International Review Of Neurobiology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
History of psychedelic drug science and molecular pharmacology.
Nichols DE, Nichols CD
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541313 · Publisher ↗
Classic psychedelics have been used by various cultures for millennia for healing and religious purposes. The modern era of psychedelic science began with the first empirical experiments by Dr. Arthur Heffter in 1898 to...
Classic psychedelics have been used by various cultures for millennia for healing and religious purposes. The modern era of psychedelic science began with the first empirical experiments by Dr. Arthur Heffter in 1898 to determine just what they are when he discovered the active alkaloid in the peyote cactus responsible for its intoxicating effects and named it mescaline. As with many aspects of society there has been a dramatic and often contentious relationship between 'western' society and psychedelics. In the early to mid-20th century, they were seen as valuable medicines with great potential for healing, and as scientific tools for understanding in the nascent field of neuroscience. As the counterculture of the 1960s embraced psychedelics as elements of youthful protest, governments around the world labeled them as dangerous, with no medical value. That ultimately led to severe legal penalties for their possession and essentially halted any significant scientific advances. No clinical studies were carried out for nearly 20 years, with very few preclinical studies performed by only a handful of researchers. As the political climate changed, clinical trials were once again allowed, culminating in several high profile published studies on the efficacy of psychedelics to treat psychiatric disorders. Around that time a paradigm shift in the acceptance of psychedelics as medicines to benefit society began to occur, spurring the rapid growth of the ecosystem surrounding psychedelics research. This review presents an overview of the last 125 years of psychedelic science, with key events and findings along the way highlighted leading to a greater understanding of their pharmacology, chemistry, and therapeutic potential.
Serotonergic psychedelics for depression: A comprehensive overview.
Wingert AM, Agnorelli C, Peill J … +3 more , Reed S, Nutt DJ, Erritzoe D
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541312 · Publisher ↗
Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatment-resistant cases. Over the past decade, advances in research have eluci...
Depressive disorders continue to pose a major clinical challenge worldwide, particularly given the high prevalence and increasing number of treatment-resistant cases. Over the past decade, advances in research have elucidated the antidepressant potential of psilocybin and other 5-HT₂A receptor agonists in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Phase I and II clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that even a single administration can yield rapid and sustained symptom reduction. These effects compare favourably with conventional pharmacotherapies such as SSRIs and ketamine. The distinctive pharmacological profile and robust safety data associated with serotonergic psychedelics make them particularly promising candidates, especially for patients who do not respond to standard treatments. Nonetheless, several challenges impede their integration into routine clinical practice, including the resource-intensive nature of psychedelic-assisted therapy, which demands specialized training and controlled settings. Despite those limitations, some countries including Australia, Switzerland or Canada are paving the way by allowing the use of psilocybin in TRD cases. This chapter reviews the antidepressant potential of psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT based on modern clinical trial data, comparing effect sizes of psychedelics to conventional treatments like SSRIs and ketamine, and provides a brief overview of their potential neurobiological mechanisms.
Potential therapeutic effects of psychedelics in small doses: Is there a role for microdosing in psychiatry?
Totomanova I, Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM … +2 more , Ramaekers JG, Kuypers KPC
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541311 · Publisher ↗
Clinical trials using full doses of psychedelics have provided preliminary evidence supporting their safety and efficacy in treating a variety of physical and psychological conditions. Anecdotal reports indicate that eve...
Clinical trials using full doses of psychedelics have provided preliminary evidence supporting their safety and efficacy in treating a variety of physical and psychological conditions. Anecdotal reports indicate that even very small amounts of these substances may provide therapeutic benefits, though robust clinical studies are still needed. This chapter reviews the current experimental studies in humans using psychedelics in small doses to better understand their therapeutic potential. Research in both neurotypical individuals (n = 18 studies) and patients (n = 3) suggests that small doses of LSD and psilocybin produce subtle, acute, effects on neural connectivity, brain electrophysiology, blood pressure, sleep duration, pain perception, temporal processing, and mood; and show reductions in symptoms of depression and obsessive-compulsive behavior in patient samples. The chapter also discusses the influence of extra-pharmacological factors, such as the baseline subjective state, expectations, and individual differences in drug metabolism, on treatment outcomes. Overall, controlled microdosing studies suggest the potential therapeutic applications of small psychedelic doses, warranting further exploration through large-scale trials in clinical populations.
Molecular brain imaging of psychedelic action.
Cumming P, Egger K, Knudsen GM
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541310 · Publisher ↗
Molecular brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer-tomography (SPECT) entails the mapping of the cerebral distribution of radiopharmaceuticals that track physiological proce...
