International Journal Of Psychology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The Role of Daily Stressors and Masculine Values on Mexican Adolescent Aggression.
Espinosa-Hernandez G, Reich JC, Pond RS
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41469239 · Full text
We examined associations between daily stressors and the masculine values of machismo (i.e., hypermasculinity) and caballerismo (i.e., chivalry) in Mexican adolescent verbal and physical aggression. We also explored whet...
We examined associations between daily stressors and the masculine values of machismo (i.e., hypermasculinity) and caballerismo (i.e., chivalry) in Mexican adolescent verbal and physical aggression. We also explored whether machismo and caballerismo moderated the association between stressors and aggression among boys and girls. Mexican adolescents (N = 724; 48% girls; M = 14.74, SD = 1.80) completed a paper and pencil survey in their classroom. We used a series of structural equation models to test hypotheses. As expected, adolescents who perceived more stressors in the areas of home life, school performance, teacher interactions, peer and financial stress also reported more aggression. Moreover, more machismo was associated with more aggression, and caballerismo was associated with less aggression. In contrast to our predictions, more school performance stressors were associated with more aggression, but only for girls low in machismo. Thus, both daily stressors and machismo are linked to aggression. In some cases, however, machismo may buffer the effect of stressors on aggression. This study is correlational, and its generalizability is limited. Despite these limitations, this study highlights the role of stressors and masculine values on aggression in Mexican adolescents. Findings may guide the development of schools' intervention efforts to help regulate students' aggressive behaviour.
Cross-Cultural Validation and Measurement Equivalence of Instigated Workplace Incivility Scale: Analysis of a Diary Study Using Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
Iqbal M, Sun X, Yan Y … +2 more , Hayat A, Bibi M
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41456315 · Publisher ↗
Although workplace incivility (WI) has been extensively studied, limited attention has been paid to its validation in culturally diverse contexts such as China and Pakistan. Addressing this gap, the present study examine...
Although workplace incivility (WI) has been extensively studied, limited attention has been paid to its validation in culturally diverse contexts such as China and Pakistan. Addressing this gap, the present study examines the psychometric properties of the instigated WI scale within these two distinct cultural settings. Furthermore, it investigates the cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the scale using a daily diary methodology. Participants were full-time employees from service-sector organisations in China (n = 110) and Pakistan (n = 118), recruited through snowball sampling. Over 10 days, 758 daily observations were collected from Chinese employees and 836 from Pakistani employees. The findings provide evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the scale in both samples, affirming the conceptual transferability of WI across these cultural contexts. The study also highlights the importance of accounting for cultural nuances in the manifestation and assessment of incivility. Establishing the scale's validity and equivalence contributes critical methodological groundwork for future cross-cultural research on workplace mistreatment.
The Effects of Violent Video Game Characters' Race on Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes.
Mariano TE, da Costa Perman V, Pimentel CE … +2 more , Santos ILS, Pereira CR
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41456309 · Full text
This study investigates how racialized representations in violent video games influence implicit and explicit racial attitudes, and whether these effects are moderated by the player's racial identity. Grounded in the Gen...
This study investigates how racialized representations in violent video games influence implicit and explicit racial attitudes, and whether these effects are moderated by the player's racial identity. Grounded in the General Aggression Model and Evaluative Conditioning theory, 140 participants were randomly assigned to view a violent gameplay video featuring either a Black or a White character. Implicit attitudes were assessed using the Implicit Association Test, and explicit attitudes were measured with a biological racism scale. Results revealed a significant main effect of character race on implicit attitudes: participants exposed to the Black character showed stronger pro-White/anti-Black biases. Moderation analysis indicated that this effect was significant among White participants but not among Black participants. Conversely, Black participants exhibited a significant reduction in explicit racism after exposure to the violent Black character, whereas White participants showed no change. Although moderation effects were marginally significant, the crossover pattern suggests that ingroup identification and stereotype activation may operate in opposite directions depending on viewer identity. These findings advance understanding of media-induced racial bias and highlight the need for more inclusive character representations in interactive media. Implications for theory, game design, and media literacy are discussed.
