Optometry And Vision Science[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Tear aqueous production rate between symptomatic and asymptomatic soft contact lens wearers.
Molina AK, Tasho H, Ge Y … +4 more , Ding JE, Ma DK, Ge S, Lin MC
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Aug · PMID 40700023 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that asymptomatic habitual soft contact lens (CL) wearers have lower tear aqueous production (TAP) rates compared with non-lens wearers, while symptomatic wearers have higher rates t...
SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that asymptomatic habitual soft contact lens (CL) wearers have lower tear aqueous production (TAP) rates compared with non-lens wearers, while symptomatic wearers have higher rates than those of asymptomatic wearers. These findings suggest that the impact of soft CL on TAP rate may differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic soft CL wearers. PURPOSE: To understand the role of TAP rate in symptomatic and asymptomatic soft CL wearers, the TAP rate was measured for four groups: symptomatic CL wearers who remain symptomatic after CL removal (dry eye); symptomatic CL wearers who become asymptomatic after CL removal (contact lens-induced dry eye); asymptomatic CL wearers; asymptomatic non-CL wearers. METHODS: Subjects were grouped based on responses to the Berkeley Dry Eye Flow Chart. TAP rate was measured by the modified (sheathed) Schirmer strip test. A recent study showed that TAP rate reached a peak between 12:00 and 14:00 hours; therefore, visit times were designated as "before peak," "peak," and "after peak." The between-group difference in TAP rate was modeled as a fixed effect in a linear mixed model, adjusting for random effects (between-eye correlation, repeated visits) and confounding factors (demographics, visit time, and ocular surface diagnoses). RESULTS: Data from 115 subjects were analyzed. The grand mean (standard deviation) TAP rate was 1.2 (0.92) µL/min. The mean TAP rate of asymptomatic CL wearers was the lowest among the study groups. Compared with asymptomatic CL wearers, the adjusted mean difference (95% confidence interval) in the TAP rate for asymptomatic non-CL wearers, contact lens-induced dry eye, and dry eye groups were 0.49 (0.09~0.89; p=0.02), 0.44 (0.02~0.86; p=0.04), and 0.56 (0.05~1.07; p=0.03) µL/min higher during the "before peak" period (i.e., in the morning), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the morning, asymptomatic CL wearers show lower TAP rates than asymptomatic non-CL wearers, suggesting that habitual CL wear may reduce TAP rate. Symptomatic CL wearers also have higher TAP rates compared to asymptomatic wearers. Further research is warranted to determine how TAP rate differs between the two symptomatic groups to advance our understanding of the interplay between soft CL wear and TAP rate and to shed additional insights into mechanisms for CL discomfort.
A new wearable device for supporting myopia epidemiology studies.
Kościółek A, Fojcik A, Popek MP … +2 more , Moczek K, Iskander DR
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Aug · PMID 40694509 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide and is closely associated with nearwork. Reliable and objective estimates of nearwork, based on measuring the distance to a visual target, are limited to onl...
SIGNIFICANCE: The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide and is closely associated with nearwork. Reliable and objective estimates of nearwork, based on measuring the distance to a visual target, are limited to only a few commercially available wearable instruments that have limitations for laboratory research and large epidemiological studies. PURPOSE: The aim was to design a fully controllable, low-cost, and low-energy-consumption wearable device and evaluate its accuracy, compare it with a commercially available device, and evaluate through simulations how this accuracy affects estimates of the amount of nearwork in different environmental conditions. METHODS: The devices were comprehensively assessed and their accuracy at several distances related to nearwork was calculated. A Monte Carlo simulation with global media usage statistics was used to estimate the impact of device accuracy on the amount of nearwork expressed in diopter-hours. RESULTS: The proposed device showed superior performance with measuring errors ranging from -3.20 to 1.50 cm and being independent of the measured distance, as compared with a commercial device that showed distance-dependent errors ranging from -0.33 cm to as much as 57 cm. A Monte Carlo simulation illustratively showed that the proposed device overestimates the daily amount of nearwork by only 2.1% (0.5 Dh), whereas the commercial device underestimates it by 7.1% (1.9 Dh). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed device meets the stringent requirements for laboratory applications as well as those required in large epidemiological studies. It demonstrated high and stable accuracy in a variety of tested conditions and showed lower errors than those exhibited by the benchmark commercial device. Errors in the measurement of the amount of nearwork may give false signals to parents, clinicians, and researchers about the relative myopiagenic risks of nearwork experienced by children.
