West African Journal Of Medicine[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Plasma Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Levels in Nigerians with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Abdullahi UF, Uloko AE, Girei AB … +8 more , Abdullahi UA, Amin ZH, Umar MT, Saad MA, Babageidam M, Sidi KS, Ramalan MA, Gezawa ID
West Afr J Med · 2024 Oct · PMID 40009552
BACKGROUND: There is a rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in sub-Saharan Africa associated with unhealthy lifestyles, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity. There is a dearth of studies on plasma...
BACKGROUND: There is a rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in sub-Saharan Africa associated with unhealthy lifestyles, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity. There is a dearth of studies on plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels among Nigerians newly diagnosed with T2DM. OBJECTIVE: To compare mean basal and postprandial plasma GLP-1 levels among Nigerians with newly diagnosed T2DM and healthy controls. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study of plasma GLP-1, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, pre- and post-prandial glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of newly diagnosed T2DM patients (n=100) and healthy controls matched for age and sex (n=100). RESULTS: We measured the plasma concentrations of GLP-1 at baseline after an overnight fast and 2 hours after a mixed breakfast meal (560kcal). In comparison with the controls, newly diagnosed T2DM subjects had mean fasting and 2-hour post-test meal GLP-1 values that were lower (6.34±4.03 vs. 9.68±5.01pmol/l and 12.19±7.73 vs. 16.28±6.39pmol/l, p<0.001 respectively). Compared to patients with normal glucose tolerance, subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM showed decreased GLP-1 levels during fasting and two hours after meals. CONCLUSION: We found lower mean GLP-1 levels among newly diagnosed Nigerians with T2DM than healthy subjects in fasting and two-hour post-meal states. Incretin-based pharmacologic treatment of type 2 DM may have a place in the current management of T2DM in Nigeria.
Shifting Paradigms: Assessing Gambian Medical Students' Perceptions of Dermatology and Dermatologists.
Anaje CC, Enechukwu NA, Malachy DE … +1 more , Ogun GO
West Afr J Med · 2024 Oct · PMID 40008999
BACKGROUND: Perceptions of dermatology and dermatologists by medical students can vary widely depending on their personal experiences, exposure to the specialty, and their cultural and societal beliefs. The lack of empha...
BACKGROUND: Perceptions of dermatology and dermatologists by medical students can vary widely depending on their personal experiences, exposure to the specialty, and their cultural and societal beliefs. The lack of emphasis on dermatology in the medical curriculum can lead to misconceptions in the field. Therefore, it is important for medical students to have a well-rounded understanding of dermatology and the role of dermatologists in the healthcare system. AIM: The aim of our study was to assess the medical students' perceptions of dermatology and dermatologists. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional and was conducted in the School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of the Gambia, Banjul, Gambia. Participants were 700-level medical students undergoing their dermatology training. An online questionnaire was created which they filled out on both the first and last day of their dermatology training. RESULTS: A total of 72 responses were received. The mean age of respondents was 25.69 years. Concerning their perceptions of dermatology, there was a statistically significant improvement in the etiology and treatment modalities of skin diseases at the end of their training. Additionally, a statistically significant increase was observed in the beliefs that dermatologists had high status, a high degree of responsibility and free time for their patients after dermatology training. CONCLUSION: Overall, there was a paradigm shift in the perceptions of medical students toward dermatology and dermatologists. However, there is room for improvement in terms of reviewing the dermatology curricula, changing the pattern of training and the employment of information technology.
Relationship between Tinnitus and Hearing Loss among Elderly Patients in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Asoegwu CN, Osuji EC, Kanu OO … +1 more , Nwawolo CC
West Afr J Med · 2024 Oct · PMID 40008931
BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is a common symptom among Otorhinolaryngology patients. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the prevalence of tinnitus and its relationship with hearing loss among the elderly in Lagos. METHODS: El...
BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is a common symptom among Otorhinolaryngology patients. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the prevalence of tinnitus and its relationship with hearing loss among the elderly in Lagos. METHODS: Elderly patients attending general outpatient clinics at the model primary health centers in three randomly selected local government areas of Lagos state were recruited. A semi-structured questionnaire was utilized to obtain their socio-demographic data, tinnitus, and hearing loss history. Their ear, nose, and throat were examined, and those with wax/debris impaction had appropriate treatment. Their hearing was assessed with Pure Tone Audiometry. RESULTS: Three hundred and nine elderly patients aged 65 to 94 years, and a mean age of 72.3± 6.3 years were studied. There were 134 males and 175 females with male: female ratio of 1:1.3. Tinnitus was present in 62(20.1%) of all participants, was unilateral in 43(69.4%), and bilateral in 19(30.6%) totaling 81(13.1%) ears. Tinnitus prevalence in age groups 65-69 and ≥ 85 years were 19/129(14.7%) and 9/17(52.9%) respectively. Hearing loss was present in 450/618 (72.8%) of the ears of the study participants, 76/81 (98.3%), and 374/537 (69.7%) of the ears of participants with and without tinnitus respectively. Tinnitus was present in 76/450(16.9%) of ears with hearing loss and 5/168(3.0%) of ears with normal hearing, and in 12/182(6.6%), 19/24(72.9%), and 17/19(89.5%) ears that had mild, severe and profound hearing loss respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tinnitus was 20.1% generally and increased significantly with age. Tinnitus was statistically significantly related to age, educational level, presence of hearing loss, and severity.
From Research to Reform: Advancing Healthcare Excellence through Enhanced Quality and Innovation.
Erhabor GE
West Afr J Med · 2024 Oct · PMID 40008885
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Radiographic Diagnosis of Anomalous Root Canal Morphology in Patients with Pulpal Diseases at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Case Series.
Gbadebo SO, Okeaya-Inneh OC, Ajayi DM … +3 more , Sulaiman AO, Ogunrinde TJ, Adeosun OD
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39863984
Negotiation of the intricate pulp canal space may pose a challenge in endodontic treatment. Consequently, appropriate diagnosis and thorough knowledge of the pattern and distribution of root canal systems are imperative...
Negotiation of the intricate pulp canal space may pose a challenge in endodontic treatment. Consequently, appropriate diagnosis and thorough knowledge of the pattern and distribution of root canal systems are imperative for a more predictable outcome in the treatment of pulp diseases. Accordingly, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is deemed appropriate as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in endodontics. This case series presents premolars and molars with anomalous root canal distribution that were further evaluated with the aid of CBCT.
Review of Childhood Mortality Pattern at the Paediatric Unit of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria.
Adaje O, Adeyemi EO, Oladele A … +3 more , Ajigbotosho SO, Okolugbo JC, Ajetunmobi WA
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39863983
BACKGROUND: The vital statistics in the third world countries are poor and have witnessed minimal improvement over the years with childhood mortality in Nigeria remaining one of the highest among the developing countries...
BACKGROUND: The vital statistics in the third world countries are poor and have witnessed minimal improvement over the years with childhood mortality in Nigeria remaining one of the highest among the developing countries despite various child survival programmes. Child survival strategies can only be efficient if the major reasons for morbidity are known. The objective of this retrospective study was to review the patterns of childhood mortality at the emergency room of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti (FETHI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at the Children Emergency room of FETHI. Admission, discharge records and the case notes of the patients who died from September 2017 to October 2022 at the emergency units were retrospectively reviewed to extract the data on the age, sex, diagnosis, and duration of stay on admission before demise. A p-value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: There was a total of 2503 admissions with a M: F ratio of 1.25:1. The mortality rate was 3.9%. Age at demise was independent of the sex of the patients with a p-value of 0.33. More deaths occurred within six to 72 hours on admission and 68% of deaths in the EPU were U-5. Sepsis and malaria were the leading causes of death. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of mortality among under-5 largely from preventable causes of death stresses the need to strengthen the existing childhood preventive measures.
Relationship Between Pre- and Post-Orchidectomy Serum Dihydrotestosterone and Prostate Cancer Severity in a Cohort of Nigerian Patients.
