Optometry And Vision Science[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Evidence-based optometry: Don't use lengthy reading add tests.
Elliott DB
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 40100085 · Publisher ↗
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A randomized crossover trial: The impact of ocular lubrication on migraine severity in persons with dry eye disease and migraine.
Md Isa NA, Krishnan AV, Zagami AS … +5 more , Tummanapalli SS, Spira K, Papas EB, Tavakoli A, Markoulli M
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Apr · PMID 40019480 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Significant associations in the epidemiologic and clinical features between migraine and dry eye syndrome suggest that both conditions are comorbid. A potentially overlapping pathophysiological mechanism fu...
SIGNIFICANCE: Significant associations in the epidemiologic and clinical features between migraine and dry eye syndrome suggest that both conditions are comorbid. A potentially overlapping pathophysiological mechanism further indicates a connection between the two conditions. This study highlights the clinical implications of treating dry eye disease on migraine. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the impact on migraine severity of treating dry eye disease in migraine patients using ocular lubricants. METHODS: A randomized, double-masked, crossover trial was conducted on 24 participants with both migraine and dry eye disease. They received either Systane Hydration UD (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) or saline eye drops (NeilMed, Santa Rosa, CA) four times per day for 4 weeks each, with a 2-week washout period between treatments. Migraine severity was assessed using the Headache Impact Test 6 (HIT-6) and Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaires. Dry eye disease was evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 (DEQ-5), tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, and corneal surface integrity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after using the first and then second drops. RESULTS: Ocular lubrication was significantly associated with reduced migraine severity and dry eye disease. The HIT-6 score was reduced from baseline when using Systane Hydration UD (mean change, ∆ = -3.0, p=0.01) and saline (∆ = -3.9, p=0.002). Dry eye disease symptoms and corneal staining were reduced when using Systane Hydration UD (OSDI ∆ = -8.3, p=0.004; DEQ-5 ∆ = -2.1, p=0.004; corneal staining ∆ = -2.2, p=0.001) and saline (OSDI ∆ = -6.4, p=0.03; DEQ-5 ∆ = -1.5, p=0.03; corneal staining ∆ = -1.5, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: When migraine and dry eye disease coexist, successfully treating dry eye disease reduces the severity of migraine, as measured by HIT-6.
A metric-based image-formation model explains the improvement in subjective refraction using temporal defocus waves.
Rodriguez-Lopez V, Dorronsoro C, de Castro A
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Apr · PMID 39999358 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Direct subjective refraction (DSR) is a novel method for refractive error measurements that uses temporal changes in defocus and a flicker minimization task. The computational models developed here are a fr...
SIGNIFICANCE: Direct subjective refraction (DSR) is a novel method for refractive error measurements that uses temporal changes in defocus and a flicker minimization task. The computational models developed here are a framework for improving this clinical method. PURPOSE: This study aimed to model the measurement of refractive error with the DSR method, which uses rapid changes in optical power and a bichromatic (red/blue) stimulus. METHODS: The polychromatic point spread function of the eye was used to simulate the retinal image projected in DSR method, and an image quality (IQ) metric was defined based on the spatial frequencies of the retinal image. Three tasks were modeled: blur minimization (BM), monochromatic flicker minimization (MFM), and polychromatic flicker minimization or DSR. A metric was defined for each task and studied through focus in a ±3-D range. Whereas BM was modeled using only the IQ of the projected images, MFM and DSR metrics were a function of the IQ of the average retinal image and a metric to quantify the similarity (flicker) in the image. The width of the through-focus peak was used to compare between tasks, and different values of pupil size and spherical aberration were studied. RESULTS: The through-focus 90% peak width was 0.48, 0.16, and 0.19 D for BM, MFM, and DSR tasks, respectively, which agreed well with previous experimental data. The 90% peak width increased for small pupils and with increasing values of spherical aberration in BM and MFM, but it remained relatively constant in DSR model. CONCLUSIONS: The developed models explained previous experimental findings that reported a higher repeatability of the DSR compared with the traditional refraction method.
Machine-learning random forest algorithms predict post-cycloplegic myopic corrections from noncycloplegic clinical data.
Hao Y, Wang X, Sun B … +3 more , Li J, Zhang Y, Jiang S
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 39993303 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Machine learning random forest algorithms were used to predict objective refractive outcomes after cycloplegic refraction using noncycloplegic clinical data. A classification model predicted post-cycloplegi...