Jay M. Enoch (1929-2025), Berkeley Optometry Dean and leading retina researcher: A biographical memoir of an important 20th-century vision researcher and optometric educator, by one of his contemporaries.
Westheimer G
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Aug · PMID 40693715 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Repeatability of a novel chromatic perimeter in a cohort of people with and without glucose dysfunction.
Owusu-Afriyie B, Wu CS, Burhans L … +2 more , Coates DR, Harrison WW
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Sep · PMID 40690734 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Sensitive diagnostic techniques are crucial for the early detection of diabetes. Here, we tested a novel color perimeter and found it repeatable in control subjects. It also has the potential to detect func...
SIGNIFICANCE: Sensitive diagnostic techniques are crucial for the early detection of diabetes. Here, we tested a novel color perimeter and found it repeatable in control subjects. It also has the potential to detect functional changes in diabetic eye disease. PURPOSE: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) causes retinal dysfunction before the appearance of retinopathy. Our group developed a color perimeter that measures chromatic sensitivity at discrete retinal locations. This study evaluates the repeatability of this perimeter in detecting chromatic sensitivity changes in normal and glucose-dysfunctional states. METHODS: Eighteen subjects, 49.4 (7.8) years, nine controls (HbA1c ≤5.6%), nine with glucose dysfunction (HbA1c ≥5.7%, no/mild retinopathy), participated. Congenital color defects, diseases affecting color vision, vision >20/32, and those with tinted glasses were excluded. Visual acuity, L'Anthony D-15, and color perimetry were performed at two visits within 9 months. Lens and fundus photographs were taken. Chromatic thresholds were measured at four diagonal locations 3° from fixation in the right eye using 0.5° diameter red, green, blue, and yellow stimuli through a randomly interleaved staircase method. Thresholds were converted to log cone contrast and averaged. The test-retest repeatabilities were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. Trends were analyzed using linear regression, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test and t tests for comparisons. RESULTS: Clinical tests did not differ between visits (all p ≥ 0.05). Bland-Altman control group plots showed bias lines and measurement differences near zero for all colors (all p > 0.53). Trend lines were horizontal and near zero for all colors (all p > 0.22). In the glucose dysfunction group, the mean of measurement differences was not significantly different from zero for all colors (all p > 0.13). However, green, blue, and yellow stimuli had significant or trending negative-sloped trend lines (p = 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06, respectively). Detailed review of individual clinical data revealed that subjects with relatively longer duration of T2DM, higher HbA1c, and/or mild retinopathy often performed worse on their second visit. CONCLUSIONS: The novel color perimeter demonstrated both good repeatability and potential for detecting subtle visual changes due to glucose dysfunction. Further testing is necessary to compare performance with other structural and functional tests.
Characterizing vision-related symptoms in pediatric and adolescent concussion patients with the convergence insufficiency symptom survey.
Vyas N, Haensel JX, Marusic S … +3 more , Wu CH, Roberts TL, Raghuram A
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Sep · PMID 40622843 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: The Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) effectively characterizes vision-related symptoms post-concussion and can aid in triaging patients for comprehensive eye examinations, ensuring timely and...