Babalola RN, Salako AA, Badmus TA … +5 more , Adedeji TA, Laoye AJ, Onyeze CI, Igbokwe MC, David RA
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39863964
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest urologic cancer worldwide and the leading cause of male cancer deaths in Nigeria. In Nigeria, orchidectomy remains the primary androgen deprivation therapy. Dihydrotes...
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest urologic cancer worldwide and the leading cause of male cancer deaths in Nigeria. In Nigeria, orchidectomy remains the primary androgen deprivation therapy. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the active prostatic androgen, but its relationship with PCa severity has not been extensively studied in Africa. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the relationship between serum levels of DHT (pre- and post-orchidectomy) and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), as well as Gleason scores. METHODS: Patients undergoing orchidectomy for histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma were studied. Serum PSA and DHT levels were assessed before orchidectomy, and 6 weeks afterwards. This was correlated with their Gleason scores. Data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients completed the study. The mean age was 69.3 ± 6.9 years. Pre- and post-orchidectomy serum PSA ranged from 11.30 to 562.00 ng/ml and 0.01ng/mL to 245.00 ng/mL respectively. Pre- and post-orchidectomy DHT ranged from 6.91ng/mL to 4,996.38 ng/mL and 6.56 ng/mL to 2,575.03 ng/mL respectively. Up to 40% still had normal DHT post-orchidectomy. There was a positive but statistically insignificant correlation between pre-orchidectomy serum PSA and DHT (r = 0.089, p = 0.527). There was however a direct and significant relationship between pre-orchidectomy serum DHT and Gleason scores (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: This study showed a relationship between preorchidectomy serum DHT and Gleason scores. Assessing DHT in patients with high Gleason scores could influence hormonal manipulation.
What Does it Cost to Provide Free Maternal and Child Health Services in Primary Health Centres? A Case Study of Imo State, Southeast Nigeria.
Okeke C, Mbachu C, Nwakoby I … +1 more , Onwujekwe O
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39863959
BACKGROUND: This study estimated the cost of providing free maternal and child health (MCH) services at the primary health centre (PHC) level in southeast Nigeria. The costs of providing an essential benefit package of m...
BACKGROUND: This study estimated the cost of providing free maternal and child health (MCH) services at the primary health centre (PHC) level in southeast Nigeria. The costs of providing an essential benefit package of maternal and child health (MCH) services are unknown. Such information is required for optimal resource allocation decisions and for replicating similar programmes in different settings. METHODS: The full and unit costs of providing a thin benefit package of MCH services in all the 418 PHC centers in Imo State, southeast Nigeria were computed using an ingredient and activity costing approach from a provider perspective. Data on costs were collected both retrospectively and cross-sectionally. Data on service utilisation by mothers and children under five years were collected from the PHC attendance registers. RESULTS: The total cost was $27,710,009.00, whilst the unit costs for delivering combined MCH services in 418 PHCs were $37.2. However, for just child health services, the unit cost was $13.7 per child, whilst the unit cost of providing just maternal health services was $42.7 per pregnant woman. Personnel costs contributed 84.6% of the total cost. CONCLUSION: The findings will guide the design and scale-up of a similar programme towards the achievement of universal health coverage of MCH services.
Evaluation of Patients' Satisfaction with Healthcare Services Provided at the National Health Insurance Authority Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in South-West, Nigeria.
Ogungbemi AO, Afolabi BA, Adeleke AA … +5 more , Olayemi O, Olagunju FA, Ogungbemi OA, Adewale OC, Anjorin SS
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862437
BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is an essential indicator used for measuring the quality of health care delivered to a patient and contributes to strategies for the improvement of healthcare delivery. This study assesse...
BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is an essential indicator used for measuring the quality of health care delivered to a patient and contributes to strategies for the improvement of healthcare delivery. This study assessed patients' satisfaction with the quality of care at the National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) clinic in a tertiary health facility. METHODS: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional design with 320 respondents who completed a semi-structured questionnaire. Satisfaction levels were scored on a five-point Likert scale. Frequencies for each satisfaction level (Poor, Fair, Good, Very Good, Excellent) were calculated, as well as mean scores and standard deviations (Mean ± SD). Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's chi-square (p < 0.05) and multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess factors influencing patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Respondents generally expressed high satisfaction with the structures, medical record, laboratory, pharmacy, and account sections. The nursing section had slightly lower ratings, while the physician section showed varied satisfaction levels. Overall, 192 (60%) of respondents were very satisfied (overall satisfaction >75%) with the NHIA clinic's healthcare. A significant association (p < .05) was found between the likelihood of recommending the facility, perceptions of treatment outcomes, and overall patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: There was high satisfaction with the care received. More improvements can be made in areas such as cleanliness, availability of equipment or drugs, nurses' receptiveness and physicians' involvement of patients in decision-making to further enhance the overall satisfaction of patients at the clinic.
Bacteriological Agents and Resistance Profiles in Neonatal Sepsis from a Poorly Regulated Antimicrobial Access Setting: Time for Action.
Fadeyi A, Adeboye MAN, Adesiyun OO … +9 more , Afolabi OA, Olatunji VA, Raheem RA, Olanipekun BA, Suleiman ST, Desalu OO, Sulaiman MK, Akanbi AA, Nwabusi C
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862427
BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis (NNS) is a known cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The global resistance scourge may worsen the management outcomes of NNS. This study aims to determine the...
BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis (NNS) is a known cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The global resistance scourge may worsen the management outcomes of NNS. This study aims to determine the current profile of bacteriological agents of NNS, their resistance status and associated mortality in our setting. METHODS: Neonates numbering 480 presenting with clinical features of sepsis and /or risk for sepsis were consecutively recruited into the study and had their blood specimens collected at admission. Blood samples were logged into BacT/ALERT® and then inoculated onto blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar upon beeping. Inoculated agar plates were incubated aerobically at 35-37oC for 24-48 hours except the Chocolate agar incubated under an enriched CO2 atmosphere. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted using CLSI recommendations. Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains were identified by resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent from three or more categories. Discharge and Deaths were the reported outcomes of treatment. RESULTS: The 480 neonates investigated M: F=1:0.8 and a mean age of 5.64 ± 7.28 days. The overall prevalence of microbiologically confirmed NNS was 24.6%. There is no significant difference (p=0.1395) in the NNS prevalence among males (22.0%) compared to females (28.3%). The highest prevalence of NNS (39.8%) was recorded at the gestational age of 32-36 weeks. NNS prevalence significantly (p=0.009) changed with increasing gestational age just as the prevalence of maternal chorioamnionitis history significantly (p=0.0006) increased with increasing gestational age. Gram-positive bacteria (56.2%) were the predominant isolates and S. aureus (47.9%) was the most frequent. Salmonella Typhi occurrence was 1.4%. A majority (54.8%) of the pathogens were MDR. The overall mortality rate in the study was 6.5% with significant (p=0.00001) higher deaths among microbiologically confirmed NNS (18.5%) compared to nonmicrobiologically confirmed NNS (2.5%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of 'microbiologically confirmed' NNS in this study is high and most identified pathogens were MDR. Salmonella Typhi was a rare agent of NNS seen in this study. Mortality recorded is high and the time for mitigating the emergence and spread of MDR such as regulated antimicrobial sale and use is now.
Depression and Anxiety Disorders among Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Hospital in Zaria, Nigeria.
Mohammed HD, Sheikh TL, Bello F … +3 more , Abubakar-Abdullateef A, Suleiman HM, Kakangi AS
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862408
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, leading to poor glycaemic control and quality of life through complex biopsychosocial mechanisms. A dual diagnosis of chroni...
