International Journal Of Obesity (2005)[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Unmasking the role of hypertension in atherosclerosis among patients with obesity: a cardiometabolic dysfunction perspective.
González SA, Melchiori R, Piñero F … +7 more , Schiavone M, Brenzoni MN, García GM, Alarcón PA, Ferroni F, Baratta S, Castellaro CE
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42191873 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vascular alterations in obesity may arise primarily from associated metabolic and inflammatory disturbances rather than from excess adiposity per se. This study evaluated the relative strength of a...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vascular alterations in obesity may arise primarily from associated metabolic and inflammatory disturbances rather than from excess adiposity per se. This study evaluated the relative strength of association of individual BioSHaRE-EU Healthy Obese Project-defined cardiometabolic abnormalities and low-grade inflammation with carotid-iliofemoral subclinical atherosclerosis in adults with obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis from the CARFARE registry (NCT04040777), asymptomatic adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) underwent standardized clinical evaluation and carotid-iliofemoral ultrasonography. Atherosclerosis was defined by the presence of ≥1 plaque according to Mannheim criteria. Metabolic status was classified as metabolically healthy or unhealthy obesity, with individual evaluation of hypertension, elevated fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol. Inflammation was estimated through absolute neutrophil count. Associations were assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for established cardiovascular risk factors. Sensitivity analyses included parsimonious models focused on hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors, and restriction of assessment to Mannheim-defined carotid territories. RESULTS: Among 2033 participants, overall atherosclerosis prevalence was 56.5% (95% CI 54.3-58.7%), higher in metabolically unhealthy than healthy obesity (64.5% vs. 35.5%, p < 0.0001). In multivariable analysis, hypertension (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.44-2.44, p < 0.0001) and low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.69, p = 0.0225) were independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, along with age, male sex, and smoking. In the parsimonious clinically oriented model, hypertension remained independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (adjusted OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.52-2.53; p < 0.001), with effect estimates comparable to the primary analysis. The magnitude and direction of the association were consistent across primary, parsimonious, and Mannheim-restricted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with obesity, hypertension showed the largest effect estimate for association with subclinical atherosclerosis among evaluated cardiometabolic abnormalities and low-grade inflammation. These findings suggest that blood pressure elevation may represent a clinically informative indicator of vascular vulnerability in obesity, without implying a causal relationship. Graphical Abstract.
The impact of calorific screening thresholds and weight status when validating UK supermarket transaction records in dietary evaluation: FIO-STRIDE.
Sawczuk T, Greatwood HC, Gilthorpe MS … +6 more , Morris MA, Jenneson V, Wilkins E, Green MA, Johnstone AM, Griffiths C
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42185656 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Supermarket transaction data has the potential to provide a wide-scale understanding of population dietary behaviours, but its relationship with consumption is unclear as purchases are typically made at the h...
BACKGROUND: Supermarket transaction data has the potential to provide a wide-scale understanding of population dietary behaviours, but its relationship with consumption is unclear as purchases are typically made at the household level while consumption occurs at the individual level. These behaviours may differ by weight status. This study assessed whether calorific screening thresholds improved the agreement between objective consumer purchase data and self-reported dietary intake for people living with (PLWOw/Ob) and without (PLWOw/Ob) overweight/obesity. METHODS: Participants (N = 642) from a retailer's loyalty card database completed a 170-item food frequency questionnaire, shared transaction records, height, weight, and household composition data for this study. Nutrients (energy, sugar, total fat, saturated fat, protein, and sodium) from supermarket transaction purchases were allocated to the study individual proportionally based on their household composition. Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess the agreement and bias between objective consumer purchase data and self-reported dietary intake globally, and between PLWOw/Ob and PLWOw/Ob, across a range of calorific screening thresholds. RESULTS: No agreement was identified between objective consumer purchase data and self-reported dietary intake for any of the nutrients when the data were analysed without screening thresholds. However, agreement was identified when screening thresholds were employed at ≥1000 Kcal/day (energy, sugar, total fat and saturated fat) or ≥1500 Kcal/day (protein and sodium). PLWOw/Ob consumed greater energy (19%), sugar (36%), total fat (22%) and saturated fat (25%) than they were estimated to have purchased at the retailer. PLWOw/Ob only consumed more sugar (19%). CONCLUSIONS: The application of screening thresholds based on estimated individual calories purchased may provide a valuable preprocessing step within the analysis of consumer purchase data, allowing agreement to be achieved for absolute nutrient values. Differences in bias between PLWOw/Ob and PLWOw/Ob show that insights into purchase and consumption patterns can be identified using consumer purchase data.