SIGNIFICANCE: The Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) effectively characterizes vision-related symptoms post-concussion and can aid in triaging patients for comprehensive eye examinations, ensuring timely and appropriate care for vision-related issues post-concussion. PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the symptom profile of pediatric and adolescent concussion patients using the CISS and determine if symptom reporting is impacted by age, sex, time since concussion, clinic type, and visual function. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients aged 7 to <18 years with a concussion diagnosis of <1 year at Boston Children's Hospital Department of Ophthalmology between July 2014 and December 2021 through two clinic types: the Multidisciplinary Concussion Clinic or direct referral. Patients had no ocular disease, strabismus, or amblyopia. Multidisciplinary Concussion Clinic patients self-reported the CISS while referred patients responded verbally to a clinician-administered CISS. The CISS included five performance-, seven somatic-, and three vision-related questions. Participant's visual function status was classified as abnormal if near point of convergence was >7 cm and/or accommodative amplitude was two diopters below their age-expected value (15-0.25 × [age]) for at least one eye. Mann-Whitney U tests compared total CISS scores between sex, time since concussion, clinic type, and visual function. Multiple regression analyses evaluated total scores and subscores. RESULTS: Among 210 concussed patients (68% female, 32% male; 15.3 [13.7 to 16.8] years), the median CISS score was 28 (17 to 37). Total CISS scores differed significantly for clinic type (p=0.0011), while vision-related subscores differed significantly by visual function status (p=0.025). Regression analysis showed that age (p=0.00092), time since concussion (p=0.027), clinic type (p<0.0001), and visual function (p=0.049) significantly increased total CISS scores. Time since concussion (p=0.00053), clinic type (p<0.0001), and visual function (p=0.0013), significantly increased vision-related subscores. CONCLUSIONS: Concussed patients report high symptom scores on the CISS. Total scores and vision-related subscores could help screen for abnormal visual function following concussion.
Power profiles of 3-addition multifocal soft contact lens system.
Jaisankar D, Back A
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jul · PMID 40587248 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Simultaneous vision multifocal lens wearers face visual compromise from multiple optics covering the pupil. Modified monovision designs mitigate this by biasing eyes for distance/reading vision. Understandi...
SIGNIFICANCE: Simultaneous vision multifocal lens wearers face visual compromise from multiple optics covering the pupil. Modified monovision designs mitigate this by biasing eyes for distance/reading vision. Understanding designer-created bias from over/under correction, as presented in this paper with MyDay, helps practitioners assess contributions from refractive blur on wearer-reported visual symptoms. PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the in-vitro power profile of a new multifocal contact lens with 3 addition powers utilizing a modified monovision approach (MyDay multifocal, CooperVision) and compare it with other commercial multifocal lenses (Proclear and Clariti, CooperVision). METHODS: The in-vitro power profiles (n = 2 per power and add) were evaluated for +0.00 D, ±1.00 D, ±3.00 D, and ±5.00 D in low, medium, and high adds MyDay lenses, single add Proclear and high add Clariti using NIMO TR1504 (Lambda-X). RESULTS: Low and medium add MyDay showed similar and progressive radial power profiles with maximum plus power at the center with no distinct power zones (similar to Proclear). The average power change over 2.4 mm was +1.20 D for both adds but the medium add was offset by +0.50 D indicating overcorrection of the far point in nondominant eyes. High add MyDay showed three distinct annular power zones (similar to Clariti) with maximum plus in the central zone (2.0 mm) and stepped down across the annular zones (2 × 0.7 mm) to the peripheral (distance) zone (1.3 mm) by an average of +2.40 D over the 2.4 mm half-chord. High add MyDay showed significant power change across the peripheral (distance) zone both within a lens and across the labeled powers due to spherical aberrations. CONCLUSIONS: MyDay multifocal 3-addition contact lenses have radial power profiles similar to Proclear lenses (MyDay low and medium adds) and Clariti high add lenses (MyDay high add). The uncorrected spherical aberration in the peripheral distance zone may result in patient fitting inconsistencies and increased visual disturbances.
Risk of pedestrian collision for persons with peripheral field loss: A computational analysis: Erratum.
Kurukuti NM, Manda S, Peli E
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jun · PMID 40549699 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Topical review: Twenty-five years of silicone hydrogel soft contact lenses.
Walsh K, Jones LW, Morgan P … +2 more , Papas EB, Sulley A
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jun · PMID 40549698 · Full text
The impact of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lens materials on clinical contact lens practice and patient care over the past 25 years is reviewed, along with identifying areas for future innovation in material science...