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, leading to poor glycaemic control and quality of life through complex biopsychosocial mechanisms. A dual diagnosis of chronic medical and mental health conditions reduces the probability of early recognition and intervention for either. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety disorders among persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a tertiary hospital in North-West Nigeria. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 370 adult respondents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the endocrinology clinic of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital using a systematic sampling technique to recruit participants. Data was collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to diagnose depression and anxiety, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) to assess medication adherence. Data were analysed with the SPSS Version 25. RESULTS: The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 46.5%. Of the 42.2% that had anxiety disorders, 46.7% had generalized anxiety disorder, 51.9% panic disorder, 30.1% agoraphobia, 31.4% had a coexisting depression and anxiety disorder. About 4 in 10 of the respondents reported medication non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows a high burden of depression and anxiety disorders among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, associated with poor medication adherence and outcome. Physicians need to pay more attention to psychological distress associated with chronic medical conditions to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.
Evaluation of Biodentine® and Calcium Hydroxide in the Formation of Dentin Bridge in Deep Carious Lesions.
Oburo FO, Adegbulugbe IC, Awotile AO … +2 more , Enone LL, Oyapero A
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862396
BACKGROUND: Indirect pulp capping is the main treatment modality for reversible pulpitis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Biodentine® and Calcium hydroxide in the formation of dentin bridge. MATERIALS AND METHODS:...
BACKGROUND: Indirect pulp capping is the main treatment modality for reversible pulpitis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Biodentine® and Calcium hydroxide in the formation of dentin bridge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A double blinded, randomized clinical control trial involving 50 consenting subjects, aged 16 to 55 years with deep carious vital teeth. It was a comparative study with intervention comparing Biodentine® (test) and Calcium hydroxide (control). Subjects' teeth were assessed for normal response to pulp testing. Cavity preparation was done and the cavity was dressed with either Biodentine® or Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) then restored with Glass ionomer cement. A bitewing digital dental x-ray was taken at the end of the procedure to measure radiographically the dentin depth as base line using a digital meter. The subjects' teeth were examined radiographically at three, six and nine months. The probability level of p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was a progressive increase in dentin formation at three months, six months and a significant increase at nine months: the subjects' teeth in the Biodentine® group recorded an increase in dentin depth of mean 0.67±0.07mm in the mesial aspect and mean 0.66±0.07mm in both the middle and distal aspects. The Ca(OH)2 group recorded an increase in dentin depth of mean 0.55±0.07mm in the mesial aspect, mean 0.52±0.07mm in the middle aspect and mean 0.55±0.07mm in the distal aspect at nine months. (p value 0.001). CONCLUSION: Biodentine® and Ca(OH)2 have proven to be efficacious in dentin bridge formation. The Biodentine® group showed a statistically significant increase in mean dentin depth relative to that of Ca(OH)2 group following indirect pulp capping of deeply carious teeth.
Spectrum of Manifest Strabismus in A Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria: Demographics, Types and Co-morbidities.
Nkanga ED, Okonkwo SN, Oyeniyi TI … +4 more , Nkanga ED, Ojeka RO, Nkanga DG, Ibanga AA
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862386
BACKGROUND: Strabismus is a potential cause of ocular morbidity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, types of manifest strabismus and co-morbidities among patients attending a referral paedia...
BACKGROUND: Strabismus is a potential cause of ocular morbidity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, types of manifest strabismus and co-morbidities among patients attending a referral paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus clinic in Calabar, Nigeria. METHODS: A retrospective review of case-notes of patients attending the paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus clinic from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019 was done. Collected data was analyzed using chi square test (or Fisher's Exact Test) and multivariate binary regression. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 4644 patients reviewed, 169 patients (3.6%) had strabismus during the study period but only 136 (80.4%) met the eligibility criteria for inclusion into this study. Most patients (89.0%) were aged below 16 years. Females (52.2%) were proportionately more. Sixty-three (46.3%) had one ocular comorbidity, 56(41.2%) had two while 16(11.8%) had three. The most common ocular comorbidity was amblyopia (31.6%), followed by hypermetropia (27.7%). Twenty-nine (21.3%) had systemic comorbidities. Sensory and infantile esotropia were the most common types; 35.3% and 32.4% respectively. Others included intermittent exotropia (16.2%) and sensory exotropia (6.6%). Primary strabismus was more common among those aged 16 years and above compared with those aged below 16 years (66.7% versus 57.0%), p=0.475. There were statistically significant relationships between strabismus and cataracts, retinoblastoma, hypermetropia, astigmatism among others. Amblyopia (AOR: 3.339; 95% CI: 1.100-10.131), hypermetropia (AOR: 10.615; 95% CI: 2.393-47.077), and myopia (AOR: 0.109; 95% CI: 0.016 to 0.732) were predictors of strabismus. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of strabismus in this study revealed a higher burden than previously reported in Nigeria. Some comorbidities serve as predictors of strabismus, and their presence may aid timely case finding. Treatment of causes of secondary strabismus may reduce the burden of avoidable causes of strabismus and associated visual loss.
