Advances In Immunology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Transcriptional regulation of natural killer cell development and maturation.
Kee BL, Morman RE, Sun M
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32327150 · Publisher ↗
Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that respond rapidly to intracellular pathogens or cancer/stressed cells by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines and by killing target cells through direct cytolysis. NK...
Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that respond rapidly to intracellular pathogens or cancer/stressed cells by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines and by killing target cells through direct cytolysis. NK cells are distinct from B and T lymphocytes in that they become activated through a series of broadly expressed germ line encoded activating and inhibitory receptors or through the actions of inflammatory cytokines. They are the founding member of the innate lymphoid cell family, which mirror the functions of T lymphocytes, with NK cells being the innate counterpart to CD8 T lymphocytes. Despite the functional relationship between NK cells and CD8 T cells, the mechanisms controlling their specification, differentiation and maturation are distinct, with NK cells emerging from multipotent lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow under the control of a unique transcriptional program. Over the past few years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the developmental pathways and the factors involved in generating mature and functional NK cells. NK cells have immense therapeutic potential and understanding how to acquire large numbers of functional cells and how to endow them with potent activity to control hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic malignancies and autoimmunity is a major clinical goal. In this review, we examine basic aspects of conventional NK cell development in mice and humans and discuss multiple transcription factors that are known to guide the development of these cells.
Fine-tuning of antiviral innate immunity by ubiquitination.
Zheng Y, Gao C
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081201 · Publisher ↗
The innate immune system represents the first defense line of the host following viral infection. The infection triggers the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the viruses by pattern recog...
The innate immune system represents the first defense line of the host following viral infection. The infection triggers the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the viruses by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host cell. The interaction between viral PAMPs and PRRs evokes a sophisticated signal transduction system and eventually promotes the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Ubiquitination plays an indispensable role in fine-tuning almost every single step of this signaling cascade given on its versatile functions. Ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), which cooperatively and accurately regulate the dynamic and reversible ubiquitination process, are the master regulators of antiviral signaling. In this review, we concentrate on summarizing the ubiquitin ligases and DUBs that modulate the central signaling molecules in antiviral innate immunity. Especially, we emphasize the ones that were identified by the immunologists from China.
The strategies of targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome to treat inflammatory diseases.
Jiang H, Gong T, Zhou R
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081200 · Publisher ↗
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex, the assembly of which can be initiated in response to various exogenous or endogenous danger signals. Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been...
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex, the assembly of which can be initiated in response to various exogenous or endogenous danger signals. Excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human inflammatory diseases, suggesting that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential target for the treatment of these diseases. However, clinical drugs targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome are still not available. Recent data have elucidated the different signaling pathways or events that can control NLRP3 inflammasome activation and have provided some potential compounds with anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and diseases involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and discuss the potential strategies targeting different aspects of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its implications for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Tissue-resident NK cells and other innate lymphoid cells.
Zhou J, Tian Z, Peng H
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081199 · Publisher ↗
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effectors for their defense against pathogens and tumors without the need of prior sensitization. Along with the growing understanding of basic NK cell biology, it has been...
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effectors for their defense against pathogens and tumors without the need of prior sensitization. Along with the growing understanding of basic NK cell biology, it has been widely accepted that NK cells are a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. Apart from the conventional NK cell (cNK) subset that circulates throughout the body, some non-lymphoid tissues contain tissue-resident NK (trNK) cell subsets, and the composition of NK cell subsets varies greatly with different locations. Except for cNK cells, other ILCs are known as tissue-resident cells. In this review, we summarize the unique properties of trNK cells, discuss their lineage relationship with other ILCs, and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the functions of trNK cells and other ILCs.
Metalloimmunology: The metal ion-controlled immunity.
Wang C, Zhang R, Wei X … +2 more , Lv M, Jiang Z
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081198 · Publisher ↗
Metals are essential components in all forms of life required for the function of nearly half of all enzymes and are critically involved in virtually all fundamental biological processes. Especially, the transition metal...