The impact of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lens materials on clinical contact lens practice and patient care over the past 25 years is reviewed, along with identifying areas for future innovation in material science and clinical practice to further improve outcomes for contact lens wearers.A quarter of a century since the launch of SiHy contact lens materials, with many current eye care professionals having never practiced without them as an option, this literature review reflects how this significant change in soft lens material technology has impacted routine clinical contact lens practice and patient care. SiHy lenses now account for approximately 75% of all new daily wear soft lenses fitted and they are available in a wide variety of modalities, replacement frequencies, and designs, including daily disposable, torics, and multifocals. From the physical properties of SiHy materials and their adoption to their use in helping meet patient needs, conclusions can be made where historical clinical issues have been solved, and where innovation in material science and evolution in clinical practice are still required to deliver the best outcome for contact lens wearers. SiHy materials have largely eliminated hypoxia as a complication seen in contact lens clinical practice, and when used for daily wear, in particular as daily disposable lenses, they provide an exceptional option for vision correction that is minimally invasive, comfortable, and effective. This review helps with the understanding of how the eye care profession has adopted the use of these lenses over the last 25 years, and questions what comes next for these widely used family of materials and the opportunities that exist for them to continue contributing to patient satisfaction and to growing the contact lens market.
Feature issue deadline of 15th July for Advances in Pediatrics and Binocular Vision Research.
Elliott DB
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jun · PMID 40549697 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
The effect of pupil size on visual performance with center-distance soft multifocal contact lenses.
Dolce JC, Nti AN, Berntsen DA
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jul · PMID 40505043 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Multifocal contact lenses have been shown to slow myopia progression in children. Understanding their impact on visual performance is important. While these lenses have little effect on high-contrast visual...
SIGNIFICANCE: Multifocal contact lenses have been shown to slow myopia progression in children. Understanding their impact on visual performance is important. While these lenses have little effect on high-contrast visual acuity, they reduce low-contrast visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, with these reductions being greater as pupil size increases. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effect of pupil size on visual performance with center-distance multifocal contact lenses used for myopia control. METHODS: Twenty-four myopic, nonpresbyopic adults were fitted with a single vision (Biofinity) and a center-distance multifocal (Biofinity D +2.50 add) contact lens, in random order. The pupil was dilated, and visual acuity (high and low contrast) and contrast sensitivity were measured through a 3 and 6 mm aperture. RESULTS: Visual acuity differed by contrast level and depended on lens design and pupil size (p=0.0040). With both pupil sizes, high-contrast acuity with the multifocal lens was only two letters worse than with the single vision lens (p=0.0001). Lens design effects on low-contrast acuity were pupil size-dependent (p=0.0006). Compared with single vision lenses, low-contrast acuity with multifocal lenses was about three letters worse for a 3 mm pupil (mean ± standard error of the mean = 0.07 ± 0.02 logMAR, p=0.0010) and about two lines worse with a 6 mm pupil (0.19 ± 0.02 logMAR; p<0.001). While wearing the multifocal lens, low-contrast acuity decreased by nearly two lines when pupil size increased from 3 to 6 mm (0.17 ± 0.02 logMAR; p<0.0001). The effect of lens design on the area under the log contrast sensitivity function was pupil-size-dependent (p=0.024). When compared with a 3 mm pupil, the greatest reduction in area under the log contrast sensitivity function at the larger 6 mm pupil size was with the multifocal lens, causing a 17% decrease compared with a 9% decrease for the single vision lens (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal contact lenses perform similarly to single vision lenses under high-contrast and smaller pupil conditions; however, visual performance reductions increase with lower contrast and a larger pupil size.
Exploring gender differences in professional well-being among U.S. optometrists.
Auer E, Marx K, Kaufman J … +3 more , Wright B, Patnaik J, Abbott K
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jul · PMID 40505036 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Female U.S.-based optometrists report worse professional well-being outcomes compared with males. These differences are of increased importance as the optometry workforce continues to transition from male-d...
SIGNIFICANCE: Female U.S.-based optometrists report worse professional well-being outcomes compared with males. These differences are of increased importance as the optometry workforce continues to transition from male-dominated to female-dominated and may inform future interventions. PURPOSE: The aim is to assess gender differences among optometrists in job satisfaction, job stress, burnout, and potential contributing factors as captured by the Mini-Z survey. METHODS: A modified 10-question Mini-Z survey was distributed to optometric professional organizations via email and social media and remained open for 14 days. Additional demographic and field-specific questions were added to the survey. Mini-Z survey responses were dichotomized with the least desirable of the Likert scale responses as the outcome of interest. Chi-squared and two-sample t test analyses were used to compare demographic and practice characteristics between men and women. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models are presented with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare the 10 dichotomized Mini-Z survey response questions by gender. RESULTS: A total of 1424 optometrists responded to the survey, with 65% identifying as female, 35% as male, and 1% as another gender. Female respondents were significantly less likely to be White, married, have children, earn $200,000 USD or more annually, feel they are adequately compensated, be mid-career or later, perform laser procedures, and own their practice. In adjusted analysis, female respondents reported worse or higher job stress (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.06, p=0.0032), burnout (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.58 to 2.81, p<0.0001), control over workload (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.18, p=0.0016), time for documentation (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.05, p=0.0031), value misalignment with leadership (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.34, p=0.0059), team efficiency (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.36, p=0.0074), and a greater amount of time spent on electronic health record at home (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.61, p=0.0005) compared with males. CONCLUSIONS: Female optometrists report worse professional well-being outcomes compared with males as assessed by the Mini-Z survey, even after accounting for demographic and practice characteristics.