Polysomnography in a Private Tertiary Hospital in Tanzania: Subjects' Characteristics and Sleep Disorders.
Adebayo PB, Ngalo C, Valerian L … +5 more , Mwakabatika R, Makakala M, Somji S, Kahwa T, Surani S
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862158
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Huge clinical and research gaps exist concerning the epidemiology, natural history, availability, and accessibility of care for sleep disorders in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Huge clinical and research gaps exist concerning the epidemiology, natural history, availability, and accessibility of care for sleep disorders in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to profile the characteristics of patients referred for polysomnography and the frequencies of sleep disorders encountered at the new sleep laboratory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective hospital-based descriptive observational study was conducted at the Aga Khan Hospital Dar es Salaam. Clinical and Polysomnographic parameters of the subjects referred for polysomnography between December 2019 and December 2022 were profiled. RESULTS: During the study period, 54 subjects underwent overnight polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT). The subjects' mean age ± standard deviation was 44.1 ± 15.2 years. Males accounted for 57.4% of all study participants. Twenty-nine (53.7%) subjects had OSA. Nineteen (35%) subjects had normal polysomnographic findings. Periodic limb movement of sleep was found in 2 subjects (3.7%). Sleep-related bruxism was found in one subject, while another subject met the MSLT criteria for the diagnosis of Narcolepsy. Male gender (odds ratio: 5.60; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-23.23; p = 0.018) and obesity (odds ratio: 6.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-25.47; p = 0.013) were found to be the two significant predictors. CONCLUSION: Sleep-related breathing disorder was the predominant condition, and obesity was the major predictor. Periodic limb movement disorder and Narcolepsy were less encountered. Larger cohort and population-based studies are advocated.
Addressing Psychological Well-Being in Chronic Disease Management.
Erhabor GE
West Afr J Med · 2024 Sep · PMID 39862149
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.
Oputa RN, Oputa PU
West Afr J Med · 2024 Aug · PMID 39737491
BACKGROUND: This review article describes the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The chronic complications of DM are diverse, often progressive and difficult to manage or reverse. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this...
BACKGROUND: This review article describes the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). The chronic complications of DM are diverse, often progressive and difficult to manage or reverse. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to highlight the current concepts in the pathogenic mechanisms of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, with a view to educate doctors and specialists on the management of these problems. Timely referral to the multidisciplinary team of each medical facility and tertiary health institutions is encouraged. METHODS: The review of existing literature in the past fifty years and the management of diabetic patients in the past thirty years as a specialist and research scholar. CONCLUSION: The molecular mechanisms in the chronic complications of DM are described in this review article. These includes the microvascular and macrovascular changes that occur in DM over many years. Also, the neuropathies are explained. The organ/system specific complications include: cardiovascular, renal, neurological, eye disease, skin changes, and diabetic foot syndrome.
Prevalence, Pattern and Factors Associated with Consumption of Sweetened Beverages Among Adolescents in Ogun State, Nigeria.
Gbadebo AA, Sholeye OO, Gbadebo FA … +1 more , Oladokun HA
West Afr J Med · 2024 Aug · PMID 39737490
BACKGROUND: Globally, there has been an increase in the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption among adolescents and this has been implicated in the increased prevalence of diet-related NonCommunicable Dise...