SIGNIFICANCE: Machine learning random forest algorithms were used to predict objective refractive outcomes after cycloplegic refraction using noncycloplegic clinical data. A classification model predicted post-cycloplegic myopia and could be useful in screening, and a second regression model predicted post-cycloplegic refractive and could provide a useful objective starting point in noncycloplegic subjective refractions. PURPOSE: A classification model sought to predict post-cycloplegic myopia using noncycloplegic clinical data to enhance myopia screening accuracy, whereas the regression model looked to predict objective refraction outcomes after cycloplegia for use as a starting point for noncycloplegic subjective refraction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included data from 2483 eyes. Pre-refraction measurements, such as uncorrected visual acuity, axial length, and corneal curvature radius, were recorded. After cycloplegia, the spherical equivalent was measured. Random forest-based classification and regression models were established with input variables including age, gender, axial length, corneal curvature radius, axial length-to-corneal curvature radius ratio, spherical equivalent, and uncorrected visual acuity. Model performance was assessed using various metrics. RESULTS: The random forest classification model achieved high out-of-bag validation accuracy (92%), cross-validation accuracy (93%), external validation accuracy (94%), and precision (95%). The external validation sensitivity was 93%, and specificity was 95%. The regression model internal validation showed an out-of-bag validation R2 of 0.86, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.66, and mean absolute error of 0.49. The 10-fold cross-validation R2 was 0.87, the RMSE was 0.64, and the mean absolute error was 0.48. In the external validation, R2 was 0.88, the RMSE was 0.63, and the mean absolute error was 0.48. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing noncycloplegic clinical data, the classification model enables earlier detection of myopia, supporting timely intervention and management. The regression model aims to accurately predict post-cycloplegia myopic corrections, providing reliable initial data for subjective refraction. This could help optometrists perform noncycloplegic subjective refraction more efficiently and is particularly relevant in China, where retinoscopy is not yet fully popularized and many school students decline cycloplegic refraction due to academic pressures and limited free time, primarily because it requires a follow-up the next day.
Myopia in Houston optometry graduates from 2013 to 2023.
Lal B, Joseph J, Cantrell A … +2 more , Cheng H, Ostrin LA
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 39993278 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Adult onset and progression of myopia are not well understood. It is of interest to better characterize myopia progression in young adults, who are frequently subjected to risk factors, such as intense near...
SIGNIFICANCE: Adult onset and progression of myopia are not well understood. It is of interest to better characterize myopia progression in young adults, who are frequently subjected to risk factors, such as intense near-work demands. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and progression of myopia and other refractive errors in optometry students in the United States. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of electronic medical records of students enrolled in the optometry program at the University of Houston College of Optometry who graduated between 2013 and 2023. For each student, refractive error was noted from the medical record for eye examinations during their time as an optometry student. Exclusion criteria were ocular disease, myopia control treatment, or refractive surgery. Prevalences of hyperopia (≥+ 0.50 D), emmetropia (>-0.50 to <+0.50 D), myopia (≤-0.50 D), astigmatism (>0.50 D), and anisometropia (≥1.0 D) were determined from spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of the right eye. Absolute and annualized differences in SER were calculated between visits. RESULTS: Records for 1071 students were reviewed, and 961 were included. Prevalences were 80.7% for myopia, 14.9% for emmetropia, and 4.4% for hyperopia. Additionally, 38.4% had astigmatism, and 16.1% had anisometropia. Students with one follow-up exam (n = 639) showed a significant negative change in SER of -0.05 ± 0.38 D over an average follow-up period of 1.60 ± 0.61 years (p=0.001). Myopia onset was observed in 15.7% of emmetropes at baseline. Greater negative SER change was associated with greater follow-up duration and younger age. Hyperopes and emmetropes did not demonstrate significant changes in SER. An annualized negative SER change of ≥-0.25 D was noted in 20% of the 639 students, of which 5.5% showed ≥-0.50 D. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate a high prevalence of myopia among optometry students. A small but statistically significant myopic change in refraction was observed. These findings may implicate a role of education and near work in myopia.
Preschool children with insufficient physiological hyperopia experience accelerated myopic drift.
Bian S, Pu J, Chen W … +9 more , Zhou Z, Zhang R, Wang D, Mi X, Yang Y, Peng C, Xu H, Jin M, Jiao Y
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 May · PMID 39977000 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals that preschool children with insufficient physiological hyperopia experience accelerated myopic drift and axial length elongation. Regular monitoring can serve as an early warning for imp...
SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals that preschool children with insufficient physiological hyperopia experience accelerated myopic drift and axial length elongation. Regular monitoring can serve as an early warning for impending myopia during early childhood, highlighting its critical role in future myopia prevention strategies. PURPOSE: This study examines the patterns of spherical equivalent and biometric parameters if physiological hyperopia has shown an accelerated tendency to regress by preschool age and whether the early onset of physiological hyperopia regression accelerates myopia onset. METHODS: This kindergarten-based longitudinal observational study included 1308 children between 3 and 6 years old from kindergartens in Haidian District, Beijing, China. Comprehensive eye examinations were performed on all participants. RESULTS: Two grouping methods were used for all children. The first was based on their baseline age and divided into four groups of 3 to 6 years. The second was based on spherical equivalent, with spherical equivalent >0.75 D designated as the physiological hyperopia group and spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D designated as the pre-myopia or myopia group. Physiological hyperopia and the proportion of children with physiological hyperopia displayed a declining trend over time in all age groups (p<0.001), with the older the baseline age, the more pronounced the decline (p<0.001), and the rate increased year by year (p<0.001). In contrast, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and axial length/corneal curvature radius displayed an increasing trend (p<0.001), and the rate of increase of axial length and anterior chamber depth accelerated over time (p<0.001). Female children have more physiological hyperopia and a higher proportion of children with physiological hyperopia compared with males (p<0.001) but displayed a more rapid decline (p<0.001). The axial length, anterior chamber depth, and the axial length/curvature radius were found to be elevated in the pre-myopia or myopia group in comparison to the physiological hyperopia group (p<0.001). Furthermore, the magnitude of the rate increase in myopic drift and axial length was found to be greater in the aforementioned group. CONCLUSIONS: The regression of physiological hyperopia accelerates in preschool-age children, with older children showing faster regression and lower levels of physiological hyperopia. This premature decline correlates with an increased rate of myopic drift and accelerated biometric growth. Therefore, regular monitoring of physiological hyperopia should begin at preschool age, as the rate of regression serves as a more reliable predictor of future myopia than refraction alone.
The importance of assessing vision in falls management: A narrative review.
Mehta J, Baig A
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39960978 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: A comprehensive falls assessment should include the assessment of key visual risk factors, namely, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereoacuity, to help prevent further falls in older adults. As a...
SIGNIFICANCE: A comprehensive falls assessment should include the assessment of key visual risk factors, namely, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereoacuity, to help prevent further falls in older adults. As a minimum, a thorough visual history and uniocular visual acuity assessment would allow appropriate onward referral for intervention. PURPOSE: Falls prevention is a global public health challenge. The etiology of falls is often complex due to multiple interacting risk factors contributing to postural instability in older adults. Despite national recommendations, the assessment of visual function is often overlooked in falls management. This may be due to a lack of clear guidance on key visual functions that need assessing in this patient group, professional roles, and responsibilities. This review gives an overview of visual risk factors for falls in older adults without cognitive impairment. It focuses on visual functions that can be assessed practically using standard clinical procedures. Possible test selection for a falls clinic or inpatient setting is discussed to help inform the implementation of vision assessments in falls management. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted on Web of Science (1898 to current), MEDLINE (1946 to present), and APA PsycInfo (1887 to present) using relevant search terms and Boolean operators related to visual functions and falls. Retrospective and prospective studies including randomized controlled trials, observational, cohort, case-control, and qualitative studies were included. RESULTS: Visual functions decline with age due to the normal aging process and age-related pathologies. Despite considerable heterogeneity across studies, the evidence supports the association of falls with declines in visual functions, including visual acuity, binocular single vision, and the visual field, but most notably contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. Existing vision screening tools, which assess multiple visual functions, are reviewed in light of their usefulness in falls. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend a vision assessment in the management of falls, which considers visual functions associated with falls, particularly contrast sensitivity and stereopsis. Existing vision screening tools could be adapted or developed for use in falls clinics or the inpatient setting. Eye health professionals should form part of falls multidisciplinary teams or offer training in assessing vision and help to develop intervention pathways for timely management of visual impairment.
Invited Editorial: Uniting the vision and aging sectors to advance healthy aging and eye health-The Manila Statement.
de la Fuente-Núñez V, Ah Tong BAM, Davis A … +3 more , Keay L, Keys D, McCowan C
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39960977 · Full text
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Vision, eye health, and the 100-year life.