A comparison of optic disc size and retinal thickness between a glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous African population.
Nelson-Ayifah D, Mashige KP, Munsamy AJ
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jul · PMID 40478745 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: This study identified retinal biomarkers for various stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) severity in a high-risk Ghanaian population. The findings of this study may guide eye-health professionals i...
SIGNIFICANCE: This study identified retinal biomarkers for various stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) severity in a high-risk Ghanaian population. The findings of this study may guide eye-health professionals in determining the POAG risk for Ghanaians to allow for early detection and management as a strategy to reduce POAG-related visual impairment. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the most reliable POAG retinal biomarkers for different stages of disease severity in a Ghanaian population. METHODS: Optic coherence tomography (OCT) was conducted on 487 persons with POAG and 339 controls using Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL), macula ganglion cell complex, and optic nerve head measurements were extracted from the OCT test results. POAG participants were classified into three groups based on disease severity. Cohen's d effect size and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were used to determine the POAG predicting ability of the retinal parameters. RESULTS: Superior and inferior ppRNFL were POAG biomarkers across all stages of POAG severity; early POAG (superior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 1.50, aOR = 0.03 and inferior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 1.55, aOR = 0.04), moderate POAG (superior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 2.03, aOR = 0.02 and inferior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 1.93, aOR = 0.02), and advanced POAG (superior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 2.79, aOR = 0.01 and inferior ppRNFL: Cohen's d effect size = 2.79, aOR = 0.02). The inferior sector of the macula ganglion cell complex was a significant POAG biomarker at the early (Cohen's d effect size = 0.94, aOR = 0.08) and moderate (Cohen's d effect size = 1.48, aOR = 0.05) stages of the disease, while inferotemporal sector was the best biomarker for the advanced stage (Cohen's d effect size = 2.20, aOR = 0.01). Larger optic disc area measurements were highly associated with early POAG (Cohen's d effect size = 0.89, aOR = 3.52) and fairly associated with moderate (Cohen's d effect size = 0.66, aOR = 1.63) and advanced (Cohen's d effect size = 0.46, aOR = 1.45) POAG. CONCLUSIONS: The identified parameters may aid eye-health professionals in determining POAG risk for Ghanaians to allow for early detection and management.
Model eye evaluation of new extended depth of focus designs versus defocus-based lenslet designs for myopia management.
Bandela PK, Lahav-Yacouel K, Ehrmann K … +2 more , Falk D, Bakaraju RC
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Aug · PMID 40460196 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Objective through-focus testing with phase alteration utilizing subelements technology indicates improvements in retinal image contrast across a range of retinal defocus. If validated in clinical trials, th...
