2026 Jun · PMID 41702346 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of body composition, particularly muscle mass, on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver-disease (MASLD). Additionally, the association between phas...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of body composition, particularly muscle mass, on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver-disease (MASLD). Additionally, the association between phase angle (PhA) and MASLD was evaluated. METHODS: We recruited university staff and faculty members at Gifu University who underwent annual health checkups. Health checkup data and liver ultrasonography findings were used to diagnose MASLD. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), fat mass index (FMI), and PhA were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression model was used to investigate independent factors for the presence of MASLD, and the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model demonstrated the influence of body composition on MASLD. RESULTS: Among the 624 participants (median age, 46 years), 320 (51%) were males. The prevalence of MASLD was 27% in total, 38% in males, and 16% in females. In sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models, SMI (odds ratio [OR], 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.82; P = 0.018) and PhA (OR, 5.11; 95% CI, 2.14-12.77; P < 0.001) were independent factors for the presence of MASLD in males, whereas this relationship was not observed in females. The adjusted RCS models demonstrated an inverse linear relationship between SMI and MASLD and a positive association between SMI and MASLD in males but not in females. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle loss and elevated PhA affect the presence of MASLD in Japanese male adults. Further investigations are required to elucidate the sex-specific effects of body composition on MASLD.
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