The Interplay of Borderline Personality Features, Emotion Regulation and Parenting Styles in Early Adulthood: Insights From Network Analysis.
Esmaeilian N, Van Heel M, Baetens I
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41431226 · Publisher ↗
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is marked by emotional instability, identity disturbances and interpersonal difficulties. While deficits in emotion regulation (ER) and parenting styles are associated with BPD, thei...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is marked by emotional instability, identity disturbances and interpersonal difficulties. While deficits in emotion regulation (ER) and parenting styles are associated with BPD, their combined impact on specific BPD features remains unclear. This study used network analysis to explore the complex associations between parenting styles, ER strategies and specific BPD features in a sample of 1289 undergraduate students. Participants completed the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline subscale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. Gaussian graphical models combined with exploratory graph analysis identified central and bridge nodes within the network. Expressive suppression emerged as the most central node in the model, strongly linked to affective instability, negative relationships and self-harm. Cognitive reappraisal showed protective associations with reduced affective instability and identity problems. Authoritative parenting was associated with greater reappraisal and less suppression, whereas authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were linked to maladaptive ER patterns. Bridge nodes (affective instability and negative relationships) connected ER and interpersonal domains, indicating potential pathways for cross-domain distress transmission. This study advances dimensional models of personality pathology by integrating parenting variables into BPD features networks, revealing both intra- and cross-domain intervention targets.
Decomposing Spatial Effects of State-Level Health Outcomes: A Methodological Demonstration and Re-Analysis.
Gruda D, Hanges P, McCleskey JA
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41427945 · Publisher ↗
While spatial autoregressive (SAR) models are increasingly used in population-level psychological studies, researchers often overlook the crucial step of parsing effects into direct, indirect and total impacts, a standar...
While spatial autoregressive (SAR) models are increasingly used in population-level psychological studies, researchers often overlook the crucial step of parsing effects into direct, indirect and total impacts, a standard practice in spatial econometrics. In this paper, we demonstrate the necessity of this practice by re-analyzing Gruda et al.'s (2024) U.S. Dark-Triad and health dataset with heteroskedasticity-robust SAR models and full impact decomposition, revealing significant changes. The previously observed direct protective effect of state-level narcissism on hypertension mortality disappeared when accounting for interstate spillovers. Conversely, the association with lower cancer prevalence and depression strengthened. Several health-behaviour findings reversed direction, indicating naïve regressions conflated within- and between-state effects. Machiavellianism and psychopathy coefficients also shifted. These results demonstrate that spatial spillovers can dilute, negate or reverse local effects, cautioning against policy inferences based solely on direct estimates.
The Predominant Role of Musical Valence Over Arousal in Pain Modulation: A Psychophysiological Study.
Abrahan VD, Alba G, Justel N … +1 more , Muñoz MA
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41427925 · Full text
Several studies have demonstrated the potential capacity of music to induce emotions and manage pain. However, the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) induc...
Several studies have demonstrated the potential capacity of music to induce emotions and manage pain. However, the psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) induced by music on the modulation of pain perception remain poorly understood. In this research, we investigated the impact of the valence and arousal dimensions of music on the perception of pain intensity, aiming to discern which dimension has a greater influence. Healthy young participants were subjected to an acute heat pain stimulus, individually adjusted for each participant, whilst concurrently listening to musical excerpts categorised as pleasant, unpleasant or neutral. Pain ratings, the skin conductance response (SCR) and facial electromyographical (EMG) activity of the zygomaticus and corrugator muscles were recorded throughout the experimental task. After the experiment, subjective ratings in the valence and arousal dimensions were collected for each musical excerpt. In general, subjective measures and physiological correlates of emotions showed that selected musical excerpts elicited the expected affective responses. The pain intensity was greater when listening to unpleasant music than when listening to pleasant music. The main finding of the study indicates that the valence of music plays a more predominant role than arousal in pain modulation.
From Dolls to Trucks: Factors Associated With Adults' Gender-Typing of Children's Toys.