Molecular brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer-tomography (SPECT) entails the mapping of the cerebral distribution of radiopharmaceuticals that track physiological processes such as blood perfusion and glucose metabolism, or the abundance in brain of specific molecular targets such as neuroreceptors. PET and SPECT emerged as useful in vivo research technologies in the 1980s, finding early application in the study of psychostimulant drugs. The past decade has seen growing use of molecular imaging methods in the study of psychedelic action, although the published literature remains comparatively small. The preponderance of publications cited in this review are SPECT studies of cerebral perfusion and PET studies of metabolism and neuroreceptors, the latter mainly focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT receptors, which are largely responsible for the psychedelic action of classical psychedelic substances. There is some documentation of interactions of psychedelics at dopamine Dreceptors in the striatum, but many other plausible molecular targets of psychedelic action await investigation by molecular brain imaging. The emerging role of psychedelics as treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders calls for a broader and systematic investigation of their effects on brain function.
Effects of psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity.
Godfrey K, Luan LX, Timmermann C
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541309 · Publisher ↗
This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Across moderate to high doses of L...
This chapter reviews the effects of classic psychedelics on human oscillatory brain activity, as measured by resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Across moderate to high doses of LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and DMT, a consistent reduction in alpha power (8-13 Hz) emerges, particularly in occipital regions. Below 30 Hz, desynchronization is typical, although DMT can preserve or even increase delta/theta activity, possibly reflecting its immersive, immersive visual phenomenology. Complementing these spectral findings, measures of signal diversity (e.g., Lempel-Ziv complexity) reliably increase during psychedelic states, indicating a more variable and unpredictable pattern of neural firing. Retrospective subjective ratings of the psychedelic experience often fail to align consistently with M/EEG changes, possibly because fleeting, key experiences are obscured by data averaging or recording short segments of a long experience. In contrast, real-time evaluations of subjective intensity and plasma levels robustly covary with changes in spectral power and complexity, highlighting the potential for objective, real-time EEG biomarkers of drug activity. Limited research on functional connectivity and cortical travelling waves suggest that directed, top-down control may decrease while bottom-up signaling increases, indicating a transient reversal of typical hierarchical organization, though replications are warrented. Future work should implement more unified methodological approaches, alongside high-resolution behavioral sampling, to further our understanding of how these altered brain dynamics give rise to the distinctive qualities of the psychedelic experience. Notably, EEG has yet to be evaluated in clinical studies, and future work should aim to explore the relationship between acute EEG changes and clinical responses to psychedelic therapy.
Human neuroimaging: fMRI.
Wall MB, Carhart-Harris RL
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40541308 · Publisher ↗
Human neuroimaging with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been a key feature of the current wave of psychedelic research, in both healthy and clinical populations. The available data has suggested that classic ps...
Human neuroimaging with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging has been a key feature of the current wave of psychedelic research, in both healthy and clinical populations. The available data has suggested that classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT) have a characteristic effect of acutely and profoundly disrupting the normal pattern of resting-state connectivity in the human brain, and that this effect may be closely related to both the characteristic subjective phenomenology of psychedelics, and their more clinically-relevant longer-term effects on emotional brain systems. This chapter briefly outlines the basic methodological background of fMRI, and then provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of psychedelic drug action as revealed by task and resting-state fMRI, in both non-clinical and clinical cohorts. Current limitations of the field are largely addressable by ongoing and future work, particularly in terms of providing additional datasets, increased standardisation of data acquisition and analysis procedures, potential multi-modal imaging studies, and more open data-sharing. Neuroimaging with fMRI remains a central platform of modern psychedelic research, with implications for our mechanistic understanding of psychedelics, as well as a strong influence on the clinical development of psychedelic-based treatments.
Preface.
Sevanan M, Manikkoth S, Vani C … +1 more , Upadhyay R
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414645 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Altered microbiome influence on the enteric neuromuscular system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Manusha S, Varsha N, Varshini R … +3 more , Sivamani Y, Pokkuluri KS, Elayaperumal S
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414644 · Publisher ↗
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disease marked by the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. While the cause of ALS is uncertain, research indicates that changes in...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disease marked by the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. While the cause of ALS is uncertain, research indicates that changes in the gut microbiome may influence the disease's progression. This chapter explores how alterations in gut microbiota affect the enteric neuromuscular system (ENS) in ALS. In ALS patients, disrupted gut microbiota are linked to the brain-gut axis, impacting both gastrointestinal function and neuronal health. Studies show that microbial changes are associated with inflammation, immune instability, and neurodegeneration, which exacerbate the disease. Gastrointestinal issues like constipation and dysphagia in ALS are tied to ENS dysregulation. Understanding the connections between the gut microbiome, ENS, and central nervous system (CNS) may lead to novel therapies targeting neurodegeneration and microbial dysbiosis in ALS.
