The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Correlates of Emergency Preparedness and Response to Disease Outbreaks in Kano, Northwest Nigeria.
Danzomo AA, Kofi B, Audu S … +7 more , Ibrahim UM, Ismail T, Bawa JA, Abbas MA, Alhassan SU, Ibrahim SA, Akyala AI
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143379 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There has been a global noticeable increase in the occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks, compounded by both natural and human-induced disasters. AIMS: We aimed to examine the correlates of emergency pre...
BACKGROUND: There has been a global noticeable increase in the occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks, compounded by both natural and human-induced disasters. AIMS: We aimed to examine the correlates of emergency preparedness and response to disease outbreaks in Kano, Northwest Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional survey that utilised a two stage sampling technique was conducted among 359 stakeholders from the Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health at both State and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 22. P ≤0.05 was set to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 61 years, with a mean age of 41.0 years and a standard deviation of ±8.7 years. Most respondents (70.5%) reported the presence of an Epidemic Preparedness and Response Committee (EPRC) before 2020, while a slightly larger proportion (73.8%) indicated its existence at the time of the survey. Similarly, a higher number of stakeholders confirmed the current presence of rapid response teams (RRTs) during outbreaks (76.9%) compared to their presence before 2020 (71.6%). We found 44.3% of EPRCs and 41.8% of RRTs to be functional. The presence of RRTs during outbreaks was as an independent predictor of EPRC functionality. Areas with insufficient RRT deployment during outbreaks were significantly less likely to have a functional EPRC. Conversely, areas with timely RRT activation were 20% more likely to have a functioning EPRC (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1-0.5). Similarly, RRT functionality was reported more frequently in areas where respondents were uncertain about RRT availability before 2020 (58.8%, P = 0.002). Prior availability of RRTs during outbreaks was identified as an independent predictor of RRT functionality. Areas where respondents were unsure of RRT presence during past outbreaks were 4.7 times more likely to have a functional RRT (aOR = 4.7; 95% CI = 1.2-18.4). CONCLUSIONS: A fairly good proportion of EPRC and RRT were in place; however, their functionality was below optimal. We recommend urgent review of the available Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), and implementation of the relevant guidelines by all the relevant stakeholders for outbreak mitigation, prevention and timely response.
Changing Trend of Ocular Trauma during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown in Kaduna, Nigeria.
Ndife TI, Alhassan MB, Momoh AJ … +1 more , Eze UA
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143378 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on the demographic and clinical profile of patients presenting with ocular trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective comparative...
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on the demographic and clinical profile of patients presenting with ocular trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective comparative cross-sectional study of ocular trauma patients managed in the emergency department (ED) from 26 March 2020 to 31 June 2020 and the similar period in 2019. The differences in patients' data (age, presenting visual acuity, mechanism of injury, location of injury, class of trauma, presentation time post-injury and ocular interventions) were compared. RESULTS: There were 50 trauma patients pre-COVID-19 and 83 patients at lockdown with a trauma prevalence of 1.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The mean age of patients was 21.7 ± 18.8 and 21.1 ± 13.9 years pre-COVID-19 and at lockdown (P = 0.084). During lockdown, the proportion of children with eye injuries decreased from 58% to 50%, also patients with presenting visual acuity worse than 6/60 decreased from 70% to 60.3%. Regarding the mechanism of trauma, there was an increase in the percentage of domestic injuries, vegetative matter implicated and open globe injury (respectively from 44% to 62.7%, from 16% to 32.5% and from 36% to 41%). Injury-to-treatment time was longer during the lockdown. Presentation to the ED within 24 hours of injury reduced to 28.9% from 44% (P = 0.035). More patients (59%) were managed conservatively at lockdown compared to 46% pre-COVID-19 (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The number and prevalence of ocular injuries increased during the COVID-19 lockdown. Injuries were more severe, mainly domestic and vegetative matter was most implicated. Patients presented later to the hospital and were mostly managed conservatively during the lockdown.
Assessment and Improvement of Patient Knowledge on Liver Cirrhosis Prevention Using Structured Teaching in a Hospital Setting.
Naik C
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143377 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic condition that can be prevented through increased awareness and education. However, knowledge amongst clients admitted to gastroenterology units is often inadequate, necess...
BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic condition that can be prevented through increased awareness and education. However, knowledge amongst clients admitted to gastroenterology units is often inadequate, necessitating structured educational interventions. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme (STP) in improving knowledge regarding the prevention of cirrhosis of the liver amongst clients admitted to the gastroenterology unit of a selected hospital in Bangalore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An evaluative research approach using a one-group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design was employed. A convenience sample of 50 clients aged 30-70 years admitted to the gastroenterology unit was selected. A structured knowledge questionnaire was administered before and 7 days after delivering the STP, which covered causes, risk factors, symptoms, and preventive strategies for cirrhosis. RESULTS: Pre-test findings indicated that 74% of clients had inadequate knowledge, 20% had moderate knowledge and 6% had adequate knowledge regarding cirrhosis prevention. Post-test results showed significant improvement, with 38% having adequate knowledge, 38% moderate knowledge and 24% inadequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score increased significantly from 11.62 (standard deviation [SD] = 4.97) to 19.36 (SD = 5.39) post-intervention (P < 0.05). Significant associations were noted between post-test knowledge and demographic variables such as age, occupation and source of information. CONCLUSION: The STP was effective in significantly enhancing clients' knowledge about the prevention of cirrhosis of the liver. Continued health education initiatives are recommended to sustain and further improve awareness amongst at-risk populations.
Comparison of Single versus Multiple Doses of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Caesarean Section: A Randomised Controlled Trial at Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Nigeria.
Muhammad S, Bukar M, Dawha MY … +2 more , Manga MM, Yahya A
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143376 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) with multiple doses for caesarean section (CS) at Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Parallel arm randomised controlle...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) with multiple doses for caesarean section (CS) at Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Parallel arm randomised controlled trial (1:1 allocation) comparing single and multiple dose AMP for CS. Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe, Nigeria. One hundred and seventy-six women undergoing elective and emergency CSs. Participants were randomised into two groups: single dose of intravenous amoxicillin/clavulanic acid before skin incision only (Group A) and multiple doses including post-operative doses (Group B). Surgical site infection (SSI) rate during a 30-day surveillance period. RESULTS: The SSI rate was 2.3% in Group A and 0.0% in Group B (P = 0.058). Febrile morbidity was 1.2% and 2.3%, respectively (P = 0.509). Urinary tract infection occurred in one patient in Group A (P = 0.494). CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose AMP for CS is as effective as multiple doses in preventing SSI. This trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (www.pactr.org) database with unique identification number PACTR202009483150226.
Clinicopathological Presentations and Management Outcomes of Unilateral Sinonasal Masses at a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria.
Adegbiji WA, Azeez IA, Fatai O … +5 more , Babatunde M, Jamiu OW, Okon M, Ayomide AK, Lasisi AO
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143375 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Unilateral sinonasal mass remains a common pathology and management is a prerequisite for effective outcome. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology, clinicopathological pattern and management outcomes...
OBJECTIVE: Unilateral sinonasal mass remains a common pathology and management is a prerequisite for effective outcome. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology, clinicopathological pattern and management outcomes of unilateral sinonasal masses at a tertiary centre in Nigeria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective and hospital-based study of consented patients with unilateral sinonasal masses in Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, carried out from January 2011 to December 2020. Data were obtained using the assisted self-administered structured questionnaire. RESULTS: All the studied age groups had unilateral sinonasal masses with peak age groups of >50 years at 41.1%. The second and third recurrent episodes occurred in 10.7% and 3.6%, respectively. The most common nasal manifestations were nasal blockage (71.4%). Majority of the extranasal manifestations were otological (39.3%) and ocular (7.1%). The most common affected nostril was the right nostril (62.5%). The most common site of origin was maxillary sinus (42.9%). Majority of the histological diagnoses were benign tumours in 71.4%. Majority of benign masses were inverted papilloma (32.1%) and majority of malignancies were squamous cell carcinoma (23.2%). Major surgical interventions were intranasal excisional biopsy (44.6%) and intranasal polypectomy (17.9%). There were 3.6% recurrence and 1.8% mortality recorded in this study. CONCLUSION: Unilateral sinonasal mass is common and it can affect any of the nostril, with late presentations due to pre-hospital self-treatment. It could be benign or malignant and mainly surgical excision and chemo-radiotherapy are the treatment options in malignant types. Health education is advised to encourage early presentation and prompt treatment.