Keay LJ, on behalf of the Aging, the Eye and Vision System Feature Issue Editorial Team
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39960976 · Publisher ↗
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Scoping review: Intervention for ocular motor disorders in children and adults with mild traumatic brain injury.
Chen AM, Salzano AD, Burgher AP … +6 more , Greenspan LD, Yap TP, Theis J, Liu SH, Scheiman M, Roberts TL
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Apr · PMID 39951336 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Intervention strategies for post-mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) ocular motor disorders vary across disciplines and include watchful waiting, vestibular rehabilitation, vision rehabilitation/vision thera...
SIGNIFICANCE: Intervention strategies for post-mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) ocular motor disorders vary across disciplines and include watchful waiting, vestibular rehabilitation, vision rehabilitation/vision therapy, and optical intervention. However, evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited, highlighting the need for high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized testing, diagnostic criteria, and reassessment of ocular motor function after intervention. BACKGROUND: Ocular motor disorders occur frequently after mTBI. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of interventions for mTBI-related ocular motor disorders in children and adults. DATA SOURCES: The following electronic bibliographic databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, PEDro, OVID, Clinical Key, Google Scholar, and REHABDATA. STUDY SELECTION: Intervention studies published in English between 2003 and 2024 involving mTBI participants who had an ocular motor assessment prior to intervention were included in this study. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were followed for reporting. Study population, intervention, and outcomes were extracted and synthesized in tabular and graphical formats. RESULTS: Sixty-seven eligible studies were included, with only three (4%) judged as low risk of bias. Intervention strategies included watchful waiting (n = 31, 46%), vestibular rehabilitation (n = 13, 19%), vision rehabilitation/vision therapy (n = 10, 15%), optical intervention (n = 4, 6%), and alternative interventions or multifaceted interventions (n = 9, 14%). Among the studies providing statistically supported results, improvements in one or more ocular motor outcome domains were reported in nearly 80% of the studies on watchful waiting (19/24) and 100% of the studies on vestibular rehabilitation (4/4), vision rehabilitation/vision therapy (7/7), or optical intervention (1/1). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Although post-mTBI ocular motor deficits improved with watchful waiting strategy, vestibular rehabilitation, vision rehabilitation/vision therapy, and optical interventions, most studies had significant risk of bias. This review emphasizes the necessity for high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized testing protocols and diagnostic criteria and reassessment of ocular motor functions after intervention to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions in different age groups and recovery stages.
Development of a screening tool for reduced vision among inpatients of hospital rehabilitation units.
Stalin A, Khan S, Labreche T … +4 more , Narayan A, Christian LWT, Stanberry A, Leat SJ
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Apr · PMID 39951057 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: This study developed a practical screening tool to identify reduced habitual vision (RHV) in hospital rehabilitation units. This tool would enhance patient care by enabling timely interventions in resource-...
SIGNIFICANCE: This study developed a practical screening tool to identify reduced habitual vision (RHV) in hospital rehabilitation units. This tool would enhance patient care by enabling timely interventions in resource-limited settings. PURPOSE: The study aimed to develop a practical and implementable screening tool to identify patients with RHV in hospital rehabilitation units. Potential vision measures, screening questions, and demographic variables were considered to determine the optimum combination. METHODS: The cross-sectional study recruited 112 adult inpatients (aged 18+ years) from three rehabilitation units in an acute care hospital in Ontario, Canada, between October 2018 and February 2019. Data included an oral questionnaire on demographics, health status, and self-reported vision function, alongside vision assessments (distance visual acuity [VA], contrast sensitivity [CS], visual fields [VFs], and stereopsis). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of RHV, defined by VA >0.3 logMAR, CS <1.40 logCS, or any VF defect. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 74.5 years (±14.3 years), and RHV was present in 48.7%. Significant predictors of RHV included self-reported "happiness" with vision with current spectacles and difficulty reading a newspaper. The optimal predictive factors were VA and VF testing (96% sensitivity), but for practical implementation, the combination of three self-reported questions (happiness with vision, difficulty reading a newspaper, and difficulty distinguishing facial expressions) demonstrated 74% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights that a combination of self-reported questions can effectively identify patients with RHV, providing a feasible alternative to direct vision assessments in resource-limited settings. Implementing this screening tool could improve patient care by enabling timely adaptations and referrals for eye care, ultimately enhancing rehabilitation outcomes and reducing falls risk. Further research is needed to refine the tool's sensitivity and explore its applicability in broader hospital and primary care settings.