Metals are essential components in all forms of life required for the function of nearly half of all enzymes and are critically involved in virtually all fundamental biological processes. Especially, the transition metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) are crucial micronutrients known to play vital roles in metabolism as well due to their unique redox properties. Metals carry out three major functions within metalloproteins: to provide structural support, to serve as enzymatic cofactors, and to mediate electron transportation. Metal ions are also involved in the immune system from metal allergies to nutritional immunity. Within the past decade, much attention has been drawn to the roles of metal ions in the immune system, since increasing evidence has mounted to suggest that metals are critically implicated in regulating both the innate immune sensing of and the host defense against invading pathogens. The importance of ions in immunity is also evidenced by the identification of various immunodeficiencies in patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters. In addition, cancer immunotherapy has recently been conclusively demonstrated to be effective and important for future tumor treatment, although only a small percentage of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy because of inadequate immune activation. Importantly, metal ion-activated immunotherapy is becoming an effective and potential way in tumor therapy for better clinical application. Nevertheless, we are still in a primary stage of discovering the diverse immunological functions of ions and mechanistically understanding the roles of these ions in immune regulation. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of metal-controlled immunity. Particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms of innate immune stimulation and T cell activation by the essential metal ions like calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe/Fe), and potassium (K), followed by a few unessential metals, in order to draw a general diagram of metalloimmunology.
Regulation of MHC class I-independent NK cell education by SLAM family receptors.
Chen S, Li D, Wang Y … +2 more , Li Q, Dong Z
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081197 · Publisher ↗
Seven members of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors (SFRs) are ubiquitously expressed on hematopoietic cells and they play critical roles in immune cell differentiation and activation. The...
Seven members of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors (SFRs) are ubiquitously expressed on hematopoietic cells and they play critical roles in immune cell differentiation and activation. The engagement of these receptors transmits intracellular signaling mainly by recruiting SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and its related adaptors, EWS-FLI1-activated transcript-2 (EAT-2) and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). The critical roles of SFRs and SAP-family adaptors are highlighted by the discovery that SAP is mutated in human X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP1) disease in which the contact between T and B cells in germinal center and cytotoxic lymphocytes (NK cells and CD8 T cells) function are severely compromised. These immune defects are closely associated with the defective antibody production and the high incidence of lymphoma in the patients with XLP1. In addition to these well-known functions, SLAM-SAP family is involved in NK cell education, a process describing NK cell functional competence. In this chapter, we will mainly discuss these unappreciated roles of SAP-dependent and SAP-independent SFR signaling in regulating MHC-I-independent NK cell education.
Metabolic regulation of innate immunity.
Liang S, Ji L, Kang L … +1 more , Hu X
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081196 · Publisher ↗
Immune responses are often accompanied by radical changes of cellular metabolism of immune cells. On the other hand, an ever increasing number of metabolic pathways and products have been found to possess immune regulato...
Immune responses are often accompanied by radical changes of cellular metabolism of immune cells. On the other hand, an ever increasing number of metabolic pathways and products have been found to possess immune regulatory functions. The field of immunometabolism that investigates the interplay between metabolism and immunity has developed rapidly during the past decade. In this chapter, we attempt to summarize the recent progresses by scientists in China on metabolic regulation of innate immunity from the following three perspectives: metabolic regulation of myeloid cell functions, metabolic adaptations of tissue resident myeloid cells, and metabolism and immunity at the mucosal surfaces.
Deciphering the pathways to antiviral innate immunity and inflammation.
Yang Q, Shu HB
Adv Immunol · 2020 · PMID 32081195 · Publisher ↗
The antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses are critical for host defense against viral infection. How these antiviral responses are initiated and regulated has been intensively investigated. Viral nucleic aci...
The antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses are critical for host defense against viral infection. How these antiviral responses are initiated and regulated has been intensively investigated. Viral nucleic acids are sensed by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger various signaling pathways by utilizing distinct adaptor proteins, kinases and regulatory proteins. These pathways lead to activation of the transcriptional factors NF-κB and IRF3 and ultimate induction of antiviral effector proteins including type I interferons (IFNs), TNF and IL-1β, which are critical mediators of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. For the past 20 years, our groups at Peking University and Wuhan University have made restless efforts in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize the major discoveries from our groups, including the identifications of the critical adaptors VISA/MAVS and MITA/STING, regulatory mechanisms of these adapter-mediated signaling, and regulation of TNF- and IL1β-triggered inflammatory responses.
Non-canonical Hippo signaling regulates immune responses.
Chen L
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699221 · Publisher ↗
The Hippo signaling pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in controlling organ size and maintaining tissue homeostasis in multiple organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Recently, we and others have demons...