Feasibility, Appropriateness and User Acceptance of Virtual Reality for Clinical Training and Examination in Nigeria: A Mixed Methods Evaluation Study.
Ijarotimi OA, Komolafe A, Adetutu OM … +11 more , Okunola OA, Oluwatope A, Abiona O, Agunbiade OM, Ayinde AT, Aregbesola SB, Akinwale OB, Kolawole BA, Idowu L, Adediwura AA, Otuyemi OD
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143374 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively disrupted health and education systems in Nigeria, especially clinical education, which requires hands-on training and physical assessment of patients. As a result of this pec...
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively disrupted health and education systems in Nigeria, especially clinical education, which requires hands-on training and physical assessment of patients. As a result of this peculiarity, an innovative Virtual model to TRain and Assess Clinical Students (VTRACS), a learner centred approach for teaching clinical healthcare professionals acceptability of this virtual reality (VR) model for clinical students' training and examination, based on limited budget and cost, was developed to mirror a real-life in-class simulation. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, appropriateness and acceptability of this virtual model for clinical students' training and examination. METHODS: A mixed-methods research design was employed using both descriptive quantitative data and in-depth interviews. The participants comprised 24 students from dentistry, nursing, medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology programmes and eight faculty members at a public University in Southwest Nigeria. All the participants were exposed to VTRACS for training and assessment. RESULTS: The results showed a high level of feasibility (72%), appropriateness (85%) and acceptability (84%) for the virtual model. The findings from the qualitative data revealed varied views on the implementation of the virtual model for the training and assessment of clinical students. While a vast majority of the participants judged the intervention as effective in teaching and assessment, others expressed some challenges, including possible loss of empathy for patients, less effectiveness for complicated operations and unsuitability for some specific clinical examinations. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the model should be integrated and combined with physical training and assessment to optimise the benefits of Virtual Reality (VR) in medical education.
Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Its Determinants among Older Adults in Urban South India - A Cross-sectional Study.
Diwakar R, Chakravarthy BGS, Peter RM … +2 more , Palanisamy K, Anantharaman VV
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143373 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a growing public health challenge for older adults in nations like India due to demographic changes and chronic diseases, significantly impacting daily function. Despite its importance...
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a growing public health challenge for older adults in nations like India due to demographic changes and chronic diseases, significantly impacting daily function. Despite its importance, there is limited research in quantifying the burden of cognitive impairment. AIMS: This study aims to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment among the elderly in an urban area and to determine the associated factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2024 and February 2025 in an urban area of Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu. 300 participants aged 60 years and above were selected using two-stage random sampling. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Katz index of independence of activities of daily living (ADL) and DASS-21 scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with cognitive impairment (MoCA score ≤24). RESULTS: The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 36.67%. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) was present in 11.67% of participants. Multivariate analysis revealed that engaging in leisure activities was protective against cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.332). Factors significantly associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment included gait disturbances (AOR 2.872), dependence in ADL (AOR 5.983) and depression (AOR 7.393). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent among the elderly in this urban South Indian community. Promoting leisure activities and addressing modifiable factors such as depression, functional dependence and gait disturbances are important strategies for mitigating cognitive decline in this population.
Effectiveness of Peer Elder Volunteers in Facilitating Physiotherapy Service Uptake from a Selected Urban Primary Health Centre in Puducherry, India: A Quasi-experimental Study.
Tadingi P, Sahu SK, Kumar N … +2 more , Raj R, Rajan K
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143372 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are common amongst elders. India's elderly population poses challenges in accessing health care, especially for physiotherapy services, which remains limited in primary care se...
BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are common amongst elders. India's elderly population poses challenges in accessing health care, especially for physiotherapy services, which remains limited in primary care settings. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a peer elder volunteers network in increasing physiotherapy service utilisation from a selected urban Primary Health Centre (PHC) and to elevate improvements in pain, range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength following physiotherapy. METHODOLOGY: A parallel-arm quasi-experimental study was conducted amongst elders (≥60 years) having joint problems. Eligible participants were recruited from four municipal wards in JIPMER Urban Health Centre (JIUHC) service area. Two municipal wards each were randomly assigned to the intervention (where peer elder volunteers were involved in mobilising patients along with routine healthcare outreach activities) and control (routine health worker outreach activities) arms. Physiotherapy sessions were conducted at JIUHC, and utilisation was compared across the intervention arms. Pain scores, ROM and muscle strength were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks of physiotherapy. RESULTS: Physiotherapy service uptake was 54% higher in the intervention arm (P < 0.001). Females were significantly more likely to avail services (adjusted risk ratio; 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.29). Significant improvements were observed in ROM, muscle strength and pain reduction (P < 0.001) among elders seeking care for knee and shoulder joint problems. CONCLUSION: Involving peer elder volunteers significantly increased physiotherapy service uptake from a selected urban PHC. This study can also conclude that incorporating physiotherapy services in primary care settings is feasible and effective for the elders with joint problems.