Farrell C, Mulvihill A, Slaughter V … +1 more , Thai M
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41405567 · Publisher ↗
Children's gender socialisation begins from a young age and one socialisation context used to provide gender-based information is toy play. Adults play a key role in prescribing children's toys; however, the factors that...
Children's gender socialisation begins from a young age and one socialisation context used to provide gender-based information is toy play. Adults play a key role in prescribing children's toys; however, the factors that motivate adults to consider toys as gender-typed for boys or girls require further investigation. We investigated predictors of gender-typing of children's toys by women and men, both parents and non-parents. In this study, 1200 adult participants (562 parents, 638 non-parents, 603 women, 597 men) reported their gender-typing of children's toys, gender essentialist beliefs, social role attitudes and retrospective experiences with toys as a child. Results revealed that parental experience, gender essentialist beliefs, gender role attitudes and retrospective toy experiences demonstrated reliable associations with both women's and men's tendency to gender-type children's toys.
Dual Self-Construal Integration (DSCI) and Romantic Relationships in Singapore: Enhancing Romantic Relationship Satisfaction Through Creativity.
Tan K, Cheng CY, Lai GJ … +1 more , Ho D
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41405337 · Publisher ↗
Research has shown that independent vs. interdependent self-construals are largely shaped by culture and can predict the endorsement of distinct relational schemes when dealing with close others. Intriguingly, individual...
Research has shown that independent vs. interdependent self-construals are largely shaped by culture and can predict the endorsement of distinct relational schemes when dealing with close others. Intriguingly, individuals exposed to both Eastern and Western cultures can develop both independent and interdependent self-construals and possess the two seemingly conflicting self-construals simultaneously. What is less explored is how different management of both independent and interdependent self-construals influence individuals' navigation of relational schemas in their romantic relationships. The current research examines the influence of how one's dual self-construal integration (DSCI)-an individual difference measure that captures the degree to which individuals perceive independent and interdependent self-construals as compatible or conflictual-is associated with romantic relationship satisfaction as well as creativity. Using samples comprising college students from Singapore, a society that is exposed to both Asian and Western influence, results showed that DSCI was a valid individual difference construct that was positively associated with enhanced creativity in relationships, which in turn mediated the effects of DSCI on relationship satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Perceived Academic Achievements of Higher Education Students in Times of COVID-19: A Moderated-Mediation Model of Resource Loss and Social Support.
Schiff M, Pat-Horenczyk R, Benbenishty R
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41405324 · Publisher ↗
This multi-wave longitudinal study among six research universities in Israel examines a potential mechanism by which COVID-19-related concerns in early phases are associated with students' academic achievements as the ep...
This multi-wave longitudinal study among six research universities in Israel examines a potential mechanism by which COVID-19-related concerns in early phases are associated with students' academic achievements as the epidemic progressed. Based on Hobfoll Conservation of Resources Theory (COR), it examined the potential mediating role of loss of resources on the associations between COVID-19-related concerns and academic achievements. It further assessed whether social support moderates the potential mediation effect of resource loss on students' academic achievements. Participants included 564 higher-education students who completed the research questionnaire in the three measurement times: at Time 1 (September-October 2020), at time two that was conducted 7 months later, and at time three that was conducted 15-18 months after Time 1 (January-March 2022). The findings revealed that loss of resources served as a mediator; higher levels of COVID-19-related concerns at T1 were associated with a greater loss of resources at T2, and a greater loss of resources at T2 was linked with fewer academic achievements at T3. Moreover, social support moderated the mediation effect of loss of resources. In conclusion, the COR theoretical model plays a significant role in explaining the mechanism behind academic functioning in the context of the pandemic.
A Dyadic Analysis of Chinese Young Adults' Insecure Attachment and Romantic Relationship Quality: The Moderating Role of Disintegration Avoidance.
Chen WW, Zhang LR
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41383094 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to investigate the dyadic association between romantically involved young couples' insecure attachment (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and romantic relationship quality in the Chinese cultu...
This study aimed to investigate the dyadic association between romantically involved young couples' insecure attachment (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and romantic relationship quality in the Chinese cultural context, with the moderating role of disintegration avoidance. We recruited 297 dyads of Chinese couples who were currently in heterosexual romantic relationships. The couples completed measures of their adult attachment orientation, disintegration avoidance, and romantic relationship quality. Cross-sectional actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) revealed the following results: (A) Actor effects existed. Women's insecure attachment (both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) was negatively associated with their own perceptions of romantic relationship quality, while men's attachment avoidance was negatively associated with their own relationship quality. (B) Partner effects of attachment avoidance existed for both genders. Chinese couples' attachment avoidance was negatively associated with their partners' perceptions of romantic relationship quality. (C) Significant moderating effects of men's disintegration avoidance existed between both men's and women's attachment avoidance and men's relationship quality, as well as men's attachment anxiety and women's relationship quality. The present study provided evidence on how insecure attachment hindered relationship quality and how disintegration avoidance moderated such associations through dyadic pathways in the Chinese context.
To Possess or to Experience: Personal Values and Sociocultural Context Moderated Age Differences in Purchase Evaluations.
Peng H, Li T
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41381996 · Full text
Purchase decisions have important implications for consumers' well-being. Age-related motivation changes may affect purchase preferences, while personal values and sociocultural context can moderate the age differences....
Purchase decisions have important implications for consumers' well-being. Age-related motivation changes may affect purchase preferences, while personal values and sociocultural context can moderate the age differences. This study investigates age-related differences in experiential versus material purchase evaluations and the moderating effects of personal values and sociocultural contexts with participants aged 20-78 years from the United States (N = 201) and China (N = 212). A significant country × personal value × age three-way interaction on purchase evaluation was found. Age was negatively related to experiential purchase preference for Chinese participants with lower self-transcendence or openness-to-change values. Such a relationship became weaker or even positive for Chinese participants with higher self-transcendence or openness-to-change values. However, no age-related main effects or interactions were significant in American participants. The study provides insights into age-related differences in consumers' purchase preferences and highlights the critical roles of personal values and sociocultural contexts.
The Influence of Deep Space and the Stars on Emotions.
Martens JP, Prokopetz M, Tomlinson K
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41381950 · Full text
Detailed photographs of deep space from the James Webb telescope are public, yet little is known about how such imagery might affect people. Using both face-to-face and online study designs, compared to exposure to photo...
Detailed photographs of deep space from the James Webb telescope are public, yet little is known about how such imagery might affect people. Using both face-to-face and online study designs, compared to exposure to photographs of urban environments, exposure to photographs of deep space and stars increased experiences of awe overall and also its 6 subfactors, and in particular vastness (e.g., "I felt in the presence of greatness") and accommodation ("I found it was hard to comprehend the experience in full"). Effects were generally larger for photographs of deep space than those of the stars. Mixed results were found on positive affect in general, with it sometimes increasing after exposure to deep space and the stars. No effects emerged on negative affect. Deep space and stars also led to higher ratings of pleasantness of the images, perceived restoration, and willingness to hang such photos in their room compared to urban photographs. Moderators were also assessed (i.e., feeling connected to the night sky and fear of the dark). Overall, results suggest that photographs of deep space from the James Webb telescope have similar, though not identical, effects as photographs of stars, both of which are generally more positive than urban photographs.
Freshmen College Transition: A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Stress and Depression.
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J … +2 more , Cheng G, Wu L
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41366637 · Publisher ↗
This study explored perceived stress (PS) and depression dynamics during the college transition, examining whether changes in PS predict subsequent changes in depression. A total of 971 Chinese college freshmen (M = 19.2...