The Hippo signaling pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in controlling organ size and maintaining tissue homeostasis in multiple organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that Hippo signaling is also essential for maintaining the immune system homeostasis. Unlike the canonical Mst-Lats-Yap signal pathway, which controls tissue growth during development and regeneration, most studies regarding Hippo signaling in immune regulation is focusing in Mst1/2, the core kinases of Hippo signaling, cross-talking with other signaling pathways in various immune cells. In particular, patients bearing a loss-of-function mutation of Mst1 develop a complex immunodeficiency syndrome. Regarding the Hippo signaling in innate immunity, we have reported that Mst1/2 kinases are required for phagocytosis and efficient clearance of bacteria in phagocytes by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; and at the same time, by sensing the excessive ROS, Mst1/2 kinases maintain cellular redox homeostasis and prevent phagocytes aging and death through modulating the stability of the key antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2. In addition, we have revealed that the Mst1/2 kinases are critical in regulating T cells activation and Mst1/2-TAZ axis regulates the reciprocal differentiation of Treg cells and Th17 cells to modulate autoimmune inflammation by altering interactions between the transcription factors Foxp3 and RORγt. These results indicate that Hippo signaling maintains the balance between tolerance and inflammation of adaptive immunity.
Ionic protein-lipid interactions at the plasma membrane regulate the structure and function of immunoreceptors.
Li H, Yan C, Guo J … +1 more , Xu C
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699220 · Publisher ↗
Adaptive lymphocytes express a panel of immunoreceptors on the cell surface. Phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes, but they have functional roles beyond forming lipid bilayers. In particular, acidic p...
Adaptive lymphocytes express a panel of immunoreceptors on the cell surface. Phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes, but they have functional roles beyond forming lipid bilayers. In particular, acidic phospholipids forming microdomains in the plasma membrane can ionically interact with proteins via polybasic sequences, which can have functional consequences for the protein. We have shown that negatively charged acidic phospholipids can interact with positively charged juxtamembrane polybasic regions of immunoreceptors, such as TCR-CD3, CD28 and IgG-BCR, to regulate protein structure and function. Furthermore, we pay our attention to protein transmembrane domains. We show that a membrane-snorkeling Lys residue in integrin αLβ2 regulates transmembrane heterodimer formation and integrin adhesion through ionic interplay with acidic phospholipids and calcium ions (Ca) in T cells, thus providing a new mechanism of integrin activation. Here, we review our recent progress showcasing the importance of both juxtamembrane and intramembrane ionic protein-lipid interactions.
B cell mechanosensing: A mechanistic overview.
Shaheen S, Wan Z, Haneef K … +3 more , Zeng Y, Jing W, Liu W
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699219 · Publisher ↗
B cells are essential to the adaptive immune system for providing the humoral immunity against cohorts of pathogens. The presentation of antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR) leads to the initiation of B cell activation,...
B cells are essential to the adaptive immune system for providing the humoral immunity against cohorts of pathogens. The presentation of antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR) leads to the initiation of B cell activation, which is a process sensitive to the stiffness features of the substrates presenting the antigens. Mechanosensing of the B cells, potentiated through BCR signaling and the adhesion molecules, efficiently regulates B cell activation, proliferation and subsequent antibody responses. Defects in sensing of the antigen-presenting substrates can lead to the activation of autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases. The use of high-resolution, high-speed live-cell imaging along with the sophisticated biophysical materials, has uncovered the mechanisms underlying the initiation of B cell activation within seconds of its engagement with the antigen presenting substrates. In this chapter, we reviewed studies that have contributed to uncover the molecular mechanisms of B cell mechanosensing during the initiation of B cell activation.
Understanding tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by single cell RNA sequencing.
Ren X, Zhang Z
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699218 · Publisher ↗
The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade provides great hope for curing cancers. However, the patient responses are not even. Precise understanding of tumor immunity is necessary to improving the current cancer...
The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade provides great hope for curing cancers. However, the patient responses are not even. Precise understanding of tumor immunity is necessary to improving the current cancer immunotherapies and to developing new treatment options. Here we applied full-length single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to three cancer types and provide a comprehensive single T cell data resource for understanding various characteristics of tumor-infiltrating T cells. We also developed an analytical framework named as STARTRAC to quantitatively characterize the dynamic properties of various T cell subsets including tissue preference, clonal expansion, migration, and state transitions from the scRNA-seq snapshots of tumor immune microenvironments. Conserved and cancer type-specific T cell subsets and developmental patterns were revealed, and detailed molecular portrait of the tumor immunity-relevant T cell clusters were provided, shedding lights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the composition, heterogeneity, and formation of tumor immune microenvironments. Important genes such as LAYN and IGFLR1 also provided new options for future development of cancer therapeutics.