A Comparative Study of Onset and Quality of Labour Analgesia with Dural Puncture Epidural and Conventional Epidural Techniques.
Onyia K, Rasaki AI, Odewabi AA … +2 more , Olorunniyi SB, Ogo CN
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143371 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Dural puncture epidural (DPE) is a modification of the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique, in which a dural puncture is performed without intrathecal drug administration prior to the epidural injection....
BACKGROUND: Dural puncture epidural (DPE) is a modification of the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique, in which a dural puncture is performed without intrathecal drug administration prior to the epidural injection. This approach has been shown to enhance the onset and caudal spread of analgesia compared to conventional epidural techniques, without the adverse effects often associated with CSE. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate whether the DPE technique improves the onset and quality of labour analgesia in primiparous women, compared to the conventional epidural (CE) technique. METHODS: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 80 ASA II nulliparous women in labour with cervical dilation of 3 -5 cm were randomly assigned to receive either DPE or CE analgesia. Epidural space was identified using the loss-of-resistance-to-air technique, followed by administration of 15 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2.5 μg/ml. Maintenance dosing was provided hourly. The primary outcome was the proportion of women reporting a pain score of NRS 3. Secondary outcomes included time to adequate analgesia, S2 blockade, sensory and motor block assessments, analgesic consumption, haemodynamic changes, adverse effects, and maternal satisfaction. RESULTS: Of 78 participants completing the study, significantly more in the DPE group achieved NRS 3 at 10 minutes (64.1% vs. 20.5%, P = 0.011). DPE resulted in faster onset, greater S2 blockade, and higher maternal satisfaction. Haemodynamic parameters remained stable, with no differences in adverse effects or labour outcomes.
Attitude of Psychiatric Providers towards Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder in Jammu and Kashmir.
Raj R, Wani RA, Mohd N … +8 more , Nazir D, Wani ZA, Haq I, Mehmood R, Marazi BH, Dilawar T, Manzoor M, Dar AM
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143370 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterised by pervasive emotional instability and self-destructive behaviours, often presenting challenges for healthcare professionals. Negative attitudes among ps...
BACKGROUND: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterised by pervasive emotional instability and self-destructive behaviours, often presenting challenges for healthcare professionals. Negative attitudes among psychiatric service providers may affect care. AIMS: This study aimed to assess attitudes of psychiatric providers towards patients with BPD in Jammu and Kashmir, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between September 2024 and February 2025 using the Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire (APDQ) amongst psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, trainees, interns and social workers in psychiatry departments. Sociodemographic data and APDQ responses were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. RESULTS: We had a total of 189 participants, the majority were female (59.78%). Psychology and nursing interns had highest positive transference scores, while psychiatrists scored lowest. A significant correlation (r = -0.14) was found between age and fear towards BPD patients. No significant associations were observed between service duration or gender and APDQ domains. The internal consistency of the APDQ was high (Cronbach's α =0.85). CONCLUSION: Attitudes towards BPD patients vary by professional role. Interns and psychologists exhibited more positive engagement, whereas psychiatrists and PG trainees reported greater feelings of helplessness. Targeted training is recommended to create empathy, reduce stigma and enhance patient care for individuals with BPD.
Comparative Evaluation of Macular Thickness in Sickle Cell and Non-Sickle Cell Disease Patients at the University College Hospital (Uch) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Avuru JC, Babalola YO, Ugalahi MO … +4 more , Sarimiye TF, Olawoye OO, Olaniyi JA, Oluleye TS
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143369 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in Nigeria, and macular thinning is one of its ocular complications. However, there are currently no local data in the literature on macular thickness in Ni...