A single centre retrospective study of the long‑term weight and pregnancy-related outcomes in women of reproductive age before and after liraglutide exposure.
Chukir T, Haider H, Sarkar S … +4 more , Nair S, Kokash R, Chagoury O, Taheri S
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42174221 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The impact of GLP‑1 receptor agonist exposure prior to pregnancy on pregnancy-related outcomes remains unclear, with studies reporting mixed findings. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study evaluating bo...
BACKGROUND: The impact of GLP‑1 receptor agonist exposure prior to pregnancy on pregnancy-related outcomes remains unclear, with studies reporting mixed findings. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study evaluating bodyweight and pregnancy-related outcomes among women of reproductive age who were initiated on liraglutide for obesity management and had 2-5 years of follow-up. We compared pregnancies occurring before and after liraglutide exposure in the same women. RESULTS: A total of 556 women met the inclusion criteria of which 97 (17.4%) conceived and 459 (82.6%) did not conceive after liraglutide exposure. Baseline characteristics were comparable. After 2-5 years, the mean final weight change was significantly different between women who conceived compared to those who did not (+1.1 ± 11.3% vs. -6.7 ± 9.9%, p < 0.001). The nadir weight reduction on liraglutide in women who conceived was -6.2 ± 7.8%. Gestational weight change was similar in pre- and post-exposure pregnancies (8.0 ± 10.9% vs. 9.2 ± 11.8%, p = 0.554). Additionally, there were no differences in gestational diabetes (32.1% vs. 37.7%, p = 0.629), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (9.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.063), need for c-section (33.3% vs. 38.9%, p = 0.549), pre-term delivery (3.7% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.500), large for gestational age (5.5% vs. 5.5%, p = 1) or small for gestational age infants (11.1% vs. 9.3%, p = 1) in pre- vs. post-exposure pregnancies. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a lower gestational weight gain with metformin use during pregnancy but was not statistically significant (5.8 ± 9.1 kg vs. 8.2 ± 9.5 kg, p = 0.369). The proportion of women with inconsistent obesity medication use during the study period was higher in those who conceived compared to those who did not (100% vs. 36.5%). CONCLUSION: Preconception liraglutide exposure, followed by discontinuation before pregnancy, was associated with weight regain but not with excess gestational weight gain in our within-individual design. Despite a small sample size, we did not observe increased adverse gestational outcomes in the post-exposure pregnancies.
The emerging role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in obesity.
Wang D, Wang X, Yang M
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42174220 · Publisher ↗
Obesity is a chronic and complex disease defined by excessive deposits of fat that may lead to health damage. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, play a significant role in obes...
Obesity is a chronic and complex disease defined by excessive deposits of fat that may lead to health damage. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, play a significant role in obesity and metabolic processes. BCAA metabolic disorders are a core feature of obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome, but the specific mechanisms and clinical significance remain highly controversial. This review aims to deeply explore the multifaceted roles of BCAAs in obesity. We first outline the catabolic pathways of BCAAs, summarize the key roles of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) and 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIB) as metabolic intermediates in mediating insulin signaling dysregulation, and analyze how BCAA metabolic disorders drive the progression of obesity and its complications by impairing insulin sensitivity, disrupting lipid homeostasis, and exacerbating chronic inflammation. Additionally, to reconcile the long-standing controversy over whether BCAAs are beneficial or harmful, this review provides new insights. Finally, we summarize potential strategies for targeting BCAA metabolism through dietary modifications, exercise interventions, and drug therapies. This review aims to deepen the understanding of the complex role of BCAAs in obesity and lay a theoretical foundation for precise prevention and strategies targeting metabolic pathway imbalances. BCAAs regulate obesity through pathways that affect insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory. Insulin sensitivity is regulated by the activity of the mTORC1 signaling pathway and the functional state of mitochondria. The metabolism of branched-chain amino acids influences lipid synthesis and breakdown by inhibiting BCAT2. Elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids may exacerbate inflammatory through macrophage infiltration and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the right are different intervention measures for regulating BCAA levels, including dietary, exercise and drug interventions. (Note:The symbol "↑" indicates promotion/increase, and "↓" indicates inhibition/decrease.).
The body mass index of females in impressionist paintings: a contrast with modern ideals.
Messina MV, Saturnino A, Pozzilli P
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42151599 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Beauty standards have undergone profound changes over time, with historical depictions of the female body often favoring fuller figures, while modern ideals emphasize thinness. This study explores the body...