Microbiota dysbiosis impact on the immune system dysregulation in Huntington's disease (HD).
Acharjee P, Prasad SK, Singh VV … +2 more , Ray M, Acharjee A
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414643 · Publisher ↗
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric impairments caused by Huntingtin (HTT) gene mutations, resulting in the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein. Both...
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric impairments caused by Huntingtin (HTT) gene mutations, resulting in the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein. Both innate and adaptive immunities play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of HD. In this chapter, we explore the vital role of the gut microbiota in HD, emphasizing its impact on the immune response and brain health via the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis influences immune responses and HD pathogenesis through microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss advanced mathematical models, telemedicine, and biosensors for tracking HD progression and detecting gut dysbiosis. Nutritional interventions to restore microbiota balance and using artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict disease prognosis and personalized treatments have been highlighted. Based on their unique immune profiles and gut microbiota, personalized medicine has been proposed as a promising strategy for effective HD treatment.
Maternal exposure to rubella infection elevates risk of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).
Pitchaikani S, Govindan P, Shakila H
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414642 · Publisher ↗
The rise in neurodevelopmental disorders linked to maternal viral infections, particularly during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, is concerning. Rubella, a contagious viral disease, primarily affects childr...
The rise in neurodevelopmental disorders linked to maternal viral infections, particularly during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, is concerning. Rubella, a contagious viral disease, primarily affects children and young adults, presenting as a rash and mild fever. It can also cause symptoms such as a swollen spleen, blueberry muffin skin spots, small head circumference, meningoencephalitis, developmental delays, and jaundice. When contracted in the first trimester, rubella can lead to severe birth defects or fetal death, with the risk declining after 20 weeks. Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) caused by rubella's teratogenic effects, remains a major public health challenge, with an estimated 100,000 CRS cases annually. Following the approval of the rubella vaccine in 1969, significant strides have been made to reduce CRS and rubella incidences. This chapter provides disease management, prevention strategies, treatment options, and immunological response, focusing on prognosis and insights from current research on rubella and CRS.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - a monophonic illness.
Singh NK, Gupta V, Mishra SK
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414641 · Publisher ↗
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an autoimmune condition frequently caused by infections or immunisation activities and is characterised by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS)...
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an autoimmune condition frequently caused by infections or immunisation activities and is characterised by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). It primarily affects the brain and spinal cord, typically triggered by an immune response, and most often occurs in children but can also affect adults. The condition usually presents with a rapid onset of neurological symptoms and is considered a monophasic illness, meaning it generally occurs as a single episode. Its attack leads to inflammation and demyelination, impairing nerve signal transmission. Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood, molecular mimicry is thought to play a role, wherein an infection induces an immune response that mistakenly targets CNS antigens resembling the infectious agent. Despite improvements in knowledge and therapies, ADEM is still difficult to diagnose and treat. This chapter covers ADEM's diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, and clinical aspects. It emphasises the interactions between the immune system and the CNS, the individualised treatment plans, and the role of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid investigations in diagnosis. Promising immunomodulatory medications and customised medicine strategies are being developed to enhance patient outcomes, even if corticosteroids are still the primary therapy.
Retrospective link of altered mental status and cryptococcal meningitis.
Krishnaraj PN, Venkatesh C, Shivakumar DA … +3 more , Prasad N, Dugganaboyana GK, Ramanna KJ
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414640 · Publisher ↗
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a severe central nervous system infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients, significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality. This chapter explores the link betwe...
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a severe central nervous system infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients, significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality. This chapter explores the link between altered mental status (AMS) and CM, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical correlations. Cryptococcus neoformans invades the central nervous system, evading immune defenses and causing increased intracranial pressure, inflammation, and neuronal damage. AMS, a frequent early symptom in CM, signals neurological involvement and disease severity, ranging from subtle cognitive issues to severe deficits. Retrospective studies highlight AMS as a prognostic marker, often associated with worse outcomes. Diagnostic challenges are discussed, emphasizing early recognition for timely intervention. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are proposed to enhance diagnostic accuracy, prognosis, and management of CM. The chapter also covers antifungal therapies and supportive interventions to mitigate AMS-related complications. Future research directions include AI-driven diagnostics and novel treatments to improve outcomes in CM and its neurological manifestations.