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in Nigeria, and macular thinning is one of its ocular complications. However, there are currently no local data in the literature on macular thickness in Nigerians with SCD. This study provides comparative baseline data on the macular thickness profile of an indigenous Nigerian population to address this gap. AIMS: To determine the macular thickness of participants with SCD and compare with their age- and sex-matched participants without SCD at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a hospital-based comparative study conducted at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Patients with SCD aged 18 years and above were age- and sex-matched with non-SCD controls (haemoglobin AA genotype). All participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination, refraction and A-scan biometry and macular thickness was measured with an Optovue iScan spectral-domain optical coherence tomography machine. Data from the left eye of each participant were analysed with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. RESULTS: Seventy participants were recruited into the study and 30 (42.9%) were males. The mean age of all the subjects in the study was 35.9 ± 11.0 years. Group 1 (SCD) comprised 19 (27.1%) Hb SS and 16 (22.9%) Hb SC, whereas Group 2 (non-SCD) were 35 (50%) Hb AA subjects. The SCD group had lower mean macular thickness (MMT) of 271.1 ± 20.2 µm compared to non-SCD group with MMT of 278.5 ± 13.5 µm, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.076). Macular thickness was generally lower in SCD group in all the ETDRS map regions of the macular compared to the non-SCD group with values ranging from 3.0 to 11.5 µm, but statistically significant difference was observed only in the inner inferior macular (P = 0.026) and inner temporal macular (P = 0.046) regions. There was no statistically significant difference in distant visual acuity between non-SCD and SCD participants (P = 0.605). CONCLUSION: This study observed focal macular thinning in SCD compared to non-SCD. However, focal macular thinning was not associated with poorer distant visual acuity in patients with SCD.
Monitoring of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Dyspeptic Adults Based on Histopathological, Endoscopic and Urea Breath Tests in Karbala City.
Al-Mosawi FH, Al-Ali ZA, Hasan FF … +1 more , Al-Janabi AAHS
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143368 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori infection is crucial for properly treating patients with dyspepsia. Several invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods are being utilised. AIMS: This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND: Accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori infection is crucial for properly treating patients with dyspepsia. Several invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods are being utilised. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H. pylori in adult patients with dyspeptic conditions and how it related to endoscopic findings, histological features and the relationship to urea breath test (UBT) results. METHODS: From 723, 100 adult dyspeptic outpatients who underwent UBT and endoscopy were investigated at the Department of Gastroenterology in Imam Al-Hujjah Hospital for gastroduodenal biopsy. A histopathological study was also used to identify H. pylori. RESULTS: The study included 68 females (37 H. pylori positive and 31 with H. pylori negative) and 32 males (13 with H. pylori and 19 without H. pylori) with a female-to-male ratio of 2.1:1. The most common endoscopic finding was nodularity in 28 patients (46%) H. pylori positive and 5 (10%) H. pylori negative, followed by gastritis, erosive gastritis, erythema, hiatus hernia and gastric ulcer. The most common histological feature was chronic gastritis in 52 cases (64%) in the positive bacterial cases and 20 (36%) in the negative group, with a statistically significant relationship. There was a significant difference between histopathological findings with both endoscopic examination and UBT results for H. pylori positive and negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and histological studies with UBT showed a significant ability to detect H. pylori. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the H. pylori infection to avoid major complications.
Effect of Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy on the Serum and Salivary Levels of Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Iron in Patients with Periodontitis at a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria.
Ogunleye BA, Nwhator SO, Adedeji TA … +3 more , Onabanjo OA, Ogundiran T, Adewole OM
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143367 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Few studies have looked at the effect of periodontal therapy on the serum/saliva concentration of micronutrients. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NS...
BACKGROUND: Few studies have looked at the effect of periodontal therapy on the serum/saliva concentration of micronutrients. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on the serum and saliva levels of selenium, zinc, copper and iron in patients with periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty participants were recruited for the study. Test group comprised 30 participants with periodontitis and the control group comprised 30 periodontally healthy participants. Periodontal parameters (clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depth) and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) were assessed for both groups at baseline and after 3 months. Blood and saliva samples were also collected at baseline and after 3 months to determine the levels of selenium, zinc, copper and iron in them. The test group had scaling and root planing with oral hygiene instructions and motivation while the control group had only oral hygiene instructions and motivation at baseline. Inter-group and intra group differences were determined using the independent t-test and paired t-test respectively. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Fifty-one participants completed the study comprising 27 participants in the test group and 24 participants in the control group. The mean values of selenium and zinc increased from the baseline values. Copper and iron mean values however decreased from the baseline values. CONCLUSION: The study showed an increase in the mean serum and salivary levels of zinc and selenium and a decrease in copper and iron following NSPT in patients with moderate-to-severe periodontitis.