This study explored perceived stress (PS) and depression dynamics during the college transition, examining whether changes in PS predict subsequent changes in depression. A total of 971 Chinese college freshmen (M = 19.29, SD = 1.14) completed four measurements at 4-week intervals, analysed via multivariate latent growth modeling (LGM). Results showed PS decreased in the first month after enrollment then gradually increased, while depression declined linearly over 3 months. Females showed higher initial PS than males. Initial PS positively predicted initial depression and negatively predicted depression decreases. Furthermore, a PS decrease during the first month positively predicted a subsequent decrease in depression. Conversely, a PS increase during the following 2 months negatively predicted the decrease in depression. Interpersonal connection negatively predicted initial PS and depression but positively predicted later PS increases. Subjective social status negatively predicted initial PS yet positively predicted initial depression and early PS decline. Moreover, group cohesion positively predicted initial PS yet positively predicted its early reduction. These findings highlight associations between changes in PS and freshmen's depression trajectories, pinpoint a critical window for early intervention, and underscore the significance of stress reduction to mitigating initial rises in depression.
Cumulative Alcohol Metabolism Genetic Score as a Moderator of the Association Between Positive Drinking Consequences and Next-Day Alcohol Use: An Observational Study.
Song H, Lee M, Lee D … +3 more , Zaso M, Park A, Kim J
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41360419 · Publisher ↗
Positive outcomes that college students experience after drinking alcohol can motivate them to drink in the future. However, college students may respond to similar alcohol-related experiences differently according to ge...
Positive outcomes that college students experience after drinking alcohol can motivate them to drink in the future. However, college students may respond to similar alcohol-related experiences differently according to genetic variability in their alcohol metabolism genes. This study investigated the effects of a cumulative genetic score (CGS) comprising alleles in ALDH2 rs671, ADH1B rs1229984 and ADH1C rs1693482 on relationships between positive drinking consequences and next-day drinking behaviours. The current study used daily diary assessments from 120 Korean college students (35% male, age range = 18-25) to examine the interactive effects of CGS and positive drinking consequences on alcohol quantity and frequency over 14 days. Multilevel modelling revealed that individuals with higher CGS drank more frequently and consumed a greater number of drinks the next day following positive drinking experiences. In contrast, individuals with lower CGS either did not drink or drank less the next day, even if they had positive drinking experiences on the previous day. Our findings indicate that the effects of positive drinking consequences on next-day drinking behaviours vary according to cumulative genetic risk across ALDH2, ADH1B and ADH1C. These findings may suggest a benefit to genotype-specific interventions for college students' alcohol consumption in response to positive drinking experiences.
Is It a Just World After All? Age Differences in the Belief in a Just World Across 57 Societies and the Influences of Cultural Values.
Li T, Guo N, Luo W
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41355192 · Full text
Individuals' belief in a just world is related to a complexity of personal and social consequences. Understanding the development of justice belief can provide valuable information about its determinants and functions ac...
Individuals' belief in a just world is related to a complexity of personal and social consequences. Understanding the development of justice belief can provide valuable information about its determinants and functions across the lifespan. The current study aims to investigate age-related differences in belief in a just world across adulthood and how the age differences are moderated by cultural values. Responses from 81,543 individuals across 57 societies were analysed. Individual-level information was obtained from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey, and society-level individualism and flexibility scores were obtained from Minkov and Kaasa's work on the two-dimensional model of cultural values. Hierarchical linear modelling was conducted to analyse the data and revealed a robust positive association between age and the belief in a just world. Moreover, society-level flexibility, but not individualism, strengthened the positive association between age and the belief in a just world. A positive main effect of flexibility on the belief in a just world was also found. The study revealed age-related differences in justice belief across societies. The findings suggest that the development of the belief in a just world is jointly influenced by individuals' personal motivational needs for justice and the cultural context.
Does Your Love Lift Me Higher? A Direct Replication of the Energising Role of Secure Relationships.
Lağap AC, Harma M
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41355171 · Publisher ↗
Previous work has revealed that priming people with significant others increases feelings of security and energy, and in turn, boosts exploration motivations. In this preregistered study, we directly replicated Luke et a...