INTRODUCTION: Beauty standards have undergone profound changes over time, with historical depictions of the female body often favoring fuller figures, while modern ideals emphasize thinness. This study explores the body mass index (BMI) of women in Impressionist paintings and highlights the evolving ideas of beauty throughout time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The BMI of 11 female figures in Impressionist paintings was estimated by using the BMI Visualizer Tool and Artificial Intelligence (AI). A standardized height of 154.3 cm, derived from historical records of 19th-century female convicts, was used to ensure consistency. RESULTS: The mean estimated BMI of the women depicted was 31.0 kg/m², classifying them with obesity per WHO standards. BMI values ranged from 29.8 to 32.8 kg/m², with body weights between 71.0 and 78.0 kg. Standard deviation for weight was 1.9 kg, indicating low variability across the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight a cultural preference for fuller body types in Impressionist art, in contrast with today's preferences for thinness. This shift, reinforced by media and societal norms, raises concerns about the potential health consequences of contemporary beauty standards, including the rise of eating disorders and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. A more balanced approach to body image-one that prioritizes health over extremes-remains a critical challenge in today's society.
Altered effective connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and caudate in children with overweight and obesity.
Xin H, Chen X, Li W … +6 more , Xiao M, Song S, Liu Y, Gao X, Guo C, Chen H
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Jun · PMID 42129352 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the interaction patterns between the reward and inhibitory control systems in children with overweight and obesity. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI data were collected at baseline from...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the interaction patterns between the reward and inhibitory control systems in children with overweight and obesity. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI data were collected at baseline from 38 children with overweight and obesity (OW/OB) and 68 children with normal weight (NW). We first examined the differences in seed-based functional connectivity (FC) between the two groups, focusing on eight predefined regions of interest in the reward and inhibitory control systems. Based on the FC results, we further applied the spectral dynamic causal modeling technique to assess the between-group differences in effective connectivity (EC). Finally, we employed a machine learning approach to determine whether these baseline core connections could predict eating behaviors at the one-year follow-up. RESULTS: Compared with the NW group, the FC between the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and left caudate was stronger while the FC between left SFG and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was weaker in the OW/OB group after controlling for age, sex, and head motion. After Bayesian contrasts, the OW/OB group exhibited stronger negative EC from the left caudate to left SFG, weaker negative EC from the left SFG to right vmPFC, and weaker positive EC from the right vmPFC to left SFG than NW group. The results indicated that the baseline caudate→caudate and vmPFC→SFG connectivity could predict changes in children's eating behaviors one year later. CONCLUSION: The current study provides novel evidence for the neural hierarchical basis of childhood obesity (especially the caudate→SFG, SFG→vmPFC and vmPFC→SFG connectivity), suggesting that interventions targeting reward processing and inhibition control may have important implications for childhood obesity.
Butyrylcholinesterase as a potential biomarker of metabolic imbalances in Afro-descendant populations.
de Moura Bones DR, Ramos MM, Veigand NF … +23 more , Araceli Joerin-Luque I, Sukow NM, Cupertino SE, Dos Santos PI, de Oliveira Nunes HK, Gros AF, Barros VD, Tessaro JG, Garcia LL, Bucco IDO, Gonçalves LB, Alves ACG, de Moraes TR, Andrietta SÁ, de Cristo TF, Santos Ribeiro Zanette VD, de Paula AI, Hauser AB, Lopes CVG, Turek LV, Alle LF, Lehtonen Rodrigues Souza R, Beltrame MH
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42120597 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study investigated butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and its genetic variants (-116, A, and K) in Afro-Brazilian individuals living in two African-derived communities (quilombos) in southern Brazil....
BACKGROUND: This study investigated butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and its genetic variants (-116, A, and K) in Afro-Brazilian individuals living in two African-derived communities (quilombos) in southern Brazil. Parameters, including obesity, glucose, and lipid profile, were compared with those of Euro-Brazilian individuals from the same region. The study aimed to characterize population parameters and assess their influence on factors involved in metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2). METHODS: A total of 198 Afro-Brazilians and 114 Euro-Brazilians participated. BChE activity was measured using the Ellman method, and variants were genotyped by PCR-SSP. Statistical analyses included t-test or Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, chi-square or Fisher's exact test, correlations, and age- and sex-adjusted regression models. RESULTS: The mean BChE activity in the Quilombola population was 3.71 U/mL and was significantly higher in people with TDM2 and/or obesity (p = 0.016), and associated with triglycerides, total cholesterol, overweight, and male sex. A significant interaction between triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin was observed (p = 0.016). BChE activity was higher in Quilombolas than in Euro-Brazilians, regardless of metabolic status, suggesting ethnic influence. BCHE gene variants (A, -116, and K) showed frequencies similar to other populations. Although enzymatic activity varied among haplotypes, differences were not statistically significant. These results highlight the relevance of clinical and ethnic factors in interpreting BChE activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed higher BChE activity and TDM2 prevalence in Afro-Brazilian populations compared to Euro-Brazilians, and these differences correlate with non-genetic factors. The BCHE genetic variants investigated showed no robust associations after correction for multiple testing, suggesting that their effects on metabolic traits may be subtle and context-dependent. This is the first study to quantify BChE activity in Afro-Brazilian Quilombola populations and the second in Black individuals in Brazil, highlighting the importance of considering genetic and ethnic factors in metabolic risk assessment.
