Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40189901
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INTRODUCTION: The nasal route offers a feasible alternative to oral and/or parenteral administration, providing a noninvasive route to achieve nose-to-brain drug delivery involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, an...INTRODUCTION: The nasal route offers a feasible alternative to oral and/or parenteral administration, providing a noninvasive route to achieve nose-to-brain drug delivery involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, and facilitating local or systemic drug action. Conventional liquid nasal dosage forms have not managed to bridge the gaps of precise dosing and targeted central nervous system (CNS) delivery, while more sophisticated formulation approaches are being explored for brain targeting, aiming to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. AREAS COVERED: This review focuses on preclinical and clinical evaluation of microemulsions, in-situ gels, nasal powders, and nanocarrier-based formulations. Key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic findings are discussed to evaluate their potential and limitations in improving drug bioavailability and CNS targeting. The existing regulatory framework for approval of products for nose-to-brain drug delivery is also addressed and relative hurdles are discussed. EXPERT OPINION: While nasal drug delivery holds great promise for CNS therapeutics, key challenges remain, including formulation stability, mucosal permeability, patient adherence. Future research should prioritize improving targeting efficiency, overcoming mucociliary clearance, developing user-friendly pharmaceutical products. Personalized medicine and smart delivery systems could further enhance drug targeting and minimize side effects. Continued research and regulatory advancements are essential to fully realize nasal delivery's perspective in CNS therapeutics.
Prajapati JL, Dhurandhar Y, Singh AP
… +4 more, Gupta DK, Baghel VS, Kushwaha U, Namdeo KP
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40188375
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INTRODUCTION: It is anticipated that the prevalence of illnesses affecting the central nervous system (CNS) will rise significantly due to longer lifespans and changing demography. Age-related decline in brain function a...INTRODUCTION: It is anticipated that the prevalence of illnesses affecting the central nervous system (CNS) will rise significantly due to longer lifespans and changing demography. Age-related decline in brain function and neuronal death are features of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which provide formidable treatment challenges. Because most therapeutic drugs cannot across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the brain, there are still few treatment alternatives available despite a great deal of research. AREAS COVERED: This study explores the role of redox chemical delivery systems in CNS drug delivery and addresses challenges associated with neurodegenerative disease (ND). Redox Chemical Delivery System offers a promising approach to enhancing leveraging redox reactions that facilitate the transport of therapeutic agents across the BBB. Through the optimization of medication delivery pathways to the brain, this technology has the potential to greatly improve the treatment of ND. EXPERT OPINION: As our understanding of the biological underpinnings of ND deepens, the potential for effective interventions increases. Refining drug delivery strategies, such as RCDS, is essential for advancing CNS therapies from research to clinical practice. These advancements could transform the management of ND, improving both treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.
Ahmad S, Bano S, Emad NA
… +6 more, Alam S, Rathee A, Zai I, Pandit J, Aqil M, Sultana Y
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40175908
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BACKGROUND: The current study aims to fabricate Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the co-delivery of Alectinib and Hesperidin (ALB-HSD NLC) for non-small cell lung Cancer (NSCLC) via an inhalational route. RESEARCH DESIG...BACKGROUND: The current study aims to fabricate Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the co-delivery of Alectinib and Hesperidin (ALB-HSD NLC) for non-small cell lung Cancer (NSCLC) via an inhalational route. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD: The ALB-HSD NLC was fabricated using Melt emulsification followed by the sonication method and optimized using a central composite design. The optimized formulation was evaluated for various in vitro and studies. RESULTS: The optimized ALB-HSD NLC had satisfactory results for particle size, Zeta Potential, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. The drug release was more than 2.5-fold higher compared to drugs suspension over 72 hr. A549 human lung cell line study shows IC for ALB and HSD, were 2.289 µg/mL and 73.52 µg/mL, and the dose-dependent toxicity was 0.0209 μg/mL and 0.5213 μg/mL for ALB-HSD NLC formulation and ALB HSD Suspension, respectively, after 72 hr. The Pharmacokinetic study has demonstrated improved AUC0-t (1.38, 1.57-fold) of ALB and HSD from NLC compared to drug suspension. studies give significant results on the syngeneic model. CONCLUSIONS: The prepared ALB-HSD NLC could be promising drug carriers, and they succeeded in delivering small and efficient doses of ALB and HSD to treat NSCLC.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40159727