Viral agents in neuromuscular pathology.
Singh AK, Sudhan YG, Ramakrishna R … +1 more , Durairajan SSK
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414639 · Publisher ↗
In recent years, viral infections have been increasingly identified as major players in neuromuscular pathologies. This chapter presents an overview of the evidence and future directions for virus-induced neuromuscular d...
In recent years, viral infections have been increasingly identified as major players in neuromuscular pathologies. This chapter presents an overview of the evidence and future directions for virus-induced neuromuscular disorders. Information is integrated on the global burden of these diseases related to epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies was integrated. Responsible viruses include enteroviruses, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and emerging pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. It represents a broad spectrum of neuromuscular disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, viral myositis, and critical illness neuropathy/myopathy. The book chapter discusses different diagnostic approaches, therapy strategies, and rehabilitation methods, in addition to early intervention and preventive measures. This has led to new insights into novel therapies, unmet research needs, and future perspectives on viral neuromuscular disorders. This chapter demonstrates that supporting both clinical care and patient management with clinical research entails a profound understanding of the difficult interactions between the viruses concerned and the neuromuscular system.
Bacterial meningitis is a significant catalyst for neuroinflammation.
Parthasarathy S, Tharumasivam SV, Chavaan A … +2 more , Giridharan B, Sundaram A
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414638 · Publisher ↗
Bacterial meningitis is a severe infection that can lead to neuroinflammation, posing risks to the central nervous system (CNS). This inflammation, if uncontrolled, can cause long-term neurological damage, cognitive decl...
Bacterial meningitis is a severe infection that can lead to neuroinflammation, posing risks to the central nervous system (CNS). This inflammation, if uncontrolled, can cause long-term neurological damage, cognitive decline, and neuron injury. Management strategies include telemedicine and remote monitoring, enabling continuous observation and timely adjustments in treatment. Early detection through biosensor technology is vital, offering healthcare providers insights for proactive intervention before critical issues arise. Nutritional support, particularly hydration, is also emphasized to strengthen immune response and potentially delay disease progression. The chapter highlights the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning in disease management, from prognostic assessments to creating personalized treatment plans. By integrating AI-driven insights with advanced monitoring and preventive approaches, healthcare providers can mitigate the impact of bacterial meningitis, enhancing patient outcomes and recovery potential.
Microbiome-based dietary supplements for better development and healthy brain.
Upadhyay R, Mani S, Sevanan M
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414637 · Publisher ↗
Microbiome-based dietary supplements have gained attention for their role in enhancing brain development and cognitive health. The gut microbiome influences neurological functions through the gut-brain axis, impacting ne...
Microbiome-based dietary supplements have gained attention for their role in enhancing brain development and cognitive health. The gut microbiome influences neurological functions through the gut-brain axis, impacting neurotransmitter production, immune regulation, and metabolic pathways. Dysbiosis is linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and autism spectrum disorders. This chapter explores dietary interventions targeting the microbiome, emphasising probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. Additionally, AI and machine learning are transforming microbiome research by enabling personalised supplementation strategies tailored to individual gut profiles. Ethical challenges, including data privacy and algorithmic bias, are also discussed. Advances in big data analytics and predictive modelling are paving the way for precision-targeted interventions to optimise brain health. While microbiome-based therapies hold great promise, further clinical validation and regulatory frameworks are needed to ensure their efficacy and accessibility. This chapter highlights the future potential of microbiome-targeted strategies in neuroprotection and cognitive well-being.
Abnormal microbiota due to prenatal antibiotic as a possible risk factor for Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Parthasarathy S, Giridharan B, Panigrahi J … +3 more , Konyak LM, Jamir N, Tharumasivam SV
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414636 · Publisher ↗
One of the major issues modern medicine faces is the increasing use of antibiotics in reaction to the increased incidence of infectious agents. The current trend of antibiotic overuse contributes to microbial dysbiosis....
One of the major issues modern medicine faces is the increasing use of antibiotics in reaction to the increased incidence of infectious agents. The current trend of antibiotic overuse contributes to microbial dysbiosis. Recent studies have hypothesized that antibiotic exposure during pregnancy, which alters the composition of the microbiome, might increase the likelihood of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition to the ongoing discussion about the potential links between antibiotic usage, microbiome dysbiosis, and ADHD, there is a rising interest in integrating AI and ML into healthcare practices. Diagnosis, treatment plans, and prognoses are all enhanced by these technological advancements. Remote monitors or telemedicine monitoring are among the management techniques described in this chapter for effectively managing illnesses. Also discussed are ways to halt the progression of diseases by preventative measures that use biosensor technology and dietary approaches. Personalized treatment programs, disease progression stages, and prognosis evaluations are all made possible with the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. By using these technologies to provide individualized therapy, healthcare practitioners may get a better understanding of ADHD and perhaps improve patient outcomes.