Novel energy balance tracking to support personalised AI health coaching: a real-world evaluation of the ENHANCE framework.
Daw AB, Petit M, Willis SA … +2 more , James LJ, King JA
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42120596 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Energy balance (EB) is the key determinant of fat gain, yet accurate EB tracking is difficult outside laboratory settings. Traditional methods are burdensome (e.g. food-logs) or lack daily resolution (e.g. bo...
BACKGROUND: Energy balance (EB) is the key determinant of fat gain, yet accurate EB tracking is difficult outside laboratory settings. Traditional methods are burdensome (e.g. food-logs) or lack daily resolution (e.g. body weight monitoring), limiting suitability for integration with free-living AI-powered health coaching. OBJECTIVE: To introduce ENHANCE-a novel framework prioritising interpretability and temporal accuracy-and demonstrate its use as a low-burden, accurate method for tracking EB using smart devices and minimal self-report, suitable for AI coaching. METHODS: This 4-week observational study spanned the Christmas to New Year 2024/25 festive period. Participants submitted daily blinded body weight measurements via Wi-Fi scales and EB-related questions via a mobile app, taking <2 min. Data were used to generate five weight trends: raw (from scales), smoothed (±3-day average), piecewise (3-segments), predicted (from EB), and corrected. The correction aligned predicted and smoothed trends, using proximity and noise-weighted adjustments, producing enhanced data for AI coaching. An end-of-study questionnaire assessed acceptability and behavioural reactivity. RESULTS: Of 23 participants, 18 were analysed. Five were excluded due to illness (n = 4) or bereavement (n = 1). Participants completed 94% (5.1%) of body weight measurements and 100% of EB-related submissions. Questionnaire results showed low burden (1.8/5) and behavioural reactivity (1.5/5). Group-level predicted trends explained 90.4% of smoothed trend variance (R² = 0.904; mean absolute error [MAE]: 93 g). Corrected trends aligned more closely with piecewise segments than raw trends (MAE: 46 g vs 77 g). Individual-level mean EB corrections were +41 kcal/day-just 2% of reported intake. The corrected trend enhanced interpretability and plausibility while preserving real-world validity. Calculated mean net fat weight change during the monitoring phase was +0.8 kg (0.4 kg); mean net EB was +223 kcal/day (130 kcal/day). CONCLUSIONS: This scalable method delivers the accuracy and practicality needed for real-world EB tracking-laying the foundation for continuous personalised AI coaching.
Meal time and meal regularity: is it associated with pediatric obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Prawitasari T, Satari HI, Theola J
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42120595 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Chrononutrition, in the form of meal timing and regularity, is emerging as a significant factor influencing obesity in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE:...
BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Chrononutrition, in the form of meal timing and regularity, is emerging as a significant factor influencing obesity in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized recent evidence from studies published between 2014 and 2023, exploring the association between meal timing, meal regularity, and overweight/obesity (OW/OB) in children below 18 years old. METHODS: Searches were conducted until June 2023 in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, supplemented by manual searches, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were analyzed using narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, with odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) calculated for pooled analyses using the Revman 5.4.1 tool. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to analyze the quality of studies. RESULTS: A total of 30 observational studies, involving 102,335 children and adolescents from 22 countries were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis in 15 studies resulted in skipping main meals significantly increased the risk of pediatric OW/OB (skipping breakfast: OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11-1.43, p = 0.0003, lunch: OR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.00-1.53, p = 0.05, or dinner: OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18-1.71, p = 0.0002). Meal irregularity (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.81-1.49, p = 0.55), late-night eating (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.64-1.26, p = 0.55), and meal before bedtime (OR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.68-1.38, p = 0.86) showed inconclusive associations on OW/OB, thus warrant further investigation. CONCLUSION: Skipping any main meals significantly increases risk of OW/OB in children and adolescents. Although the associations were consistent, the evidence stems solely from observational studies and cannot establish causality. Understanding the role of dietary timing and regularity in pediatric obesity may inform future research and public health interventions aimed at preventing and managing pediatric obesity.
Pre-pregnancy body mass index and biomarkers of inflammation at birth.