SIGNIFICANCE: Objective through-focus testing with phase alteration utilizing subelements technology indicates improvements in retinal image contrast across a range of retinal defocus. If validated in clinical trials, this approach may provide a better visual experience for wearers, potentially supporting compliance and myopia management outcomes. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the optical performance of modified axicons and modified light sword elements of phase alteration utilizing subelements lens design (test), compared with two defocus-based control lenslet designs, defocus incorporated multiple segments and highly aspheric lenslets using a calibrated benchtop model eye. METHODS: The through-focus optical performance of test and control lenses was evaluated. Individual subelements (Part I), and groups of elements (Part II) were assessed with 3 and 6 mm clear apertures, respectively. A Siemens star target images were captured across defocus ranging from -6.50 to +1.00 D in 0.25 D increments, repeated with 3-, 4-, and 5-mm pupils. Michelson contrast was calculated for each image and depth of focus values were obtained for spatial frequencies 15 to 22.5 cycles/degree. RESULTS: The phase alteration utilizing subelement lenses demonstrated a different depth of focus characteristics compared with both control lenses. In Part I, modified axicons (3.35 to 3.92 D) and modified light sword elements (3.32 to 3.77 D) showed a greater depth of focus across all spatial frequencies than the defocus incorporated multiple segments (p<0.05). The highly aspheric lenslets lenses showed a greater depth of focus for 15 and 17.5 cycles/degree targets (p>0.05) compared with the modified axicon. In Part II, modified axicons resulted in greater depth of focus compared with both control lenses. Similarly, modified light sword elements demonstrated a comparable or better depth of focus than both control lenses across most spatial frequencies, while both control lenses performed better with 15 and 17.5 cycles/degree targets (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The model eye evaluation suggests that the phase alteration utilizing subelements spectacles can provide an extended depth of focus (EDOF) under controlled laboratory conditions, suggesting improved image contrast in front of the retina. These observations warrant further clinical investigation into visual performance and explore the potential of this technology in myopia management.
Letter to the editor: The photochromatic interval in age-related macular degeneration.
Bedell HE
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jul · PMID 40424622 · Publisher ↗
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Letter to the editor: Meta-analyses of efficacy in myopia control-We can't see the trees for the forest plots.
Bullimore MA, Brennan NA
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 40407735 · Publisher ↗
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Refractive Error and Axial Length (REAL) Study: Feasibility of a population study in the United States.
Singh SE, Ostrin LA, Kerber KL … +8 more , Concepcion C, Gong C, Lal B, Flitcroft I, Harrington S, Loughman J, Saunders K, Vera-Diaz FA
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 40407734 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Myopia is the most common eye disease and a leading cause of blindness. A contemporary, large, and ethnically and geographically diverse study of ocular biometry and refractive error in children in the Unit...
SIGNIFICANCE: Myopia is the most common eye disease and a leading cause of blindness. A contemporary, large, and ethnically and geographically diverse study of ocular biometry and refractive error in children in the United States is needed to help better describe differences between myopic and nonmyopic eyes. PURPOSE: This is an initial cross-sectional report from the Refractive Error and Axial Length Growth Curve Study that includes ocular component data as a function of age, gender, and geographic location. This feasibility report will inform a planned larger longitudinal ocular growth study in children in the United States. METHODS: Cross-sectional data on children, ages 3 to 8 years, were collected in three geographic regions: Oakland, California (two preschools and one elementary school), Greater Boston, Massachusetts (one preschool and one elementary school), and Houston, Texas (one preschool). Eye examinations took place at preschools and elementary schools in each region. Objective cycloplegic refractive error, ocular biometry, as well as race, height, weight, and waist circumference data were acquired. RESULTS: Data were collected between May 2023 and May 2024 on a total of 157 children, ages 5.14 ± 1.77 years, with 83 females, 71 males, and two not reported. Right eye mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error was +0.81 ± 1.46 D (range: -5.88 to +5.75 D), and the mean axial length was 22.47 ± 0.91 mm (range: 20.62 to 25.82 mm). The mean spherical equivalent refractive error did not vary significantly with age. Older children exhibited longer axial lengths, as well as greater height, weight, and waist circumference (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility report provides a basis for sample size calculation in preparation for a larger, longitudinal, population-based study. Pilot data show longer axial lengths than previously published data for the same age range, which may indicate generational changes, differences in instrumentation, or differences in race distribution. Updated normative data on eye size and refraction will help eye care professionals diagnose and manage myopia and provide important comparative data for historical and contemporary norms in the United States.
Advances in refractive error research.
Raasch T, Advances in Refractive Error Research Feature Issue Editorial Team
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 40407733 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Feature issue editors for Advances in Refractive Error Research.
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 40407732 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Pre-wetted modified Schirmer's tear test to determine lacrimal tear-production rate from severe lacrimal-gland dysfunction patients.
Kim YH, Chang SM, Ding JE … +2 more , Lin MC, Radke CJ
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jun · PMID 40373204 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: To determine basal tear-production rates from low tear-producing patients, we present a prewetted modified Schirmer's tear test (PW-MSTT). The improved method is an extension of the MSTT that provides a rel...