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INTRODUCTION: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (P-EVs) are nanoscale, lipid bilayer vesicles capable of transporting diverse bioactive substances, enabling intercellular and interspecies communication and material tr...INTRODUCTION: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (P-EVs) are nanoscale, lipid bilayer vesicles capable of transporting diverse bioactive substances, enabling intercellular and interspecies communication and material transfer. With inherent pharmacological effects, targeting abilities, high safety, biocompatibility, and low production costs, P-EVs are promising candidates for drug delivery systems, offering significant application potential. AREAS COVERED: A comprehensive review of studies on P-EVs was conducted through extensive database searches, including PubMed and Web of Science, spanning the years 1959 to 2025. Drawing on animal and cellular model research, this review systematically analyzes the pharmacological activities of P-EVs and their advantages as drug delivery carriers. It also explores P-EVs' drug loading methods, extraction techniques, and application prospects, including their benefits, clinical potential, and feasibility for commercial expansion. EXPERT OPINION: Establishing unified preparation standards and conducting a more comprehensive analysis of molecular composition, structural characteristics, and mechanisms of P-EVs are essential for their widespread application. Greater attention should be given to the potential synergistic or antagonistic effects between P-EVs as carriers and the drugs they deliver, as this understanding will enhance their practical applications. In conclusion, P-EVs-based drug delivery systems represent a promising strategy to improve treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and ensure drug stability.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40156586
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INTRODUCTION: Drug administration is ubiquitous in the healthcare field, and it is crucial to optimize drug delivery methods to improve drug efficacy, reduce systemic toxicity, and enhance patient compliance Thermogels h...INTRODUCTION: Drug administration is ubiquitous in the healthcare field, and it is crucial to optimize drug delivery methods to improve drug efficacy, reduce systemic toxicity, and enhance patient compliance Thermogels have shown immense potential in drug delivery due to their injectability, biocompatibility, and ability to provide localized and sustained drug release. AREA COVERED: This paper discusses the unique properties of thermogel in relation to drug kinetics and their suitability as a carrier. Different considerations and applications of thermogel drug delivery systems (DDS) were highlighted and their challenges to enter the market discussed. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search employed relevant keywords to identify studies on thermogel DDS. Clinicaltrials.gov was also utilized to determine the current state of clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION: Nonetheless, thermogel holds great promise for the future in DDS with research achieving greater heights in terms of complexity and clinical pursuits. Their flexibility in fabrication and modularity manner makes it a great material to tailor to different drug delivery applications and to be integrated into various biomedical disciplinaries.
Weiskirchen R, Weiskirchen S, Grassi C
… +10 more, Scaggiante B, Grassi M, Tierno D, Biasin A, Truong NH, Minh TD, Cemazar M, Pastorin G, Tonon F, Grassi G
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40126051
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INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC), the primary form of liver cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current therapies have limited effectiveness, particularly in advanced stages...INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC), the primary form of liver cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Current therapies have limited effectiveness, particularly in advanced stages of the disease, highlighting the need for innovative treatment options. Small-interfering RNA(siRNA) molecules show great promise as a therapeutic solution since they can inhibit the expression of genes promoting HCC growth. Their cost-effective synthesis has further encouraged their potential use as novel drugs. However, siRNAs are vulnerable to degradation in biological environments, necessitating protective delivery systems. Additionally, targeted delivery to HCC is critical for optimal efficacy and minimal undesired side effects. AREACOVERED: This review addresses the challenges associated with the delivery of siRNA toHCC, discussing and focusing on delivery systems based on lipid and polymeric nanoparticles in publications from the past five years. EXPERT OPINION: Future nano particles will need to effectively cross the vessel wall, migrate through the extracellular matrix and finally cross the HCC cell membrane. This may be achieved by optimizing nanoparticle size, the equipment of nanoparticles withHCC targeting moieties and loading nanoparticles with siRNAs againstHCC-specific oncogenes.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40105773
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INTRODUCTION: Retinal diseases are a leading cause of vision loss, affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatment options are based on invasive methods such as intravitreal injections. Therefore, there is a ne...INTRODUCTION: Retinal diseases are a leading cause of vision loss, affecting millions of people worldwide. Current treatment options are based on invasive methods such as intravitreal injections. Therefore, there is a need for alternative therapeutic strategies that are both effective and more patient-friendly. AREAS COVERED: Topical drug delivery has gained attention as a preferred noninvasive approach, although it is hindered by several ocular barriers. Cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanoparticles have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing drug permeability in the posterior segment of the eye. This review discusses the potential of CDs as enabling pharmaceutical excipients, their role in improving ocular drug bioavailability, and provides examples of CD-based eye drop formulations currently under development or undergoing clinical trials. Also, the role of CDs as active pharmaceutical agents in ophthalmology is discussed. EXPERT OPINION: CD-based nanoparticle eye drops present a promising solution and have shown clinical success. CDs are approved pharmaceutical excipients for eye drop formulations and can act as active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of inherent retinal diseases. Future innovations in hybrid CD-based delivery systems and integration of novel therapeutic compounds could provide more efficient and targeted treatment options for retinal diseases.
Huang Y, Patil CD, Arte KS
… +2 more, Zhou QT, Qu LL
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40101203
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INTRODUCTION: The development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is challenging due to the need for micronized particles to achieve lung delivery. The high specific surface area of micronized particles renders them cohesive a...INTRODUCTION: The development of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) is challenging due to the need for micronized particles to achieve lung delivery. The high specific surface area of micronized particles renders them cohesive and adhesive. Addition of certain excipients like magnesium stearate has been reported to coat the particles and improve the aerosolization in the carrier-based DPI. Therefore, application of particle coating in DPI developments has been investigated and expanded over the years, along with the growing need of high-dose carrier-free DPIs. AREA COVERED: In addition to modifying inter-particulate forces, particle coating has also been demonstrated to effectively provide moisture resistance, modify particle morphology, improve the stability of biologics, alter dissolution behaviors for DPI developments. These different coating functions have been discussed in the current work. Moreover, various coating techniques including solvent-based coating, dry coating, and vapor coating, as well as coating characterization have been summarized in the present review. EXPERT OPINION: The extent of particle coating is critical to DPI performance; however, there is a demand for advanced characterization techniques to quantify and understand the coating quality. Further advancements in coating materials, methods, characterization techniques are needed to better relate coating properties to performance, especially for complex drug modalities.
Rust R, Sagare AP, Zhang M
… +2 more, Zlokovic BV, Kisler K
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40096820
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INTRODUCTION: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vascular endothelial membrane which restricts entry of toxins, cells, and microorganisms into the brain. At the same time, the BBB supplies the brain with nutrients, key s...INTRODUCTION: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vascular endothelial membrane which restricts entry of toxins, cells, and microorganisms into the brain. At the same time, the BBB supplies the brain with nutrients, key substrates for DNA and RNA synthesis, and regulatory molecules, and removes metabolic waste products from brain to blood. BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction have been shown in neurogenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current data suggests that these BBB changes may initiate and/or contribute to neuronal, synaptic, and cognitive dysfunction, and possibly other aspects of neurodegenerative processes. AREAS COVERED: We first briefly review recent studies uncovering molecular composition of brain microvasculature and examine the BBB as a possible therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on AD. Current strategies aimed at protecting and/or restoring altered BBB functions are considered. The relevance of BBB-directed approaches to improve neuronal and synaptic function, and to slow progression of neurodegenerative processes are also discussed. Lastly, we review recent advancements in drug delivery across the BBB. EXPERT OPINION: BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction can significantly affect neuronal and synaptic function and neurodegenerative processes. More attention should focus on therapeutics to preserve or restore BBB functions when considering treatments of neurodegenerative diseases and AD.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40078056
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INTRODUCTION: The pharmaceutical technologists face a lot of challenges and limitations when designing novel drug delivery systems such as low oral bioavailability of many drugs, primarily due to poor solubility, slow di...INTRODUCTION: The pharmaceutical technologists face a lot of challenges and limitations when designing novel drug delivery systems such as low oral bioavailability of many drugs, primarily due to poor solubility, slow dissolution rates, limited permeability through gastrointestinal mucosa, and rapid degradation within the body. AREAS COVERED: The biopharmaceutical classification (BCS) classification represents a map in drug delivery research. Numerous active ingredients are characterized by low bioavailability due to poor water solubility, especially active ingredients of BCS class II and IV. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) could act as game changer in order to overcome the challenges and limitations of poor bioavailability. In this review, timelines representing the launch of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, their introduction to the pharmaceutical platform and their benefits will be discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION: The development of multifunctional systems capable of combining controlled release, targeted delivery, and diagnostic capabilities is a promising avenue. As the technology matures, self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems are likely to become a standard approach for delivering BCS class II and IV drugs, transforming the pharmaceutical landscape.
Dutta D, Hoque AA, Paul B
… +3 more, Begum S, Sarkar UA, Mukherjee B
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40063738
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INTRODUCTION: Apigenin, a widely distributed bioactive flavonoid, has recently gained excellent attention among researchers as an effective anticancer drug that can alternate cancer-signaling pathways, induce programmed...INTRODUCTION: Apigenin, a widely distributed bioactive flavonoid, has recently gained excellent attention among researchers as an effective anticancer drug that can alternate cancer-signaling pathways, induce programmed cell death, and reduce tumor growth in various cancer types. Despite its impressive anti-neoplastic activity, high hydrophobicity, and nonspecific biodistribution make apigenin difficult for pharmaceutical applications. AREAS COVERED: We highlighted the therapeutic potential of apigenin and its derivatives in different cancer types, along with their mechanism of action. Nanoengineered drug delivery systems have remarkable applications in minimizing drug degradation and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of drugs with sustained release, prolonged blood retention time, and reduced off-target toxicities. This review has evaluated and explored the molecular interactions of this novel flavonoid in various cancer signaling pathways to selectively inhibit neoplastic development in multiple cancer types. To ensure the complete coverage of the explored research area, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were used to find not only the most relevant but also connected and similar articles. EXPERT OPINION: A comprehensive overview of apigenin nanotherapy in cancer treatment can establish a platform to overcome its difficulties for pharmaceutical applications and efficient clinical translation from bench to bedside.
Derakhshandeh R, Eshraghi J, Tavakolian M
… +4 more, Duffy KH, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Vlachos PP
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40053331
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BACKGROUND: Design parameters of prefilled pens, known as autoinjectors within the medical device community, can affect pen's functioning and user experience. This study compares the performance of two 2 mL prefilled pen...BACKGROUND: Design parameters of prefilled pens, known as autoinjectors within the medical device community, can affect pen's functioning and user experience. This study compares the performance of two 2 mL prefilled pen devices: lebrikizumab (125 mg/mL) and dupilumab (150 mg/mL). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We recorded force and acoustic signals during administration from the prefilled pen devices and performed high-speed video recording during needle insertion and drug delivery. Measurements were reported in these categories: (i) The kinematics of needle movement during insertion captured by two cameras (ii) Injection flow rate and duration, and the time between acoustic 1st (activation) click and 2nd click sounds (iii) Post-2nd click injection duration, and (iv) delivered dose volume. We investigated the impact of temperature on device performance by experimenting at room temperature (~25℃) and cool condition (~5℃). RESULTS: The lebrikizumab device demonstrated faster injection and more reliable end-of-dose indication, while the dupilumab device showed less lateral needle movement in air during insertion. The device activation forces are provided. CONCLUSION: Our investigation uncovered performance distinctions between lebrikizumab and dupilumab prefilled pens, which could potentially translate into patient experience, and varying levels of risk associated with intramuscular injection for the adult population and premature device removal.
Micari A, Micari A, Virga V
… +6 more, Costa F, Di Bella G, Roscitano G, Versace A, Vadalà G, Vizzari G
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40052958
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INTRODUCTION: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. It is often associated with coronary and/or cerebral vascular involvement, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular and cere...INTRODUCTION: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. It is often associated with coronary and/or cerebral vascular involvement, leading to a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, among which myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Cardiovascular prevention has proven effective in reducing the progression of the disease and early diagnosis leads to more rapid initiation of medical therapy. However, revascularization of the diseased segment represents the only solution in the manifest and symptomatic forms of the disease. AREAS COVERED: Surgical treatment has historically represented the first treatment of PAD, which consists in the creation of bypasses excluding the obstructed segment. Nowadays, endovascular treatment represents in many cases the first line of intervention. Drug-coated balloons are a cornerstone solution for the treatment of peripheral lesions and are supported by multiple trials demonstrating their efficacy and safety. EXPERT OPINION: New devices, such as sirolimus-eluting balloons, and also new eluting technologies will further improve the efficacy and the results of peripheral angioplasty. In the next years, we will experience the routinary use of new techniques currently under study. In this review, we will discuss the role of drug-coated balloons in the treatment of PAD.
Madheswaran T, Chellappan DK, Lye FSN
… +1 more, Dua K
Expert Opin Drug Deliv
· 2025 May · PMID 40022612
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INTRODUCTION: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to pose a considerable health challenge with few therapeutic alternatives. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCN) are nanostructured drug delivery systems made o...INTRODUCTION: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to pose a considerable health challenge with few therapeutic alternatives. Liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCN) are nanostructured drug delivery systems made of lipid-based amphiphilic materials that self-assemble into crystalline phases in aqueous environments. LCN have become a promising way to treat NSCLC owing to their specific properties that make them useful for targeted delivery and controlled drug release. AREAS COVERED: The review provides a brief overview of the use of LCN in the treatment of NSCLC. It explores their composition, fabrication methods, and characterization processes. The article further addresses several nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of NSCLC. Ultimately, it underscores the promise of LCNs as a promising drug delivery system for NSCLC and discusses the obstacles and outlook in this field. EXPERT OPINION: LCN represents a promising frontier in the treatment of NSCLC, offering several specific advantages over conventional therapies. Utilizing their intrinsic self-assembly characteristics, LCN provides meticulous control over drug encapsulation, release kinetics, and cellular absorption, which are crucial for improving therapy success. LCN also has the capability for co-delivery of various drugs, facilitating synergistic therapeutic benefits and addressing multidrug resistance, a prevalent issue in NSCLC treatment.
INTRODUCTION: Developing new vaccines to combat emerging infectious diseases has gained more significance after the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing infectious diseases, and...INTRODUCTION: Developing new vaccines to combat emerging infectious diseases has gained more significance after the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing infectious diseases, and subunit antigens are a safer alternative to traditional live, attenuated, and inactivated vaccines. AREAS COVERED: Challenges in delivering subunit antigens and the status of different vaccine adjuvants. Recent research developments involving emulsion and liposomal adjuvants and their compositions and properties affecting their adjuvancy. EXPERT OPINION: Lipid-based adjuvants, e.g. emulsions and liposomes, represent a paradigm shift in vaccine technology by enabling robust humoral and cellular immune responses with lower antigen doses, a property that is particularly critical during pandemics or in resource-limited settings. These adjuvants can optimize vaccine administration strategies by potentially reducing the frequency of booster doses, thereby improving patient compliance and lowering healthcare costs. While emulsions excel in dose-sparing and broadening immune responses, liposomes offer customization and precision in antigen delivery. However, the broader clinical application of these technologies is not without challenges. Stability issues, e.g. the susceptibility of emulsion-based adjuvants to freezing and their reliance on cold-chain logistics, pose significant barriers to their use in remote/underserved regions. Future developments will likely focus on improving manufacturing scalability and cost-effectiveness.
INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is characterized by abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. This condition presents significant challenges for effective drug delivery. In addition to overcomin...INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is characterized by abnormal differentiation and hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. This condition presents significant challenges for effective drug delivery. In addition to overcoming the thickness of the skin, topical treatments must navigate the complex hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the skin barrier. Recent advancements in nanocarrier technologies, including energy-driven methods and microneedles that penetrate the stratum corneum, present promising strategies for enhancing drug permeation through tailored physicochemical properties. A literature search was performed using the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. AREAS COVERED: This review highlights recent studies on novel topical delivery methods for psoriasis treatment, addressing current therapeutic options and their limitations. We provide a comprehensive overview of chemical nanoformulations and explore physical strategies to improve delivery rates. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages of various formulations that can carry different types of payloads, offering patients diverse strategies for symptom management. The review covers conventional treatments, emphasizing advancements in nanoparticle design and novel macromolecular drugs. This includes Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based therapies that protect macromolecular drugs from rapid clearance in the body. EXPERT OPINION: We argue that intelligent design approaches can enhance efficacy across delivery applications while allowing for precision in treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
INTRODUCTION: The low drug delivery rate of systemic chemotherapy to metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) may be due to tumor growth without tumor neovascularization in the LNs, loss of existing blood vessels and lymph sinuses d...INTRODUCTION: The low drug delivery rate of systemic chemotherapy to metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) may be due to tumor growth without tumor neovascularization in the LNs, loss of existing blood vessels and lymph sinuses due to the tumor growth, and increased intranodal pressure. The lymphatic drug delivery system (LDDS) is a method of injecting anticancer drugs directly into the LNs and can overcome these problems. The world's first specific clinical study using the LDDS for head and neck cancer started in 2024 in Japan. In this review, the background of the development of LDDS up to the present clinical trials is described. AREAS COVERED: The MXH10/Mo-/ (MXH10/Mo/lpr) recombinant inbred model mouse, vascular and lymphatic flow through LNs, the clinical N0 (cN0) LN model, preclinical studies of the LDDS, and its clinical application to treat head and neck cancer. EXPERT OPINION: Conventionally, hematogenous and lymphatic administration have been the focus of attention for drug delivery to LNs. The LDDS is a method for injecting drugs directly to LNs, so it is important to develop a solvent and injecting method that can increase the uniformity of drug distribution within LNs.