Dow C, Khalfallah O, Galera C … +7 more , van der Waerden J, Barbosa S, Tafflet M, Charles MA, Glaichenhaus N, Davidovic L, Heude B
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42115734 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: High pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation may predispose offspring to adverse health outcomes by interfering with fetal development. However, the association betw...
BACKGROUND: High pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation may predispose offspring to adverse health outcomes by interfering with fetal development. However, the association between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and elevated inflammatory biomarkers in the mother or fetus remains controversial. This study analyzed the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and biomarkers of inflammation in maternal serum and cord blood at birth in two large birth cohorts. METHODS: Pre-pregnancy weight and height were used to calculate pre-pregnancy BMI (underweight [<18.5 kg/m²]; normal [18.5-24.9 kg/m²]; overweight [25.0-29.9 kg/m²]; obese [≥30 kg/m²]). Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α]) were measured from maternal serum collected at birth in ELFE (n = 1046) and cord blood collected in both cohorts (EDEN [n = 856 for cytokines]; ELFE [n = 1016]) C-reactive protein (CRP) was additionally measured in the cord blood of both cohorts (EDEN: n = 820; ELFE: n = 1012]). Linear regression models were used to determine the association between BMI categories with biomarker levels, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: In ELFE, pre-pregnancy obesity was strongly and positively associated with cord blood CRP (adjusted β 0.52 [95% CI 0.32, 0.72]), while in EDEN, maternal overweight was associated with higher levels of cord blood CRP (0.32 [0.12, 0.54]). In ELFE, maternal underweight was also associated with higher levels of cord blood IL-10 in cord blood (0.20 [0.04, 0.35]). Pre-pregnancy BMI was not associated with any of the maternal serum biomarkers in ELFE in the overall analyses. CONCLUSIONS: High pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with elevated CRP levels in cord blood, reflecting higher inflammatory marker levels in the perinatal environment. These findings should be replicated in other large cohort studies. The potential implications of elevated prenatal inflammation on offspring outcomes warrant further investigation.
Replacing protein with carbohydrate or fat in infancy is associated with lower Body Mass Index in early childhood: results from the Melbourne InFANT Program.
Tesfaye TS, Szymlek-Gay EA, Grimes CA … +1 more , Zheng M
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42098347 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Higher intakes of total and animal-source protein during infancy have been associated with higher body mass index (BMI) z scores in childhood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of substituting protein wi...
BACKGROUND: Higher intakes of total and animal-source protein during infancy have been associated with higher body mass index (BMI) z scores in childhood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of substituting protein with fat or carbohydrate intake, and the substitution of protein subtypes at 9 months of age with BMI z-scores and overweight status in children at 5 years of age. METHODS: This study involved a secondary analysis of data from the Melbourne InFANT program, a 15-month infancy obesity prevention intervention, with additional follow-ups conducted without intervention when children were aged 3.5 and 5 years. Data of 345 children who completed the 9-month, and 5-year follow-ups were analysed. Dietary intake at 9 months was assessed using three 24-h recalls. BMI z-score was measured at 9 months and 5 years of age. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders examined the associations between macronutrient and protein subtype substitutions at 9 months and changes in BMI z-score or overweight status at 5 years. RESULTS: Substitution of 5%E or 100 kJ protein intake with carbohydrate intake at age 9 months was associated with a 0.16-unit (95% CI: -0.30, -0.02) or 0.11-unit (95% CI: -0.19, -0.03) decrease in BMI z-score at 5 years. Similarly, replacing 5%E or 100 kJ of protein intake with fat intake was associated with a 0.16-unit (95% CI: -0.29, -0.02) or 0.11-unit (95% CI: -0.19, -0.03) decrease in BMI z-score. There was no evidence of an association between substitution of protein with fat or carbohydrate intake and overweight status (P > 0.05). Replacement of animal protein with plant or dairy protein was also not significantly associated with BMI z-score or overweight status. CONCLUSIONS: Substituting protein with carbohydrate or fat intake in infancy was inversely associated with BMI z-score in early childhood. The present study supports the need to discourage excessive protein intake during infancy.
Commercially available mobile health applications for obesity across the lifespan: a systematic search and quality assessment.
Steubl LS, von Altenbockum M, Portenhauser A … +7 more , Simon L, Stach M, Terhorst Y, Brandt-Heunemann S, Pryss R, Wabitsch M, Baumeister H
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42086916 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Mobile health applications (MHAs) represent a promising low-threshold tool to support obesity treatment. While commercially available MHAs may be most accessible to potential users, concerns exist regarding t...