Comparative efficacy of tropicamide 1% and cyclopentolate 1% for cycloplegic refraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Bist J, Paudel N, Kandel S … +1 more , Marasini S
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 39937702 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cyclopentolate 1% is considered the drug of choice for effective cycloplegic refraction in clinical population, although tropicamide 1% is also reported to have similar effects with better tolerability. OBJEC...
BACKGROUND: Cyclopentolate 1% is considered the drug of choice for effective cycloplegic refraction in clinical population, although tropicamide 1% is also reported to have similar effects with better tolerability. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacies of tropicamide 1% and cyclopentolate 1% for cycloplegic refraction. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched for articles published until March 20, 2024. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: Randomized controlled trials that compared tropicamide 1% with cyclopentolate 1% in terms of differences in spherical equivalent refractive errors were included. The meta-analysis included only nonstrabismic participants with no restriction to age. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHOD: The included studies were appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool-2. The meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation method. RESULTS: Of 17 full-text reviews from 2555 identified studies, 4 randomized controlled trials were included in quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis included 171 eyes of 171 participants (age range, 4 months to 50 years), in each group, with all types of refractive errors. The results showed no statistically significant differences in mean spherical equivalent refractive error values between the two groups (mean difference, -0.05; standard error, 0.16; p=0.774). There was no heterogeneity observed between the studies ( I2 = 0.00%, p=0.93). The outcome did not change when only children were included in the meta-analysis (age range, 4 months to 16 years; mean difference, -0.14; standard error, 0.21; p=0.51). In the risk-of-bias assessment, generally all studies were judged to have low risk of bias, but only one was judged to have low risk of bias across all seven domains. CONCLUSIONS: Tropicamide 1% and cyclopentolate 1% showed similar efficacies for cycloplegic refraction in nonstrabismic children and adults. Considering patient tolerability and drug safety, it may be practical to use tropicamide 1% in routine cycloplegic refractions.
Internal astigmatism and risk factors in Tibetan schoolchildren: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study.
Meng Z, Yao Y, Liu J … +3 more , Li L, Chen W, Fu J
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 39928519 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: The study first investigated the prevalence and internal relationship of astigmatism components under cycloplegia in Tibetan children on plateau areas of China. We found a higher prevalence of refractive (R...
SIGNIFICANCE: The study first investigated the prevalence and internal relationship of astigmatism components under cycloplegia in Tibetan children on plateau areas of China. We found a higher prevalence of refractive (RA) and corneal astigmatism (CA) in Lhasa children and certified the compensation of internal astigmatism (IA), which might be associated with myopic progression. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of RA, CA, and IA and evaluate compensation and associated influence factors of IA in Lhasa Tibetan children. METHODS: This was a school-based cross-sectional study. Stratified random clustering was used to recruit 1751 Tibetan children with a mean age of 7.90 ± 0.48 years from schools in Lhasa, China. Cycloplegic autorefraction was conducted, and ocular biometrics were examined. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of RA, CA, and IA were 18.73, 72.53, and 40.72%, respectively, with the diagnosis criteria ≥1.00 D. With-the-rule was the main type of RA (70.05%) and CA (91.93%), whereas the against-the-rule was predominant in IA (79.67%). Compared with the reference group (spherical equivalent range, 0.51 to 1.00 D), mean RA and CA increased with more hyperopic and myopic refractions, and mean IA was significantly lower only in myopia and emmetropia groups. Girls had a higher incidence of CA and IA than boys. Internal astigmatism was negatively correlated with CA in the vertical/horizontal vector ( J0 ) and oblique vector ( J45 ). The majority of IA compensated for RA in different degrees (95.25% in J0 and 66.43% in J45 ) and no compensation accounted for a higher proportion in myopic children (10.47% in J0 and 5.76% in J45 ). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of RA and CA in Tibetan children from Lhasa was higher than reported in most previous studies. The compensation of IA in reducing CA was prominent, and the function could decrease with the myopic progression.
Antiviral activity of contact lens care solutions and rub-and-rinse regimen against adenovirus.
Lourenco Nogueira C, Boegel SJ, Shukla M … +4 more , Ngo W, Hui A, Jones LW, Aucoin MG
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 39903204 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Although human adenoviruses are the leading cause of acute viral conjunctivitis, there is a lack of data surrounding the efficacy of contact lens care products against these viruses. PURPOSE: This study inv...