BACKGROUND: Globally, there has been an increase in the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption among adolescents and this has been implicated in the increased prevalence of diet-related NonCommunicable Diseases. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the pattern of sweetened beverage consumption and factors associated with consumption among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among in-school adolescents in rural and urban areas of Ogun State. Respondents were selected via a multistage sampling method using a semi-structured questionnaire. Sugar-sweetened Beverage consumption was based on the estimated volume and frequency of SSB consumed daily. The quantity of SSB consumed in the previous day was summed up to the nearest ml to create three categories of SSB consumption: low - less than 350mls/day; moderate - 350-700mls/day; and high - more than 700mls/day. Data were analysed with the aid of SPSS 23.0. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated, and the significance level was set at a 95% confidence interval with a P value≤0.05. RESULTS: A total of 1796 adolescents participated in this study. The lifetime prevalence of SSB consumption was higher in rural (96%) than in urban areas (85.9%). The difference was statistically significant with the location of respondents (χ2=55.875; p =0.001). The current prevalence of SSB consumption was higher in rural (77.6%) than in urban areas (74.6%), however this was not found to be statistically significant (χ2=2.061; p =0.151). Age (AOR=0.47, 95%CI=0.23-0.99) and mother's education (AOR=8.80, 95%CI=1.35-57.41) were predictors of SSB consumption among adolescents in the rural area, while ethnicity was the only predictor of SSB consumption among adolescents in the urban area (AOR=0.12, 95%CI=0.02-0.95). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SSB consumption was high among adolescents in the rural and urban groups. While carbonated drinks were the most consumed SSB across both groups, caffeinated drinks were the least consumed. Age, mother's education and ethnicity were predictors of SSB consumption among adolescents in this study. Efforts should be made to institute strategies that influence adolescents to make healthier food choices.
Pattern of Rheumatic Diseases in a New Rheumatology Clinic in Southwestern Nigeria: A Descriptive Study.
Odunlami GJ, Ajibade A, Olaosebikan HB … +11 more , Adetunji TA, Okoha AA, Idowu AO, Enitan AO, Sanusi AA, Akinyele OA, Omoyiola OA, Eke UC, Emorinken A, Adelowo OO, Erhabor GE
West Afr J Med · 2024 Aug · PMID 39737486
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Rheumatic diseases (RMDs) are among the leading health burdens and causes of disability globally. Interestingly, they are on the rise due to the increasingly ageing population. Inflammatory RMDs are...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Rheumatic diseases (RMDs) are among the leading health burdens and causes of disability globally. Interestingly, they are on the rise due to the increasingly ageing population. Inflammatory RMDs are not left behind in the rise, especially in Africa, where they were thought to be rare as there has been increasing reportage of these diseases in recent years. Hence, this study aims to determine the pattern of RMDs presenting to a rheumatology clinic in southwestern Nigeria. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the medical records of the patients who were diagnosed with RMDs who presented to the rheumatology clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (OAUTHC) between February 2017 and April 2024 were reviewed and the data about their age, sex, and diagnoses were collated between May and June 2024. The diagnosis of RMDs was made based on various classification criteria and critical clinical evaluation by a rheumatologist. Non-rheumatic diseases were excluded from the study. The data were analysed using the IBM SPSS version 23.0 software to determine the characteristics of the various RMDs. RESULTS: About 416 patients were seen during the study period. Three hundred and eighteen were females, while 98 were males with a F: M ratio of 3.2:1. The mean age of the patients was 48.62 years. Inflammatory RMDs were the most common (59.4%). Systemic lupus erythematosus was the most common RMD (21.2%) followed by osteoarthritis (19.7%). Rheumatoid arthritis was the most common inflammatory arthritis (11.8%). Trigger finger was the most common soft tissue RMD (4.8%) followed by rotator cuff tendinitis (3.6%). CONCLUSION: This study showed an evolving trend toward inflammatory RMDs contrary to earlier African studies.
Assessment of School Counsellors' Knowledge and Attitude Towards Mental Illness and Suicide: A Pre-Intervention Survey.