BACKGROUND: Mobile health applications (MHAs) represent a promising low-threshold tool to support obesity treatment. While commercially available MHAs may be most accessible to potential users, concerns exist regarding their quality, data protection, and evidence base. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate these aspects. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, identifying 1220 apps. After a two-stage screening process, n = 21 MHAs met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated independently by two raters using the German version of the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS-G) with the five subscales Engagement, Functionality, Esthetics, Information, and Therapeutic Gain. Additionally, data on general characteristics (including information on the age group targeted and data protection and safety measures), inclusion of established treatment components, and evidence base, were collected. RESULTS: None of the included MHAs explicitly targeted children or adolescents. Concerning privacy and safety, notable deficiencies were identified, particularly with regard to the absence of active confirmation of privacy policy and/or terms of service and a lack of integrated emergency features. Included MHAs demonstrated moderate overall quality (M = 3.31, SD = 0.50). The lowest ratings were observed on the subscales Information (M = 2.74, SD = 0.65) and Therapeutic Gain (M = 2.39, SD = 0.70). Inclusion of all components of evidence-based obesity treatment guidelines was found in only n = 5 MHAs (23.8%). Published evidence for effectiveness was identified for only n = 2 MHAs (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a moderate quality level of commercially available MHAs for obesity treatment, with significant deficits in data protection and safety, content, therapeutic value, inclusion of established treatment components, and scientific evidence. To support safe and effective care for those affected by obesity, there is a need for further research and joint efforts (e.g., in terms of translation into routine practice).
Obesity paradox in young with myocardial infarction in China - or is this really a lean paradox?
Lavie CJ, Catalfamo V, Carbone S
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 May · PMID 42069939 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Association of childhood-to-adulthood body size trajectories with cardiovascular risk and all cause mortality.
Tang F, Ye W, Xu G … +5 more , Xiong H, Chen Y, Zhang P, Zhang Z, Jiang X
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42062534 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The relationship between body size across the life course and risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding transitions from childhood to adulthoo...
BACKGROUND: The relationship between body size across the life course and risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding transitions from childhood to adulthood and potential sex-specific differences. We examined the independent and joint associations of childhood body size, adulthood body mass index (BMI), and life-course body size trajectories with incident CVD and mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from 456,461 UK Biobank participants free of CVD at baseline. Childhood body size at age 10 was self-reported as thinner, about average, or plumper relative to peers. Adulthood BMI was measured and classified as normal weight (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m²), or obesity (≥30 kg/m²). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident CVD-including stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), and heart failure (HF)-and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Sex-stratified analyses were conducted to assess effect modification. RESULTS: During follow-up, 2703 participants developed stroke, 13,349 HF, and 37,365 CAD. Compared with average childhood body size, plumper childhood was associated with higher risks of HF (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.14-1.28) and CAD (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.11). Adulthood obesity was strongly associated with HF (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.80-2.02), CAD (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.53-1.64), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.12-1.20). Life-course transitions toward obesity showed the highest risks, particularly for thinner-to-obesity trajectories (HF: HR 2.18, 95% CI 2.00-2.39; CAD: HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.62-1.81; all-cause mortality: HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.14-1.28). Associations with stroke were weaker and mainly observed for thinner-to-obesity transitions (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02-1.52). Associations were generally stronger in women. CONCLUSION: Body size across the life course is associated with CVD and mortality, with progression to obesity from childhood to adulthood conferring the greatest risk. These findings support life-course and sex-sensitive obesity prevention strategies.
Retraction Note: Anti-obesity effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine- lipid nanoparticles through PPAR-γ/C/EBP-α pathways.
Uner B, Celebi MSM
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42045660 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Maternal high-fat high-energy diet impairs surfactant maturation in the non-human primate fetal lung.
Lock MC, Huber HF, Li C … +3 more , Orgeig S, Nathanielsz PW, Morrison JL
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42045659 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Due to the global obesity crisis, increasing numbers of women enter pregnancy with overweight or obesity. Their offspring are at greater risk of respiratory complications at birth due to metabolic changes t...