SIGNIFICANCE: Although human adenoviruses are the leading cause of acute viral conjunctivitis, there is a lack of data surrounding the efficacy of contact lens care products against these viruses. PURPOSE: This study investigates the antiviral activity of several commercially available contact lens care solutions against human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). METHODS: Six contact lens care solutions (Biotrue, Boston Simplus, OPTI-FREE Puremoist, Clear Care, cleadew, and cleadew GP) were investigated. Quantitative suspensions tests were conducted on Ad5 solutions after interaction with the different contact lens care solutions for 4 or 6 hours. For the hydrogen peroxide solution (Clear Care), interaction times of 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours prior to neutralization were also investigated. Finally, the impact of rubbing and rinsing of Ad5 contaminated contact lenses with the solutions was studied. RESULTS: Solutions based on povidone-iodine demonstrated a more than 3-log reduction in virus after 4 and 6 hours of incubation. In contrast, hydrogen peroxide only demonstrated a 0.52-log reduction after 6 hours of incubation. Increasing the contact time with hydrogen peroxide increased Ad5 inactivation, with a 2.18-log reduction after 6 hours of incubation with the solution prior to neutralization. Nonoxidative systems did not demonstrate a significant log reduction after 4 hours of incubation. However, rubbing and rinsing of contact lenses using the nonoxidative systems reduced the virus counts from contaminated contact lenses to below the limit of quantification. CONCLUSIONS: Povidone-iodine solutions have a significant effect on reducing the viability of Ad5. Hydrogen peroxide care solutions are effective only if unneutralized contact time is increased. Nonoxidative systems can be effective in combating contaminated lenses only with the addition of a rub-and-rinse step.
Repeatability of tear film lipid layer interferometry measurements: A randomized, crossover study.
Wang MTM, Misra SL, Gokul A … +5 more , Kim JS, Kim AD, Xue AL, Cruzat A, Craig JP
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Mar · PMID 39898875 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess intrasession repeatability, diurnal intravisit and day-to-day intervisit reproducibility of qualitative tear film lipid layer interferometry grading obtained from the Keratograph 5M (O...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess intrasession repeatability, diurnal intravisit and day-to-day intervisit reproducibility of qualitative tear film lipid layer interferometry grading obtained from the Keratograph 5M (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and automated quantitative layer thickness measurements obtained from the TearScience LipiView II Ocular Surface Interferometer (Johnson & Johnson Vision, Milpitas, CA), in community residents, not stratified by dry eye or blepharitis status. METHODS: Forty community residents (24 women, 16 men; age mean ± standard deviation, 36 ± 14 years) were recruited in an investigator-masked, randomized, crossover study. Participants attended two sessions 6 hours apart on the same day and a third session on a separate day. During each session, tear film lipid layer grading and thickness measurements were performed in triplicate, in a masked manner, with 10-minute intervals between each measurement. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in lipid layer grading and thickness measurements in all pairwise intrasession, diurnal intravisit, and day-to-day intervisit comparisons (all p≥0.19), and positive correlations were observed in all cases (all p<0.001). The weighted Cohen κ coefficients for intrasession repeatability and diurnal intravisit and day-to-day intervisit reproducibility of qualitative lipid layer grading ranged from 0.670 to 0.867. The test-retest repeatability of quantitative lipid layer thickness measurements ranged from 4.5 to 11.7 nm, and the Bland-Altman biases were within the order of 3 nm in all pairwise comparisons. The intraclass correlation coefficients for lipid layer thickness measurements exceeded 0.80 for all intrasession comparisons and were between 0.60 and 0.80 for all diurnal intravisit and day-to-day intervisit comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Both qualitative grading and automated quantitative thickness measurements of tear film lipid layer interferometry demonstrated relatively favorable levels of intrasession repeatability and diurnal intravisit and day-to-day intervisit reproducibility. The study findings would support the use of either qualitative or quantitative measurement in clinical and research settings, as a reliable tool for assessing lipid layer interferometry.
Dual sensory loss and cognitive impairment: A study in elderly users of gerontological centers in a Galician urban area.
Vázquez-Sánchez C, Gigirey Prieto LM, Del Oro-Sáez CP
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39888692 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Several studies indicate that dual sensory loss (DSL) is related to cognitive impairment. However, there are still no conclusive data on the role of each individual deficit on cognitive performance when bot...