Buhari OIN, Alatishe-Muhammed BW, Fasiku MM … +2 more , BoluSteve FN, Annor PO
West Afr J Med · 2024 Aug · PMID 39737481
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: School counsellors, who should be able to help students with mental health problems, often struggle to identify and refer individuals with mental health challenges due to poor mental health lit...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: School counsellors, who should be able to help students with mental health problems, often struggle to identify and refer individuals with mental health challenges due to poor mental health literacy. This study aimed to evaluate school counsellors' knowledge and attitudes towards mental illness and suicide. METHODS: This was a pre-intervention mixed-method survey conducted among University of Ilorin counsellors using questionnaire and key-informant interviews to assess sociodemographic variables, prior mental health training, knowledge of mental health problems, and attitudes towards mental illness and suicide. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 26.0 and thematic analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 49 ± 7.26 years. The majority (70%) were female, 60% of whom had master's degree. All 10 respondents had encountered students with mental health symptoms. Majority (80%) referred students with mental health symptoms to the school clinic. Identified risk factors for mental illness among students were interpersonal relationships, financial problems, medical problems, and academic stress. Only one respondent felt confident in assessing suicide risk and knew of local resources that could be used. All respondents identified the need for regular training to improve their skills. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed markedly poor awareness of symptoms of suicidal behaviour, including poor knowledge of first aid skills to help students with suicidality. It is hoped that these findings will help in developing mental health training programs for university counsellors.
The Pre-Fibroscan and Fibroscan Era: A Comparative Study of Histologic Diagnosis of Liver Biopsies.
Emmanuel I, Amaike C, Akpa PO … +18 more , Kwaghe BV, Ibeanu CN, Onota P, Othman IA, Bahaushe NZ, Ben JE, Emmanuel JA, Winnie SJ, Leslie T, Fadok TN, Davwar PM, Dahal AS, Maktep YD, Adedeji BK, Longwap AS, Bawa AI, Mandong BM, Suleiman DE
West Afr J Med · 2024 Aug · PMID 39737480
BACKGROUND: The advancement in non-invasive methods for diagnosing and characterizing liver disease has achieved significant success. One such methods, FibroScan, combines non-invasiveness, rapidity, painlessness, and re...
BACKGROUND: The advancement in non-invasive methods for diagnosing and characterizing liver disease has achieved significant success. One such methods, FibroScan, combines non-invasiveness, rapidity, painlessness, and reproducibility. However, its accuracy and value are limited in many clinical settings. The liver biopsy, the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis offers direct visualization and provides extensive information through histology and ancillary investigations a noticeable gap of Fibroscan and other non-invasive methods. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of histology requests by gastroenterologists and surgeons at the Jos University Teaching Hospital during the pre-FibroScan era and the FibroScan era in the Jos metropolis. METHODOLOGY: Patient biodemographic information and histologic diagnoses, along with the category of the requesting physician (gastroenterologist or surgeon) for liver biopsies, were extracted from hospital records. Data were collated for the pre-FibroScan era (2004-2010) and the FibroScan era (2011-2023), spanning 20 years. All patients with liver biopsies submitted for histologic analyses were included while those with inadequate biodemographic data, histologic diagnoses, and category of requesting physician were excluded. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighteen (218) liver biopsies were received during the study of the period. Of these, two hundred and eight (95.4%) met the study criteria, with 111 (53.4%) from the pre-FibroScan era and 97 (46.6%) from the FibroScan era. In the pre-Fibroscan era,110(99.09%) 1(0.01%) histology requested were by gastroenterologist and surgeons respectively, while in the Fibroscan era the respective requests by these specialties were 36(37.11%) and 97(62.89%). The first year of the Fibroscan era (2011) accounted for 22(61.11%) of the 36(100.00%) cases liver biopsies requested by gastroenterologist, with a corresponding value of 11(16.67%) of 66(100.00%) for surgeons. The significance concerning the requesting physician's specialty with p-value of 0.003. CONCLUSION: For the foreseeable future, the FibroScan cannot replace the value of direct tissue histological assessment, especially where molecular studies and other ancillary investigations are crucial for targeted therapy and research. Histology remains the gold standard for the aforementioned reasons and probably will until the non-invasive investigations can provide the myriads of valuable information it avails.
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