INTRODUCTION: Due to the global obesity crisis, increasing numbers of women enter pregnancy with overweight or obesity. Their offspring are at greater risk of respiratory complications at birth due to metabolic changes that impact lung development that may reduce capacity for surfactant production. We hypothesize that a high-fat-high-energy diet (HF-HED) negatively impacts late gestation fetal lung development. METHODS: Female baboons were randomly assigned to Control (metabolizable energy content, MEC = 3.07 kcal/g, 12% from fat; n = 5 M, 3 F fetuses) or high-fat high-energy diet (MEC = 4.03 kcal/g, 45% energy from fat; n = 6 M, 6 F fetuses) before and throughout pregnancy. Fetal lung tissue was collected at 0.9 gestation (term, 184 d). qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to measure expression of key molecules involved in surfactant maturation, the transition to air breathing. RESULTS: HF-HED decreased fetal type-II alveolar epithelial cells and reduced lung surfactant protein expression (SFTPB, SFTPC, and SFTPD). The rate-limiting genes involved in surfactant phospholipid production PCY1TA and ABCA3 was reduced. Genes involved in water (AQP1) and sodium (ATP1A1 and SCNN1B) transport were also downregulated, indicating impaired lung liquid reabsorption. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that a maternal obesogenic diet impairs surfactant maturation and reduces the capacity for lung liquid reabsorption, increasing the risk of neonatal respiratory complications. Summary of changes within the fetal lung due to exposure to a HF-HED throughout pregnancy. Surfactant maturation was negatively impacted, with a reduction in type II alveolar epithelial cell numbers, reduced mRNA expression in rate limiting enzymes in the production of surfactant phospholipids (PCYT1A, ABCA3), and reduced mRNA expression of surfactant proteins (SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD). There was also reduced mRNA expression of sodium transporters (ATP1A1 and SCNN1) which would potentially negatively impact lung liquid reabsorption. Glucose and fatty acid metabolism were dysregulated in the fetal lung with downregulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) but upregulation of insulin-dependent-glucose and fatty acid transporters (GLUT4, FATP1) and fatty acid synthesis (FASN).
GLP-1 agonists and changes in body mass and composition in adults with overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sawicka-Gutaj N, Gruszczyński D, Nijakowski K … +5 more , Derwich-Rudowicz A, Krenz M, Kumar A, Lu PY, Ruchała M
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42034831 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The systematic review aimed to assess the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists on weight loss and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity, with or witho...
BACKGROUND: The systematic review aimed to assess the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists on weight loss and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251002447). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted up to December 2024 according to PRISMA guidelines. Following the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 36 studies were included in this systematic review and underwent qualitative analysis. In addition, 24 studies met the criteria for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). Data were pooled using random-effects models with subgroup analyses by drug type and treatment duration (3, 6, and 12 months). RESULTS: GLP-1 RA treatment consistently reduced body weight, BMI, and waist circumference across all time points. At 3 months, mean body weight decreased by approximately 9%, accompanied by marked reductions in fat mass and visceral adipose tissue. At 6 months, weight reduction averaged 5%, with semaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide showing comparable effects, while lean mass remained largely preserved. At 12 months, weight loss persisted at around 4%, with variability between agents, most notably liraglutide. Across studies, fat mass decline predominated, whereas reductions in lean body mass were modest. CONCLUSION: GLP-1 RAs provide clinically meaningful weight loss primarily through selective fat mass reduction, with relative preservation of lean tissue, supporting their role in achieving "quality" weight loss. Differences between agents highlight the importance of individualized treatment strategies, complemented by nutritional and exercise interventions to optimize long-term outcomes.
Bariatric surgery and subsequent weight loss lead to a reversal of peripheral blood monocytosis in obesity.
Krasselt M, Friedrich K, Braune L … +7 more , Rothe K, Blüher M, Kovacs P, Dietrich A, Rossol M, Stumvoll M, Wagner U
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42032339 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in monocyte subpopulations and surface markers in people with obesity before and after bariatric surgery, and their relation to weight loss, inflammation markers, and comorbidities. METHODS:...
OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in monocyte subpopulations and surface markers in people with obesity before and after bariatric surgery, and their relation to weight loss, inflammation markers, and comorbidities. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients with obesity designated for bariatric surgery at three different time points: before surgery (=baseline), six months and twelve months after the intervention. PBMCs were analyzed using flow cytometry to distinguish the different monocytic subpopulations. At each visit, anthropometric measures and routine laboratory parameters (e.g., C-reactive protein) have been determined. RESULTS: 111 individuals with obesity (59.5% female, mean age 45.2±11.3 years) with a median body mass index (BMI) of 48.4 kg/m were included into this study. Median weight loss was 44.5 kg. The absolute monocyte count decreased significantly after surgery within twelve months (p = 0.0035). Classical monocytes, non-classical monocytes, intermediate monocytes, and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) decreased significantly after the surgical intervention within six to twelve months. CD14/CD56 monocytes did not change significantly during twelve months of observation. Surface expression of CD14 increased in both classical and intermediate monocytes (p = 0.0272 and 0.0087, respectively) within 6 months whereas CD16 declined across all monocyte subpopulations at every time point. The total monocyte counts as well as numbers of non-classical monocytes were significantly higher in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. COVID-19 containment measures resulted in a longitudinal reduction in the number of patient evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Following bariatric surgery and the resulting weight loss, the obesity-associated perturbation of the monocyte compartment was largely reversed. Normalization of both the total monocyte pool and of monocyte subpopulations, particularly those with pro-inflammatory properties such as intermediate monocytes, could contribute to a risk reduction of known co-morbidities of obesity such as chronic inflammation, impaired glucose regulation, and an increased risk of cancer.