SIGNIFICANCE: Several studies indicate that dual sensory loss (DSL) is related to cognitive impairment. However, there are still no conclusive data on the role of each individual deficit on cognitive performance when both co-occur in the same person. PURPOSE: This study aimed to analyze the possible association between sensory deficit and cognitive impairment in a sample of older adults and whether this association differs in subjects with DSL compared with those with single or no sensory impairment. METHODS: Participants of this study were older adult users of gerontological centers in an urban area of Galicia (Spain). All subjects underwent visual and auditory screening tests to detect the presence of DSL. The Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examination test was used to identify cognitive impairment. Hearing loss was defined according to Ventry and Weinstein's criteria. Visual impairment was defined as a binocular presenting visual acuity <0.5 (20/40). The presence of DSL was established on the basis of the definitions of the single deficits. RESULTS: A total of 534 subjects were examined. Older adults with DSL had the worst results in the Mini-Mental test, and those without sensory impairment had the best. The likelihood of cognitive impairment was greater in older adults with DSL than in those without sensory impairment (odds ratio, 6.06 [3.14 to 11.65]). When only visual impairment was present, the likelihood of cognitive impairment was 3.73 times higher (0.95 to 3.09) than that of subjects with no sensory impairment. Hearing loss alone seems not to be significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight the importance of continuing research in DSL for the prevention of cognitive impairment, the design of intervention plans, and the optimization of health resources.
Topical review: Challenges and solutions for eye care in long-term care.
Anantharaman D, Meyer C, Keay L … +2 more , Kumaran S, Dawes P
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39882914 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of visual impairment among individuals living in long-term care (LTC) is substantial, yet eye care is often disregarded and inadequately addressed. This neglect contributes to a decline in qual...
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of visual impairment among individuals living in long-term care (LTC) is substantial, yet eye care is often disregarded and inadequately addressed. This neglect contributes to a decline in quality of life for residents. Thus, understanding the challenges faced by stakeholders in providing eye care for residents might suggest opportunities to improve eye health outcomes. AIM: This study aimed to identify factors influencing access to eye care services in LTC, focusing on key stakeholders including residents, family members, aged care staff, and eye care professionals. METHODS: We included studies on vision/eye care-related challenges and/or management of eye conditions for people living in LTC facilities. We performed literature searches using Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, CINAHL/EBSCO, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, and Web of Science database. The search was limited to articles in English language, published between January 2013 and September 2023. Factors influencing the vision/eye care for residents were mapped to respective stakeholders, and we visualized how they interacted within the LTC system in providing eye care. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the review. We found that the challenges to appropriate eye care in LTC are present across all stakeholder groups. These challenges include limited awareness of eye health, logistical difficulties in coordinating and managing eye care within LTC settings, and negative beliefs and attitudes toward prioritizing eye care for residents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This review highlights that barriers to eye care in LTC communities exist at multiple levels and involve a range of stakeholders. In order to improve eye care, interventions should be at the system level, considering the influence of all key stakeholders rather than employing a targeted approach.
Systemic TRPV4 inhibition worsens retinal response to acute intraocular pressure elevation in older but not younger mice.
Lee PY, Greferath U, Zhao D … +7 more , Huang JY, Wang AYM, Vessey KA, Chrysostomou V, Fletcher EL, Crowston JG, Bui BV
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39882862 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Previous evidence showed that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) inhibition was protective of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in young anima...
SIGNIFICANCE: Previous evidence showed that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) inhibition was protective of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in young animals. However, the role of TRPV4 in mechanosensing IOP changes in the aging eye is not well understood. PURPOSE: This study compared the recovery of retinal function and structure after acute IOP elevation in 3- and 12-month-old mouse eyes with and without TRPV4 inhibition. METHODS: We examined retinal TRPV4 expression in 2-month-old rodent eyes using immunohistochemistry and transcript analysis of isolated macroglia and RGCs. To modulate TRPV4, mice were treated daily with either vehicle or a TRPV4 antagonist (HC-067047 10 mg/kg) delivered intraperitoneally for 7 days before and 7 days after IOP elevation (50 mmHg for 30 minutes). Retinal function and structure were assessed using dark-adapted full-field electroretinography and optical coherence tomography, respectively. RESULTS: We showed that Müller cells strongly expressed TRPV4. Seven days after IOP elevation, RGC functional recovery was significantly poorer in older mice treated with TRPV4 antagonist compared with age-matched vehicle controls (-54 ± 7% vs. -24 ± 10%, p=0.046) and their younger TRPV4 antagonist-treated counterparts (-5 ± 5%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that there was an age-related deficit in RGC functional recovery from IOP elevation with TRPV4 inhibition.