Previous work has revealed that priming people with significant others increases feelings of security and energy, and in turn, boosts exploration motivations. In this preregistered study, we directly replicated Luke et al.'s (2012) Study 2 (N = 281). We found similar results as the replicated study regarding increased security feelings and exploration motivations on the self-report measures after the priming. However, we did not find any support for the increased energy feelings after the attachment security priming. In addition, contrary to Luke et al.'s (2012) results, energy feelings did not mediate the relationship between security priming and exploration motivations. A discussion of null findings, along with the limitations of self-reports and potential misinterpretation of the mediational analyses, follows. We also discuss possible future implications of the current findings.
Intensive Mothering Attitudes and Associations With Maternal Involvement Across Social Classes in Urban China.
Li Y, Ren L, Dai W
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41330580 · Publisher ↗
Despite the growing prevalence of the intensive mothering ideology in China, little quantitative research has been conducted within the Chinese context. Utilising data from 449 Chinese mothers of preschoolers, the curren...
Despite the growing prevalence of the intensive mothering ideology in China, little quantitative research has been conducted within the Chinese context. Utilising data from 449 Chinese mothers of preschoolers, the current study examined how intensive mothering attitudes, as well as whether their associations with maternal involvement in educational activities differed by social class. Results suggested that, compared to middle-class mothers, working-class mothers reported a stronger endorsement of intensive mothering in several aspects. Specifically, they believed more strongly in their inherent roles as mothers, the importance of cognitive stimulation and the child-centred parenting approach, and the challenges of mothering more than their middle-class counterparts. Mothers' endorsements of the importance of cognitive stimulation, the child-centred parenting approach, and the fulfilment in childrearing were positively related to their levels of home-based and school-based involvement. In addition, the association between mothers' recognition of the value of cognitive stimulation and home-based involvement was stronger for middle-class than working-class mothers. The findings highlight the impact of the intensive mothering ideology on maternal involvement and its variations by social class in contemporary China.
Correction to "Post-Traumatic Growth in Adult Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review of Psychological Factors, Predictors, and Interventions".
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41326280 · Full text
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Can Shopping Make People Healthier? Evidence From Panel Data in China.
Luo P, Chen Y, Lee CC
Int J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41298227 · Publisher ↗
A cornerstone of health and well-being research is understanding how different forms of capital and expenditure influence individual outcomes. This study addressed the effects of various types of consumption expenditure...
A cornerstone of health and well-being research is understanding how different forms of capital and expenditure influence individual outcomes. This study addressed the effects of various types of consumption expenditure and social capital on individual health levels in China, using panel data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2016 to 2022. Additionally, we examine the mediating role of living satisfaction between consumption expenditure and social capital. Employing a fixed-effect model, we found that both overall consumption expenditure and social capital have a positive impact on health. Moreover, living satisfaction serves as a key mediator between social capital and health, as well as between consumption expenditure and health. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that agricultural residents benefit more from spending on essentials and education, underscoring the importance of basic living conditions and education in rural health outcomes. Research conclusions remain robust and statistically significant even after a series of robustness checks and treatments for endogeneity. These findings highlighted the close connection between economic resources, social capital and psychological well-being in shaping health outcomes and suggested that improving individual health serves both as a goal and as a strategy for promoting public health, particularly in contexts of social and economic transformation.
Does Being an Only Child Mean Being Lonely? Source of Loneliness in Adolescents.
Tao W, Yu Y
Int J Psychol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41243759 · Publisher ↗
This study investigates the impact of family structure on adolescent loneliness in the context of China's one-child and two-child policies. Despite the known physical and mental health consequences of adolescent loneline...
This study investigates the impact of family structure on adolescent loneliness in the context of China's one-child and two-child policies. Despite the known physical and mental health consequences of adolescent loneliness and the importance of family factors, research on the role of family structure remains limited. Participants (n = 3312, ages 10-19) were drawn from 32 schools in China using class-based cluster sampling. Network analysis was employed to compare loneliness between only children and non-only children, and multiple linear regression predicted loneliness based on family structure and its interactions with key demographic variables. Results indicate that loneliness differs between only children and non-only children, and being sensitive to withdrawal is a key source of loneliness for only children. However, this process can be moderated by factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status. The findings have implications for both academic research and practical interventions addressing adolescent loneliness.
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