Circulating lipid subfractions and the risk of longitudinal adiposity progression: findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank.
Wang M, Niu H, Du H … +1 more , Liu X
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42014462 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examined the associations between circulating lipid subfractions and long-term adiposity progression, and identified biomarkers reflecting baseline obesity status and future adiposity change. METHO...
BACKGROUND: This study examined the associations between circulating lipid subfractions and long-term adiposity progression, and identified biomarkers reflecting baseline obesity status and future adiposity change. METHODS: This study included 1502 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank who had available nuclear magnetic resonance data at baseline and completed anthropometric measurements at both the baseline survey and the second resurvey. Excessive adiposity increase was defined as a body mass index (BMI) increase of ≥5% from baseline. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) per standard deviation (SD) higher lipid trait. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 8 years, 33.3% of participants experienced ≥5% increase in BMI. High baseline cholesterol percentages in most low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses were associated with elevated risks of excess adiposity increase (RRs per SD: 1.09-1.18), with subclass-specific patterns observed across cholesterol forms. Conversely, triglyceride (TG) enrichment in most lipoprotein particles was inversely associated with adiposity progression (RRs per SD: 0.90-0.80), except for larger very low-density lipoprotein particles. Notably, most TG-enriched subfractions were associated with baseline obesity status but inversely associated with longitudinal adiposity progression. In contrast, cholesterol enrichment in HDL and LDL subclasses was associated with long-term adiposity increases, yet inversely associated with baseline adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins, particularly in medium-to-small subclasses, may contribute to long-term obesity progression risk, while elevated TG subfractions primarily reflect current obesity status. Circulating lipid subfractions and the risk of longitudinal adiposity progression. Excessive adiposity increase was defined as a body mass index increase of ≥5% from baseline. HDL high-density lipoprotein, IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, NMR nuclear magnetic resonance, VLDL very low-density lipoprotein.
Detecting drug-related problems following metabolic and bariatric surgery using pharmacovigilance databases.
Lau C, Smeenk RM, van Hunsel FPAM … +2 more , Scholl JHG, Beex-Oosterhuis MM
Int J Obes (Lond) · 2026 Apr · PMID 42009993 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Clinical data on changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) remain limited and largely drug-specific. This study summarized cases of changed drug act...
BACKGROUND: Clinical data on changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) remain limited and largely drug-specific. This study summarized cases of changed drug activity associated with MBS registered in the global pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase) and the Dutch pharmacovigilance database (Lareb), and assessed the utility of national and international data in identifying drug-related problems following MBS. METHODS: Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) involving MBS were extracted from VigiBase and Lareb. Exclusion criteria were age under 18, drug discontinuation after surgery, non-drugs, or non-bariatric surgery. Outcomes were classified as 'increased effect/adverse events', 'decreased effect/subtherapeutic', or 'unclassified'. For validation, we assessed whether Lareb ICSRs were retrieved in VigiBase and whether outcomes were similarly categorized in both datasets. RESULTS: After deduplication and exclusion, 1112 ICSRs describing 1399 ICSR-drug combinations were retrieved from VigiBase: 752 (53.8%) were classified as 'increased effect/adverse event', 93 (6.7%) 'decreased effect/subtherapeutic', and 554 (39.6%) 'unclassified'. From Lareb, 80 ICSRs describing 81 ICSR-drug combinations were retrieved: 60 (74.1%) 'increased effect/adverse event' and 21 (25.9%) 'decreased effect/subtherapeutic'. 64 ICSR-drug combinations from Lareb were not found in the VigiBase dataset. Of the 17 matched ICSR-drug combinations, 13 (76%) were similarly classified. The most frequently reported drug classes were: H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, selective immunosuppressants, and other antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacovigilance databases can identify potential drug-related problems following MBS. In this study, 'increased effect/adverse event' predominated following MBS. The Dutch pharmacovigilance data provided more detailed case information than the global VigiBase dataset, leading to differences in ICSR retrievals and outcome classifications. To improve the utility and complementarity of international pharmacovigilance data, access to medical history fields and the use of standardized queries are essential. Recording the year of MBS would also help assess possible changes in drug effects over time.
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