Fall rates in bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lens glasses wearers.
Lord SR, Ivers R, Cameron ID … +2 more , Lee BB, Haran M
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39882858 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: There is evidence that wearing multifocal glasses increases the risk of falls in older people, especially when walking on stairs and in unfamiliar settings. However, it is not clear whether all types of multifoc...
PURPOSE: There is evidence that wearing multifocal glasses increases the risk of falls in older people, especially when walking on stairs and in unfamiliar settings. However, it is not clear whether all types of multifocal glasses are equally associated with falls. This study comprised a secondary analysis of data from the VISIBLE randomized controlled trial to determine whether fall rates differ among older bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lens glasses wearers. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-one regular wearers of multifocal glasses (mean age, 80.3 years; standard deviation, 6.8 years) who were at increased risk of falls and used multifocal glasses three or more times per week participated in the study. Participants were classified into three groups: bifocal (n = 170), trifocal (n = 33), and progressive addition lens glasses wearers (n = 78). Participants underwent assessments of vision, sensorimotor function and balance (assessed with the Physiological Profile Assessment), Timed Up and Go performance, and activity levels and were then followed up for falls for 13 months. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-eight participants (95.4%) were followed up for falls for 6+ months over the following 13 months: 51 bifocal glasses wearers (31.5%) suffered multiple falls compared with 15 trifocal glasses wearers (46.9%) and 33 progressive addition lens glasses wearers (44.6%) (p=0.071). When adjusting for established fall risk factors, participants wearing progressive addition lens glasses had over twice the odds of suffering multiple falls compared with bifocal glasses wearers (odds ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 4.58). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that progressive addition lens glasses increase the risk of falls more than bifocal glasses possibly due to visual distortions and reduced awareness of blurred distant objects in the lower visual field. Education of the risks posed by progressive addition lens glasses and training in optimal glasses use may help protect older people from falls.
Wavefront aberrations in aging measured with Hartmann-Shack at 3- and 5-mm pupil sizes.
Clark CA, Parimi V, Elsner AE
Optom Vis Sci · 2025 Feb · PMID 39878588 · Full text
SIGNIFICANCE: Visual acuity (VA) depends on many factors. When the goal is to assess retinal health rather than performance, then using a 3-mm pupil reduces unwanted wavefront aberrations. The axis of astigmatism can sti...
SIGNIFICANCE: Visual acuity (VA) depends on many factors. When the goal is to assess retinal health rather than performance, then using a 3-mm pupil reduces unwanted wavefront aberrations. The axis of astigmatism can still potentially change with age. PURPOSE: When VA measurements are intended to quantify the status of the retina, extraneous optical aberrations can make the measured VA worse and introduce variability, particularly in aging eyes. Our study quantifies wavefront aberrations for a 3-mm pupil, which is similar to the theoretical optical size for best VA, versus a 5-mm pupil. METHODS: The wavefront aberrations of normally sighted adults (N = 39; age, 41.9 ± 16.3 years) were measured for a 3- and 5-mm pupil setting without pupil dilation, using a commercially available and semiautomatic instrument (Pentacam AXL WAV; Oculus Optikgeraete GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). The mean wavefront errors from the average of three measurements with three samples each were computed for each Zernike term orders 1 to 6 and correlated with age. The difference of measurement 1 and measurement 2 provided the test-retest values. RESULTS: Each 3-mm pupil measurements had a reduced average aberration for all 26 aberrations Zernike values, and 21 of 26 were statistically significant (p<0.05). The variability of the Zernike values was less for the 3-mm pupil than for the 5-mm pupil for all 26 measured aberrations pooled (Zernike orders 1 to 6), which was statistically significant ( F = 54.625, p<0.001). Most mean aberrations did not vary significantly with age for a 3-mm pupil, except for vertical astigmatism, horizontal coma, spherical aberration, and vertical quadrafoil. Against-the-rule astigmatism was more common in subjects >60 than <40 years old (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that measurements of VA to assess retinal health could be made less dependent on unrelated and unwanted anterior segment factors by using a 3-mm pupil, because the wavefront aberrations for a 3-mm pupil were less than those for a 5-mm pupil. The change with age in vertical astigmatism more than oblique is consistent with the expected increase in proportion of against-the-rule astigmatism.
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