SIGNIFICANCE: To determine basal tear-production rates from low tear-producing patients, we present a prewetted modified Schirmer's tear test (PW-MSTT). The improved method is an extension of the MSTT that provides a reliable method to investigate the relation between dry-eye symptoms and basal tear production rates. PURPOSE: The MSTT quantifies basal tear-production rates from patients. However, the existing test does not allow measurement of basal tear-production rates from patients that do not wet past the 5-mm mark on the Schirmer strip within 5 minutes. We extended the MSTT with a prewetting technique to allow quantification of basal tear-production rates from patients that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip within 5 minutes of strip insertion. METHODS: An in-vitro study was conducted with sheathed Schirmer strips to determine the volume of sterile nonpreservative saline solution necessary to prewet the Schirmer strip before insertion. This assessment determined that 1.6 µL of prewetting saline wets the Schirmer strip to 5.2 mm of the Schirmer strip, enough to allow basal tear production rate determination from subjects that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip out to the 5-mm mark. Then, a clinical study was conducted with sheathed Schirmer strips with the prewetting technique to determine the basal tear-production rate from subjects that could not wet sufficiently to determine their basal tear-production rate. RESULTS: Eleven subjects completed the study; the basal tear production rates from these low tear-producing subjects were determined. The mean (SD) of the measured basal tear-production rate was 0.40 µL/min (0.28 µL/min) compared with normal subjects at 1.19 µL/min. CONCLUSIONS: The developed PW-MSTT successfully quantifies basal tear production rates from subjects that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip without the new prewetting technique. The determined basal tear-production rate from these low tear-producing subjects was three times less than that of those from a previous study where the subjects could adequately wet the Schirmer strip past the 5-mm line. Our improved methodology for low tear-producing patients sheds insight into how basal tear production rate is related to aqueous-deficient dry-eye symptoms.
Evaluation of the preferred sleeping position as a risk factor for keratoconus asymmetry.
Corrêa DC, Dantas DO, Amaral DC … +3 more , Moreira H, Louzada RN, Alves MR
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Jun · PMID 40373201 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Identifying potential modifiable risk factors for keratoconus progression is crucial for better outcomes. This study suggests that sleeping position may contribute to interocular asymmetry in keratoconus, p...
SIGNIFICANCE: Identifying potential modifiable risk factors for keratoconus progression is crucial for better outcomes. This study suggests that sleeping position may contribute to interocular asymmetry in keratoconus, providing an actionable target for patient education and clinical management and underscoring the importance of sleep posture in slowing disease progression. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate whether the preferred sleeping position can contribute to interocular asymmetry of keratoconus. METHODS: A clinical cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients (100 eyes) with grade I and II keratoconus (Amsler-Krumeich) and 40 individuals (80 eyes) without keratoconus. Corneal tomographic parameters from the Galilei G6 (keratometry plus curve [Steep K], mean keratometry [Sim K], thinner corneal thickness, central corneal thickness, Cone Location and Magnitude Index, dioptric asymmetry between the inferior and superior corneal hemispheres, and vertical coma) were obtained to assess interocular asymmetry. All participants answered a questionnaire about their preferred sleeping position. The eye positioned lower during sleep has been referred to as the dependent eye, and the eye positioned higher was classified as the nondependent eye, regardless of the sleeping position (lateral or ventral). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between dependent and nondependent eyes regarding the evaluated tomographic variables among individuals without keratoconus. However, in individuals with keratoconus, statistically significant differences were observed between dependent and nondependent eyes for the following parameters: Steep K (47.89 vs. 45.78 D, p=0.0047), Sim K (46.54 vs. 44.42 D, p=0.0016); thinnest corneal thickness (445.84 vs. 460.34 μm, p=0.0057), central corneal thickness (463.03 vs. 477.6 μm, p=0.0125), vertical coma (-1.98 vs. -1.41 μm, p=0.0448), and total coma (1.60 vs. 1.22 μm, p=0.0495). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that in individuals with keratoconus, the preferred sleeping position may contribute to keratoconus asymmetry in the dependent eye, regardless of whether the sleeping position is lateral or ventral.
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