Intestinal dysbiosis leads to the reduction in neurochemical production in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Kumar R, Kumar R
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414635 · Publisher ↗
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, with emerging research suggesting a critical link between intestinal dysbiosis and PD progression. This review explo...
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, with emerging research suggesting a critical link between intestinal dysbiosis and PD progression. This review explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, such as alpha-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, while focusing on the impact of gut dysbiosis on intestinal barrier function and its role in reduced neurochemical production. The clinical features of PD, including dopamine, serotonin, and GABA deficiencies, are examined, with a focus on how dysbiosis contributes to neurotransmitter depletion. Current treatments of PD, such as levodopa and dopamine agonists, are discussed alongside gut health therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Future therapeutic directions, including synbiotics, engineered microbes, phage therapy, and the integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), are explored. The chapter also considers preventive strategies, such as lifestyle adjustments and early gut health monitoring using modern diagnostic tools and biosensors. Furthermore, a strong need for continued research into the gut-brain axis (GBA) to develop more effective, gut-targeted therapies for managing PD is discussed.
The role of secondary genomes in neurodevelopment and co-evolutionary dynamics.
Singh S, Saini V, Jha HC
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414634 · Publisher ↗
This chapter examines how human biology and microbial "secondary genomes" have co-evolved to shape neurodevelopment through the gut-brain axis. Microbial communities generate metabolites that cross blood-brain and placen...
This chapter examines how human biology and microbial "secondary genomes" have co-evolved to shape neurodevelopment through the gut-brain axis. Microbial communities generate metabolites that cross blood-brain and placental barriers, influencing synaptogenesis, immune responses, and neural circuit formation. Simultaneously, Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) and Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) modulate gene expression and immune pathways, determining which microbes thrive in the gut and impacting brain maturation. These factors converge to form a dynamic host-microbe dialogue with significant consequences for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Building on evolutionary perspectives, the chapter elucidates how genetic and immune mechanisms orchestrate beneficial and pathological host-microbe interactions in early brain development. It then explores therapeutic strategies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and CRISPR-driven microbial engineering, targeting gut dysbiosis to mitigate or prevent neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Furthermore, innovative organ-on-chip models reveal mechanistic insights under physiologically relevant conditions, offering a translational bridge between in vitro experiments and clinical applications. As the field continues to evolve, this work underscores the translational potential of manipulating the microbiome to optimize neurological outcomes. It enriches our understanding of the intricate evolutionary interplay between host genomes and the microbial world.
The role of microbiome in gut-brain-axis dysbiosis causing depression: From mechanisms to treatment.
Mi J, Morys J, Nowacka-Chmielewska M … +1 more , Burek M
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414633 · Publisher ↗
Gut microbiota not only affects the function of the gastrointestinal tract but also the function of other organs, including the brain. The microbiota-gut-brain axis reflects the constant bidirectional communication betwe...
Gut microbiota not only affects the function of the gastrointestinal tract but also the function of other organs, including the brain. The microbiota-gut-brain axis reflects the constant bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbiota metabolites can cross brain barriers, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) and influence neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. In recent years, the communication between the microbiome and brain in depression has been extensively studied in humans and animal models. In this chapter, we summarise the current literature on the role of gut microbiota in depression, focusing in particular on brain barriers and bidirectional gut-brain communication.
Disruption in the human microbiome causing behavioural changes in bipolar disorder.
Srinivasan S
Int Rev Neurobiol · 2025 · PMID 40414632 · Publisher ↗
This chapter explores the intriguing and complex relationship between the human microbiome and Bipolar Disorder (BD). The microbiome, notably the gut microbiota, has been increasingly recognised as a key performer in bra...
This chapter explores the intriguing and complex relationship between the human microbiome and Bipolar Disorder (BD). The microbiome, notably the gut microbiota, has been increasingly recognised as a key performer in brain health and disease. This is due to its role in the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Disruptions in the gut microbiota due to factors such as diet, and stress, may influence this axis and potentially trigger or exacerbate psychiatric conditions. Hence, we investigate into the present interpretation of the microbiome's role in mental health, concentrating on its impact on mood regulation and cognitive function. Consequently, we also explore the possible mechanisms through which microbiome disruption may pay to the behavioural changes observed in BD. Further exploration understand the complex interplay between the microbiome and BD and translate these findings into effective therapeutic plans.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe