Expert Opinion On Drug Delivery[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Zinc oxide nanoparticles from drug delivery to immunomodulation: progress and challenges.
Conte M, Vighetto V, Cauda V
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Jun · PMID 41739446 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Over the last decades, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as promising nanoplatforms for various biomedical applications. This critical perspective summarizes the main uses of ZnO NPs in cancer...
INTRODUCTION: Over the last decades, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as promising nanoplatforms for various biomedical applications. This critical perspective summarizes the main uses of ZnO NPs in cancer therapy, focusing on their roles in advanced drug delivery, stimuli-responsive systems, and immunomodulatory treatments targeting tumor tissues. AREAS COVERED: Due to their intrinsic physicochemical properties, ZnO NPs can dissolve in the acidic tumor microenvironment and generate radical oxygen species, causing metabolic dysregulations that lead to cancer cell apoptosis. When engineered into multimodal nanoplatforms, the combination of ZnO with standard cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, or with energy-activated treatments like photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, achieves synergistic antitumor effects, overcoming many limitations of current standards of care. EXPERT OPINION: Crucially, ZnO demonstrates a strong immunomodulatory capability, promoting T-cell activation and dendritic cell maturation necessary to reverse the 'cold' tumor microenvironment often associated with solid and deep-seated tumors. Overall, ZnO NPs offer revolutionary therapeutic prospects for novel anticancer treatments, provided that challenges regarding long-term stability and controlled degradability are addressed in future works for clinical translation.
Immunomodulatory strategies and targeted delivery systems in atherosclerosis therapy.
Jiang W, Tang H, Hu Y … +4 more , Sun J, Lou Z, Qu P, Liu Q
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Jun · PMID 41729255 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease where lipid-lowering therapy alone leaves 30-40% residual cardiovascular risk, underscoring the need for immunomodulatory interventions. AREAS COVERED:...
INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease where lipid-lowering therapy alone leaves 30-40% residual cardiovascular risk, underscoring the need for immunomodulatory interventions. AREAS COVERED: This review synthesizes literature (1990-2024) on AS immunopathology and targeted nanomedicine. EXPERT OPINION: Key mechanisms include dysregulated macrophage polarization (M1/M2 imbalance), Th1/Treg dysfunction, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and NETosis. Immunomodulatory strategies are shifting from broad immunosuppression toward subset-specific precision intervention - targeting mitochondrial fission (DRP1), ANGPTL3, or epigenetic regulators (SET7). Concurrently, nanodelivery systems have evolved from single-ligand targeting to smart, biomimetic platforms (e.g. VLA-4/VCAM-1 dual-targeting, ROS-responsive release) that enhance spatiotemporal precision. Emerging frontiers include immunometabolic crosstalk (cholesterol crystals activating cGAS-STING) and interventions disrupting immune cell communication (LNP-delivered NLRP3 siRNA, PAD4 inhibitors). Major challenges persist - suboptimal plaque penetration, hepatic nanocarrier accumulation, and risks of systemic immunosuppression. Future breakthroughs require dual-modal platforms integrating immunomodulation with metabolic reprogramming, and multi-omics-guided personalized systems that leverage spatial transcriptomics to tailor delivery to patient-specific inflammatory niches. Bridging the gap between mechanistic elegance and clinical efficacy demands humanized models and flexible trial designs.
Saving money but costing lives: the lack of integrated dose counters on pressurised metered dose inhalers.
Gilchrist FJ, Clayton S, Carroll WD
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Jun · PMID 41718582 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) are used to deliver treatment to individuals with respiratory diseases. Whilst the technology within pMDIs has not significantly changed in the last 25 years, some...
INTRODUCTION: Pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) are used to deliver treatment to individuals with respiratory diseases. Whilst the technology within pMDIs has not significantly changed in the last 25 years, some changes in legislation and supply have taken place. These have been driven by pragmatism, cost and most recently concerns about the environmental impact of the propellants used within their manufacture. A major issue affecting patients in most countries, is the large number of pMDIs without an integrated dose counter (IDC). This makes it difficult or impossible for patients to monitor the number of remaining doses. AREAS COVERED: This article will review how pMDIs work, their environmental impact and the adverse clinical effects of not having an IDC. It will also look at the scale and cost of the issue as well as ways in which individuals can safely assess if their pMDI is empty of medication. EXPERT OPINION: We conclude there is an urgent need for IDCs on short acting beta agonist (SABA) pMDIs to be made mandatory as this is likely to reduce asthma exacerbations and deaths. Whilst waiting for this to happen, patients should be shown how to weigh their SABA canister to identify when it needs to be replaced.
Continuous manufacturing of 3D-printed chewable pediatric gummies by coupling hot melt extrusion with direct extrusion additive manufacturing.
Kolipaka SS, Junqueira LA, Garg V … +2 more , Trivedi V, Douroumis D
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Jun · PMID 41718044 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: 3D printing has been extensively explored as a novel approach to fabricating customized pharmaceuticals due to its adaptability. In this study, a continuous 3D (3-dimensional) printing platform was developed...
BACKGROUND: 3D printing has been extensively explored as a novel approach to fabricating customized pharmaceuticals due to its adaptability. In this study, a continuous 3D (3-dimensional) printing platform was developed for the fabrication of chewable, gummy-like pediatric tablets by coupling Hot Melt Extrusion and Direct Extrusion Printing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The effects of polymer composition, super disintegrants, and infill density on extrusion, printability, and structural integrity were systematically evaluated. Rheological analysis revealed that optimized inks exhibited stable shear-thinning behavior as low as 1.0x10 to 1.0x10 mPa/s with increasing shear rates, ensuring smooth extrusion and excellent layer adhesion. dissolution studies demonstrated that tablet geometry, infill density, and ink composition could be tailored to achieve immediate drug release. RESULTS: 30% and 50% infill structures provided reduced compressive resistance suitable for soft, chewable tablets and resulted in nearly 90% drug release within 30 min. Sensory assessment confirmed effective taste masking via hydrogen-bonding interactions, and optimized sweetener - flavor ratios ensured palatability. CONCLUSIONS: 3D printing enabled the production of pediatric-friendly, chewable dosage forms with tailored mechanical, dissolution, and sensory properties, supporting personalized medicine and enhanced patient compliance.
Mechanistic and translational frontiers on : unfolding drug delivery approaches and opportunities in cancer therapy.
Sharma D, Prajapati SK, Acharya S … +1 more , Jain A
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41714870 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Axitinib demonstrates significant promise in the field of oncology. It effectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis, endothelial proliferation, and tumor microvascula...
INTRODUCTION: Axitinib demonstrates significant promise in the field of oncology. It effectively inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis, endothelial proliferation, and tumor microvascular density. Axitinib exhibits reduced off-target kinase inhibition compared to first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), thereby minimizing broad-spectrum toxicity. However, axitinib's poor aqueous solubility, limited oral bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, and susceptibility to environmental degradation present key pharmacokinetic challenges in its translational application. AREAS COVERED: This review integrates insights from pharmacology, clinical research, and patent literature, while delving into state-of-the-art formulation design paradigms, including lipid nanocarriers, polymeric formulations, stimuli-responsive formulations, and hydrogels. The rationale for such design paradigms is to improve solubility, controlled release, stability, and tumor targeting, thereby enhancing pharmacodynamics and ensuring a better safety profile. A literature search across major databases from 2000 to 2026 supported these findings. EXPERT OPINION: Despite progress in targeted cancer treatment, sustained-release platforms enhance therapeutic potential while minimizing off-target effects. Studies are increasingly being conducted on axitinib combined with compatible anticancer agents after pharmacokinetic and safety considerations. These combinations may alter angiogenic signaling and delay the onset of resistance. As clinical priorities focus on minimizing toxicity, formulation innovations will be crucial to maximize the therapeutic potential of axitinib.
Topical film-forming systems for antifungal delivery: emerging strategies and in-depth evaluation.
Rawool S, Thevar M, Shidhaye S … +1 more , Nagarsenker M
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41693418 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Topical film-forming systems (FFSs) are a promising approach for antifungal therapy. After application, the solvent evaporates, leaving a thin polymeric film on the skin. This film acts as a drug reservoir,...
INTRODUCTION: Topical film-forming systems (FFSs) are a promising approach for antifungal therapy. After application, the solvent evaporates, leaving a thin polymeric film on the skin. This film acts as a drug reservoir, increasing residence time, improving patient comfort, and offering greater convenience compared with conventional creams and gels. AREAS COVERED: Examples of patented antifungal FFSs and available clinical trial data are included to illustrate translational potential. This review then outlines different types of FFSs such as sprays, solutions, gels, and emulgels. Evaluation methods, including mechanical strength, adhesion, substantivity, in vitro release testing (IVRT), in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) and antifungal activity, are also described. Searches of Google Scholar and PubMed were undertaken to gather the literature included in this review. EXPERT OPINION: FFSs show superior benefits in treating superficial fungal infections by enhancing substantivity, providing sustained drug delivery, and improving adherence. Products such as single-application terbinafine films and novel nanocarrier - FFS hybrids demonstrate this potential. However, further standardized IVRT/IVPT clinical validation methods are needed to support wider adoption and ensure translation of laboratory findings into clinical outcomes.
Peptide amphiphile nanofibers: advanced drug delivery platforms for cardiovascular therapeutics.
Foley KI, Jackson AT, Tsihlis ND … +1 more , Kibbe MR
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41689844 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current medical and surgical interventions have limitations related to side-effects and long-term efficacy. Hence, th...
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current medical and surgical interventions have limitations related to side-effects and long-term efficacy. Hence, there is a need for novel therapeutics tailored specifically for cardiovascular disease. Peptide amphiphile nanofibers are well suited for this role. AREAS COVERED: Here we discuss the molecular architecture and self-assembly process of peptide amphiphile nanofibers that make them ideal drug delivery vehicles, their adaptability and durability in physiologic conditions, and many successes in the field of developing targeted nanotherapeutics for drug delivery in the cardiovascular realm. The literature search was performed via PubMed using pertinent keywords with no restriction for dates of publication. When relevant publications were identified, these papers were used to find additional references. EXPERT OPINION: Despite their complexity, peptide amphiphile nanofibers offer a promising platform through which to deliver nanotherapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease. The future involves further development and evaluation of this technology in large animal models to strengthen translational data, discovery of additional physiologic targets, large scale standardized production, and incorporation of novel therapeutics. Importantly, we look forward to incorporating antioxidants into our existing peptide amphiphile nanofiber delivery vehicles to hopefully produce a synergistic effect of our targeted therapeutics.
Recent and future developments in inhaled formulations to overcome anti-bacterial drug resistance.
Islam N, Collet T
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41665347 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Inhaled antibiotic delivery technology is considered an emerging method for overcoming continual challenges posed by resistant bacteria. It enables the delivery of highly localized drug concentrations, ther...
INTRODUCTION: Inhaled antibiotic delivery technology is considered an emerging method for overcoming continual challenges posed by resistant bacteria. It enables the delivery of highly localized drug concentrations, thereby reducing systemic exposure, whilst targeting infected cells to efficiently kill resistant bacteria. AREAS COVERED: The clinical outcomes of inhaled antibiotic delivery strategies against resistant bacteria are limited. With a focus on preclinical and clinical outcomes, this review highlights recent advances in the development of inhaled antibiotic formulations. Further, it emphasizes the emerging strategies as a blueprint for future therapeutic options against resistant bacteria. EXPERT OPINION: Inhaled antibiotic formulations represent one of the most promising avenues for overcoming antibacterial drug resistance. This is achieved by delivering high local doses of antibiotics directly to infected cells, which specifically targets biofilm/mucus and resistant pathogens. Although promising developments in inhaled antibacterials include proteins and peptides, liposomal and lipid‑based nano-carriers, combination therapies, phase therapy, and alveolar macrophage targeted delivery are progressing, some potential barriers such as mucus, biofilms, and bacterial resistance continue to impede clinical translation. As a result, real-world strategic priorities should be emphasized regarding the development of smart inhaled antibacterial formulations with clinical potential to overcome the ongoing barriers associated with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
Intravitreal implants for drug delivery: clinical efficacy, safety, and translational perspectives.
da Silva CN, Inoue TT, França Dias M … +2 more , Fialho SL, Silva-Cunha A
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41664540 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Chronic retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and noninfectious uveitis are among the leading causes of irreversible visual loss worldwi...
INTRODUCTION: Chronic retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and noninfectious uveitis are among the leading causes of irreversible visual loss worldwide. Their management depends on repeated intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents or corticosteroids, which, despite proven efficacy, are associated with high treatment burden and cumulative risks. Sustained-release intravitreal drug delivery systems (DDSs) are effective strategies to prolong therapeutic activity, enhance bioavailability, minimize adverse events, and improve patient adherence. AREAS COVERED: This review provides an overview of the evolution, clinical efficacy, and translational potential of intravitreal DDSs, from nonbiodegradable implants to biodegradable systems. Advances in polymeric design, hydrogels, in situ forming systems, and 3D-printed architecture, are discussed alongside emerging clinical candidates. Key formulation, preclinical, and regulatory barriers to clinical translation are also examined. Comprehensive search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and regulatory repositories was performed (data published up to December 2025). EXPERT OPINION: Intravitreal DDSs are redefining ocular pharmacotherapy by offering prolonged, localized drug release. However, further innovation in polymer design, bioerodible materials, and sterilization methods is essential to balance safety, efficacy, and manufacturability. Integration of precision medicine and next-generation biomaterials will be key to achieving fully optimized, minimally invasive retinal therapies.
Advances in mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating materials, nano-formulations, and gelling systems for nasal drug delivery.
Porfiryeva NN, Moustafine RI, Khutoryanskiy VV
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41645942 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Intranasal drug delivery is increasingly valued not only for local therapy but also as a noninvasive route that can bypass the blood - brain barrier, enabling rapid treatment of neurological and systemic di...
INTRODUCTION: Intranasal drug delivery is increasingly valued not only for local therapy but also as a noninvasive route that can bypass the blood - brain barrier, enabling rapid treatment of neurological and systemic diseases. However, mucociliary clearance and limited epithelial absorption often reduce residence time and bioavailability, creating a need for more effective formulation strategies. Mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrating systems are among the most promising approaches. AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes nasal anatomical and physiological features that govern interactions between formulations and the mucosa. It overviews representative intranasal dosage forms (liquids, powders, gels, films, gelling systems, and nano-formulations). Polymers used as mucoadhesive agents are classified into first- and second-generation materials, which enhance adhesion through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, or covalent attachment. The review also highlights polymers applied to nanoparticle surfaces to facilitate diffusion through mucus and improve epithelial access. Finally, methods to evaluate mucoadhesion and toxicity are outlined, including alternative and models. EXPERT OPINION: Recent advances have expanded nasal delivery options, particularly for nose-to-brain targeting. Yet translation remains limited by insufficient validation, long-term safety uncertainties, and repeated-dose effects. Future progress requires balancing adhesion with penetration, robust toxicology, and integration of innovative polymers with optimized devices.
Chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeted nose-to-brain drug delivery in neurodegenerative disease: a comprehensive exploration of advances, limitations and future prospects.
Mumtaz, Unnithan D, Hosseini H … +2 more , Ali J, Khan MA
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41582778 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and epilepsy, cause irreversible nerve cell degradation, resulting in cognitive and motor decline. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) compli...
INTRODUCTION: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and epilepsy, cause irreversible nerve cell degradation, resulting in cognitive and motor decline. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) complicates treatment, limiting drug access and causing low bioavailability. Chitosan nanoparticles (CH-NPs) offer a promising solution for improving drug delivery to the brain due to their biocompatibility and ability to enhance intranasal delivery, potentially increasing therapeutic efficacy. AREAS OF COVERAGE: The review discusses advancements in chitosan-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems for NDDs, highlighting literature from 2015 to 2025. It indicates that chitosan can improve drug uptake in the brain by up to ten times and emphasizes its potential for targeted central nervous system (CNS) delivery due to its unique properties. Additionally, intranasal delivery is a non-invasive method to bypass the BBB and enhance therapeutic precision. EXPERT OPINION: CH-NPs effectively deliver therapeutics to the CNS, leveraging their mucoadhesive properties and biocompatibility to cross the BBB via intranasal delivery. This platform enhances drug uptake and retention in the brain, addressing challenges faced by traditional therapies for NDDs. Optimizing nanoparticle biomaterial properties and delivery methods could improve therapeutic precision and clinical outcomes.
Redox responsive cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems: a special insight to glutathione responsive CD-nanosponges.
Mohammadvalipour S, Islambulchilar Z, Valizadeh H … +4 more , Trotta F, Khazaei Monfared Y, Mahmoudian M, Zakeri-Milani P
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41574551 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine increasingly focus on the rational design of smart nanocarriers capable of site-specific and stimulus-triggered drug release to improve therapeutic efficacy and r...
INTRODUCTION: Advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine increasingly focus on the rational design of smart nanocarriers capable of site-specific and stimulus-triggered drug release to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. Among them, cyclodextrins (CDs), particularly cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNSs), have emerged as safe, biodegradable, and versatile platforms for drug delivery due to favorable biocompatibility and structural adaptability. AREAS COVERED: CDNSs are three-dimensional, cross-linked polymeric networks formed through chemical reactions between cyclodextrins and suitable cross-linkers, generating porous architectures with high surface area and tunable physicochemical properties. These features enable efficient encapsulation of poorly water-soluble drugs and improvement of their solubility and bioavailability. Beyond conventional CD systems, stimulus-responsive CDNSs provide additional control by responding to internal or external triggers such as pH, temperature, light, and redox conditions. Particularly, glutathione-responsive CDNSs exploit intracellular redox gradients via disulfide bond cleavage, enabling selective drug release in cancerous and inflammatory tissues. Literature for this narrative review was identified through searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, focusing on publications from 2000 to early 2025. EXPERT OPINION: This review highlights glutathione-responsive cyclodextrin nanosponges as an advanced evolution of CD-based carriers, emphasizing emerging structure - property - responsiveness relationships rather than exhaustive coverage. By discussing nanosponge architecture and cross-linking density.
User acceptability and ease of use of the MedRing, a new personalized vaginal drug delivery and monitoring device.
Veen J, Engberts M, Wiegerinck M … +1 more , van der Vaart H
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41554084 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The MedRing is an innovative, flexible vaginal ring that, unlike other rings, allows personalized drug administration and monitoring. This study evaluated its user acceptability and ease of use. RESEARCH DESI...
BACKGROUND: The MedRing is an innovative, flexible vaginal ring that, unlike other rings, allows personalized drug administration and monitoring. This study evaluated its user acceptability and ease of use. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was an exploratory, prospective, open-label, interventional, multicenter study. Twenty-one women (25 - 75 years) used the dummy/placebo MedRing for three weeks, with insertions/removals on day 1 and after weeks 1 and 3. Participants scored design, ease of self-insertion/removal, wearing comfort, and potential future use. They also kept a daily diary, rating comfort on a 10-point scale (1 = intolerable, 10 = no problem). In addition, physicians rated ease of use and complications on a 5-point scale (1 = no problem; 5 = problematic). Safety evaluations included vaginal examinations and adverse event (AE) monitoring. Data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: After three weeks, the median (min-max) overall acceptance score was 9.5 (5 - 10); insertion and removal scored 10 (8-10) and 9 (3-10), respectively. Median comfort scores ranged 8-10. The physician's ease-of-insertion/removal median score was 1 (1 - 5). Two participants discontinued due to AEs: inability to remove the ring and vaginal irritation. CONCLUSION: The MedRing demonstrated high user acceptability and ease of use, supporting its use as a personalized, self-controlled treatment device across a wide age range.
Therapeutic nanofibrous scaffolds in precision drug delivery: formulation design, challenges and regulatory frameworks.
Shokoya MM, Szabó E, Nagy ZK … +2 more , Sebe I, Zelkó R
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41549842 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Drug-loaded nanofibrous systems represent a breakthrough in drug delivery, overcoming limitations of conventional formulations. They demonstrate controlled morphology and flexibility across multiple adminis...
INTRODUCTION: Drug-loaded nanofibrous systems represent a breakthrough in drug delivery, overcoming limitations of conventional formulations. They demonstrate controlled morphology and flexibility across multiple administration routes, with versatility delivering small-molecule and biological drugs, and supporting diverse technological implementations. These platforms address unmet clinical needs in dissolution enhancement, drug stabilization, targeted delivery, thus enhancing bioavailability. AREAS COVERED: The expert review critically evaluates formulation design innovations, scalable manufacturing technologies, and application-specific challenges across buccal, nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, implantable and vaginal nanofibrous systems. It covers the regulatory framework and clinical status while addressing the gap between research and industrial implementation. It emphasizes the critical limitations, drawbacks, and manufacturing barriers that have prevented widespread clinical adoption, alongside strategies to overcome obstacles. EXPERT OPINION: Nanofibrous drug delivery systems offer advantages in dissolution enhancement, biological protection, and patient-tailored administration. However, industrial implementation and regulatory acceptance remain constrained by scalable manufacturing, cost-effectiveness and regulatory harmonization. Despite promising preclinical results, no pharmaceutical drug-loaded nanofiber product has yet achieved FDA or EMA approval.Clinical translation requires process innovation, quality assurance, and demonstrated superiority, supported by artificial intelligence, digital sensors and 3D printing technologies. Over the next five years, nanofiber-based technologies are anticipated to drive innovation in patient-centered therapies.
Clinical hurdles for curcumin and piperine nanoparticles in prostate cancer treatment: a bridge too far or a path to clinical reality?
Yakubu J, Tagit O, Pandey AV
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 May · PMID 41548083 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PC) treatment is limited by resistance mechanisms and cumulative toxicities, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. While curcumin and piperine exhibit potent anticancer properties, th...
INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PC) treatment is limited by resistance mechanisms and cumulative toxicities, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. While curcumin and piperine exhibit potent anticancer properties, their clinical utility is severely compromised by poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism. AREAS COVERED: This review critically analyzes the preclinical and clinical landscape of curcumin and piperine nanoformulations (CPN) for the treatment of PC. We utilized PubMed and Scopus (2000-2025) to evaluate molecular mechanisms, focusing on CYP17A1 inhibition, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, and ferroptosis. The report examines the physicochemical properties of nanocarriers, including PLGA and liposomes, and addresses translational barriers such as the heterogeneity of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, stromal density, and risks associated with piperine-mediated drug - drug interactions. EXPERT OPINION: While nano-encapsulation enhances the therapeutic index of curcumin, clinical translation remains stalled by a reliance on passive targeting and insufficient manufacturing scalability. Future success depends on shifting from 'beaker' synthesis to microfluidic production (Quality by Design) and adopting active targeting (e.g. PSMA-directed delivery) to penetrate the prostate stroma. Without these strategic pivots and biomarker-driven trials, CPNs risk remaining an academic curiosity rather than evolving into a viable clinical intervention.
Application of iron oxide nanoparticles in liver drug delivery: insights into biodegradation and toxicity at cellular, tissue, and organ levels.
Sheptulina AF, Moiseeva EO, German SV … +3 more , Valeeva DL, Blindman MA, Gorin DA
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Apr · PMID 41524097 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Due to its unique anatomical and physiological properties, the liver is known to capture the prevailing amount of intravenously administered nanoparticles. However, selectively delivering them to hepatocyte...
INTRODUCTION: Due to its unique anatomical and physiological properties, the liver is known to capture the prevailing amount of intravenously administered nanoparticles. However, selectively delivering them to hepatocytes, the primary cells affected in most liver diseases, remains challenging, as nanoparticles are predominantly internalized by Kupffer cells, triggering inflammatory responses and fibrosis. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be engineered for active hepatocyte targeting via surface ligand modification, taking into account the nanoparticle size. AREAS COVERED: This review covers the interactions between iron oxide nanoparticles, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatocytes. Iron oxide nanoparticles may induce hepatocellular toxicity through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy impairment. Furthermore, iron metabolism and some proteins involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis are also addressed. The role of the Z-potential, size, and surface modification of nanoparticles were analyzed from the point of view of their uptake by liver cells. The corona and margination effects for iron oxide nanoparticles were considered. EXPERT OPINION: Iron oxide nanoparticles hold significant potential for targeted hepatocyte delivery, provided that their physicochemical properties are carefully optimized to minimize off-target uptake by Kupffer cells and reduce hepatotoxicity. A comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle - cell interactions, iron homeostasis, and the impact of surface engineering is essential for the rational design of safer and more effective nanocarriers. Future progress will depend on balancing hepatocyte-specific targeting with biocompatibility, enabling the translational application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.
A comprehensive review of the Maillard reaction in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms: a focus on lactose.
Xiang J, Chen S, Tan S
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Apr · PMID 41496557 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Solid dosage forms face the risk of the Maillard reaction during development and storage. This reaction occurs between reducing excipients and amino-group-containing drugs, potentially leading to discolorat...
INTRODUCTION: Solid dosage forms face the risk of the Maillard reaction during development and storage. This reaction occurs between reducing excipients and amino-group-containing drugs, potentially leading to discoloration, impurity formation, and degradation of active ingredients, significantly impacting product quality and excipient selection. AREAS COVERED: Using lactose, a representative reducing excipient, as an example, this article systematically explores the mechanisms, influencing factors, control strategies, and potential applications of the Maillard reaction in solid dosage forms. It aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for formulation optimization, quality control, and innovative development of pharmaceutical preparations. Searches of Google Scholar and PubMed were undertaken to gather the literature included in this review. EXPERT OPINION: The Maillard reaction between lactose and amino-group-containing drugs poses a significant quality risk, directly affecting the stability and safety of pharmaceutical preparations. In generic drug development, controlling this reaction is a critical step in achieving consistency with the reference listed drug (RLD). Instead of simply avoiding lactose, a proactive strategy should be adopted early in development. Through compatibility assessment, mechanistic studies, and comprehensive control measures, this challenge can be transformed into an opportunity for formulation optimization and innovation, thereby advancing the development of high-quality solid dosage forms.
Optimizing deferoxamine delivery through the skin for pressure ulcers.
Berryman KS, Mora Pinos MG, Skarsfeldt A … +4 more , Latifi L, Mora Pinos P, Chen K, Gurtner GC
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Apr · PMID 41460884 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Deferoxamine (DFO) is an iron-chelator, approved for systemic treatment of iron overload. New research finds local applications to mechanistically correct ischemia-driven hypoxia that underlies chronic woun...
INTRODUCTION: Deferoxamine (DFO) is an iron-chelator, approved for systemic treatment of iron overload. New research finds local applications to mechanistically correct ischemia-driven hypoxia that underlies chronic wound pathology resulting in therapeutic angiogenesis. Development of composite hydrogels and hybrid biomaterials that combine natural and synthetic polymers for enhanced mechanical integrity, antimicrobial function, and controlled drug release confirms that the field is moving toward multifunctional, bio-responsive wound therapies. Incorporating deferoxamine via reverse-micelle technology in a Deferoxamine Intradermal Delivery Patch (DIDP) advances this field by integrating a clinically approved, mechanistically targeted drug within a biocompatible matrix supported by preclinical safety and translational feasibility. AREAS COVERED: We review transdermal application of deferoxamine and current biomaterials that enable dermal penetration of hydrophilic drugs. We discuss the first-ever in-human clinical application of DIDP and scarcity of clinical trials. Furthermore, we outline necessary steps for broad implementation of DIDP and explore potential future applications, including combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION: Deferoxamine provides a remarkable ability to induce therapeutic angiogenesis despite diabetes or increased age, and this therapy could be utilized for other diseases that impair wound healing such as autonomic skin dysfunction following complete spinal cord injury. We identify efforts to increase the long-term safety profiles and advocate for large-scale randomized clinical trials.
What role might nanolipogels play in enhancing drug delivery?
Cao Y, Wong YS, Venkatraman SS
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Apr · PMID 41460035 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The ideal Drug delivery systems (DDS) should be able to effectively and efficiently deliver the drugs to the targeted tissue or cells, releasing them at a desired rate while retaining their bioactivity. How...
INTRODUCTION: The ideal Drug delivery systems (DDS) should be able to effectively and efficiently deliver the drugs to the targeted tissue or cells, releasing them at a desired rate while retaining their bioactivity. However, most DDS have some drawbacks, such as burst release, limited drug accumulation in the target organs, as well as off-target toxicity. AREAS COVERED: Nanolipogels or NLGs, which consist of a crosslinked core surrounded by a lipid membrane, are continuing to find applications in sustained drug delivery. The core is usually made of a polymer that is chemically crosslinked via the use of UV light or via ionic crosslinking. Studies have shown that varying the crosslink density of the core accomplishes two things: preventing leakage of cargo from the core; and entry into target cells without collapse of the NLG. Applications such as sustained siRNA delivery as well as targeted CRISPR delivery have been reported. EXPERT OPINION: To date no clinical trial has been reported for NanoLipoGels, and the drug/gene delivery applications are currently in the pre-clinical stage. More work directed toward selective targeting using NLGs is warranted, as is a more systematic approach toward the mechanism of cellular uptake. These foundational research steps are essential for advancing the technologies and accelerating the translation to the clinical stage.
Advancing the current state of gene therapies using adeno-associated virus vectors to treat atrial cardiomyopathy.
Hammoud A, Emerson P, Sasaki N … +4 more , Chiang I, Mundisugih J, Tsurusaki S, Kizana E
Expert Opin Drug Deliv · 2026 Apr · PMID 41454530 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by complex interactions involving molecular, electrical, and structural abnormalities that predispose individuals to cardiac dysfunction and stroke. Current trea...
INTRODUCTION: Atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by complex interactions involving molecular, electrical, and structural abnormalities that predispose individuals to cardiac dysfunction and stroke. Current treatments are effective at managing the complications of ACM, but lack the ability to correct the underlying atrial substrate driving the disease state. Alternative treatment modalities are required to address this shortfall with viral-based delivery methods, particularly recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs), being at the forefront of filling this unmet need. Research in the design of rAAVs targeting the atrial myocardium has demonstrated robust atrial transduction with minimal toxicity. Despite the technology's promise, various biological, immunological, and economic obstacles continue to challenge the clinical translation of rAAVs targeting ACM. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the concept of ACM is summarized along with its common sequelae and current management. Following this, a basic overview of rAAV biology is provided alongside a narrative review of research investigating rAAV-based gene therapy targeting atrial myocardium in preclinical models. EXPERT OPINION: Gene therapies provide an opportunity to treat ACM at the root cause beyond the management of its sequelae. However, solutions aiming to improve vector design, manufacturability and suitability for ACM should be adopted to improve therapeutic efficacy and broaden patient accessibility.
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