Autoimmune diseases in China.
Li R, Sun X, Liu X … +2 more , Yang Y, Li Z
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699217 · Publisher ↗
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systematic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, are a group of diseases characterized by the activation of immune cells and excessive production of autoantibodies...
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systematic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, are a group of diseases characterized by the activation of immune cells and excessive production of autoantibodies. Although the pathogenesis of these diseases is still not completely understood, studies have shown that multiple factors including genetics, environment and immune responses play important roles in the development and progression of the diseases. In China, there are great achievements in the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases during the last decades. These studies provide new insight to understand the diseases and also shed light on the development of novel therapy.
T cell immune response within B-cell follicles.
Huang Q, Xu L, Ye L
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699216 · Publisher ↗
B-cell follicle represents a functionally dynamic microstructure within second lymphoid tissues, predominantly consisting of B cells, follicular T cells and DCs. Through intimate interactions with cognate B cells, follic...
B-cell follicle represents a functionally dynamic microstructure within second lymphoid tissues, predominantly consisting of B cells, follicular T cells and DCs. Through intimate interactions with cognate B cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfh) initiate and facilitate germinal center (GC) reactions by providing signals required for producing high-affinity antibodies, as well as for the generation of long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. Concomitantly, germinal center reaction needs to be fine controlled to avoid autoimmunity or B-cell malignancies. Among immune cells residing in follicles, follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr), converted from naïve Treg cells, are specifically assigned to repress excessive GC responses by suppressing Tfh and GC B cells within GC structure. Hence, through Yin and Yang (positive and negative) regulation of GC reaction, Tfh cells play concert with Tfr cells in maintaining immune homeostasis. Besides CD4 T cells, a small portion of CXCR5 expressing CD8 T cells, regarded as follicular cytotoxic T cells (Tfc), could migrate into B cell follicles during chronic viral infection and several types of cancers, and this population exhibit lower level of exhaustion than its CXCR5 counterparts. Besides, Tfc cells demonstrate a stem-cell like phenotype during chronic infection which could further differentiate into terminally differentiated CXCR5CD8 T cells. Collectively, in this review, we will discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the ontology and differentiation of B-cell follicle resident Tfh, Tfr and Tfc cells.
Molecular mechanisms of T helper 17 cell differentiation: Emerging roles for transcription cofactors.
Jiang Y, Wang X, Dong C
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699215 · Publisher ↗
T helper 17 (Th17) cells, characterized by secretion of IL-17 and IL-17F, are a specialized CD4 effector T cell lineage that not only facilitates host defense against pathogen infection and maintenance of mucosal barrier...
T helper 17 (Th17) cells, characterized by secretion of IL-17 and IL-17F, are a specialized CD4 effector T cell lineage that not only facilitates host defense against pathogen infection and maintenance of mucosal barrier, but also potently induces tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Since its discovery in 2005, the developmental program of Th17 cells has been characterized, which involves a number of key cytokines, transcription factors and multiple layers of epigenetic modifications. However, how these mechanisms integrate into the complex regulatory network in Th17 cells has not been well defined. Emerging evidences have revealed essential roles of cofactors in controlling chromosome accessibilities and activities of Th17-specific transcription factors. Moreover, cofactors also act as critical signaling integrators to coordinate multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Deficiency or dysregulation of these cofactors results in defects in Th17 responses and induction of associated autoimmune diseases. Our lab has recently reported several important cofactors in Th17 cells. Here we summarize our findings regarding this new scenario of developmental regulation of Th17 cells. These findings may benefit the development of innovative strategies to treat autoimmune diseases.
Thymocyte selection: From signaling to epigenetic regulation.
Lyu J, Wang L, Lu L
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31699214 · Publisher ↗
During thymocyte development at the double positive stage, thymocytes are subjected to a TCR quality check process termed "thymocyte selection." TCRs with proper binding capabilities to MHC molecules (with self-peptide)...
During thymocyte development at the double positive stage, thymocytes are subjected to a TCR quality check process termed "thymocyte selection." TCRs with proper binding capabilities to MHC molecules (with self-peptide) are able to transduce cell survival signals and allow the continuing of development to single positive T cells. It has been known that TCRs in DP cells can transduce signals with higher efficiency than peripheral mature T cells, even though they share most of the signaling components. Recent studies have revealed some thymocyte-specific signaling modulators including Themis and Tespa1. The activation of TCR signaling during positive selection results in the activation of several key transcription factors and extensive gene expression change, which has been revealed by newly developed systemic transcriptome analysis tools, and could be used for the evaluation of positive selection process. The fate determination postpositive selection is also governed on the epigenetic level including both DNA methylation and histone modifications.
Models of dendritic cell development correlate ontogeny with function.
Anderson DA, Murphy KM
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31607369 · Full text
Rapid advances have been made to uncover the mechanisms that regulate dendritic cell (DC) development, and in turn, how models of development can be employed to define dendritic cell function. Models of DC development ha...
Rapid advances have been made to uncover the mechanisms that regulate dendritic cell (DC) development, and in turn, how models of development can be employed to define dendritic cell function. Models of DC development have been used to define the unique functions of DC subsets during immune responses to distinct pathogens. More recently, models of DC function have expanded to include their homeostatic and inflammatory physiology, modes of communication with various innate and adaptive immune lineages, and specialized functions across different lymphoid organs. New models of DC development call for revisions of previously accepted paradigms with respect to the ontogeny of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and classical DC (cDC) subsets. By far, development of the cDC1 subset is best understood, and models have now been developed that can separate deficiencies in development from deficiencies in function. Such models are lacking for pDCs and cDC2s, limiting the depth of our understanding of their unique and essential roles during immune responses. If novel immunotherapies aim to harness the functions of human DCs, understanding of DC development will be essential to develop models DC function. Here we review emerging models of DC development and function.
Origin and function of synovial macrophage subsets during inflammatory joint disease.
Culemann S, Grüneboom A, Krönke G
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31607368 · Publisher ↗
Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, are a central component of the host's innate immune system designated to protect against invading pathogens. However, these cells do not only interact with var...
Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, are a central component of the host's innate immune system designated to protect against invading pathogens. However, these cells do not only interact with various parts of the innate and adaptive immune system, but also fulfill indispensable duties during the control of tissue homeostasis and organ function. Moreover, macrophages are crucially involved in tissue remodeling and repair in response to damage. Simultaneously, mononuclear phagocytes might also contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In particular, their potential role in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has drawn increasing attention and substantially shaped our general understanding of the role of monocytes and macrophages during health and disease. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the origin and function of mononuclear phagocytes within the joint and addresses their involvement in joint inflammation.
Antibody responses to the HIV-1 envelope high mannose patch.
Daniels CN, Saunders KO
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31607367 · Full text
Neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1) bind to its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Half of the molecular mass of Env is carbohydrate making it one of the most heavily glycosylated pro...
Neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1) bind to its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Half of the molecular mass of Env is carbohydrate making it one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins known in nature. HIV-1 Env glycans are derived from the host and present a formidable challenge for host anti-glycan antibody induction. Anti-glycan antibody induction is challenging because anti-HIV-1 glycan antibodies should recognize Env antigen while not acquiring autoreactivity. Thus, the glycan network on HIV-1 Env is referred to as the glycan shield. Despite the challenges presented by immune recognition of host-derived glycans, neutralizing antibodies capable of binding the glycans on HIV-1 Env can be generated by the host immune system in the setting of HIV-1 infection. In particular, a cluster of high mannose glycans, including an N-linked glycan at position 332, form the high mannose patch and are targeted by a variety of broadly neutralizing antibodies. These high mannose patch-directed HIV-1 antibodies can be categorized into distinct categories based on their antibody paratope structure, neutralization activity, and glycan and peptide reactivity. Below we will compare and contrast each of these classes of HIV-1 glycan-dependent antibodies and describe vaccine design efforts to elicit each of these antibody types.
Neuronal regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation.
Moriyama S, Artis D
Adv Immunol · 2019 · PMID 31607366 · Publisher ↗
Diverse infectious, inflammatory, and environmental stimuli induce type 2 inflammation in the body. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are potent producers of type 2 cytokines and play important roles in promoting typ...
Diverse infectious, inflammatory, and environmental stimuli induce type 2 inflammation in the body. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are potent producers of type 2 cytokines and play important roles in promoting type 2 inflammation. In addition to alarmins and other cytokines which are known to regulate ILC2 responses, emerging studies identified the regulation of ILC2s by the nervous system through neurotransmitter and neuropeptides. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the regulation of ILC2s and type 2 inflammation by the nervous system.
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