Risk factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Study of its Maternal and Foetal Outcomes among Antenatal Women of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kerala.
Jacob OM, Geetha KC, Umadevi N … +1 more , Hizzah S
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143366 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can be defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. We aimed to estimate the proportion of GDM patients and to study the risk factors and thei...
AIMS: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can be defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. We aimed to estimate the proportion of GDM patients and to study the risk factors and their maternal and foetal outcomes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ours was a prospective observational study among women who were recruited from obstetrics and gynaecology department of a tertiary care hospital in Malappuram, Kerala. Pregnant women who completed at least 24-week gestation were included in our study. Women with postprandial blood sugar >140 mg/dl, after administration of 75 g glucose irrespective of their fasting status, were diagnosed to have GDM. These women were then followed up till delivery and outcomes were compared with non-GDM group. RESULTS: 252 pregnant women were recruited into the study and out of them 234 were followed up (92.8%). The prevalence of GDM was 11.9% in our study population. Age, pre-pregnancy body mass index using Asian cutoffs and family history of gestational diabetes were found to be significantly associated with GDM. There was a higher incidence of vaginal candidiasis, polyhydramnios and shoulder dystocia in the GDM patients. CONCLUSION: Complications were higher in the GDM group. Risk stratification can help us to identify patients earlier and for better treatment.
Evaluation of Monocyte-lymphocyte-ratios, Changes of Patterns in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease, Risks and Progression.
Amisu MA, Sotomiwa S, Kayode A … +4 more , Akinola D, Sunday O, Ayoola O, Kelly O
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143365 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is capital-intensive and challenging to manage, thus, a need for a cost-effective and accessible marker. Monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR), a subset of leukocytes, is valuable as a...
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is capital-intensive and challenging to manage, thus, a need for a cost-effective and accessible marker. Monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR), a subset of leukocytes, is valuable as a surrogate tool of chronic systemic inflammation in evaluating and assessing CKD stages and complications. Elevated MLR is associated with worsening systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction in CKD. AIM: To determine whether increase in MLR correlates with progression in CKD stages. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Evaluate the relationship between the MLR and CKD stages. Cross-sectional. Tertiary care centre in Lagos, Nigeria. This is a cross-sectional study of 300 patients with CKD attending a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, conducted between January 2024 and July 2024. The patients' CKD stages were evaluated using the modification of diet in renal disease to calculate their estimated glomerular filtration rate with their corresponding MLR retrieved from their full blood count results. The data were analysed using the SPSS software version 23.0. The statistical significance was set at a P < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 58.5 (5.7) with a male-female ratio of 1.6:1. The average MLR was 0.44 (0.14) the correlation between CKD stages and MLR was (r = 0.763, P = 0.001) subjects in CKD 2 and 3 compared to those on dialysis were 27.4 times likely to fall in fourth quartile of MLR. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that elevated MLR, an inflammatory marker, was strongly associated with worsening renal function across all CKD stages.
Expression Pattern of Oestrogen Receptor in Follicular Thyroid Cancers: A 23 Years Retrospective Multicentre Study in Jos Metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria.
Richard SK, Kwaghe BV, Ifeanyi NJ … +1 more , Jimoh AA
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143364 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Follicular thyroid cancers (FTC) are the second most common type of thyroid malignancy, particularly prevalent among females. Oestrogen receptor (OR) status is significant for both the pathogenesis and progno...
BACKGROUND: Follicular thyroid cancers (FTC) are the second most common type of thyroid malignancy, particularly prevalent among females. Oestrogen receptor (OR) status is significant for both the pathogenesis and prognosis of FTC, as tumours showing this marker might be candidates for targeted medical therapies. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the OR status of FTC cases during the specified study period, providing insights into possible responses to medical-targeted therapy. METHODS: This research was a hospital-based retrospective multicentre study. Data were collected from surgical pathology cancer registries. Tissue samples from the relevant cases were reviewed and classified, followed by immunohistochemistry analysis. The Allred scoring system was used for evaluation, and the data were analysed with SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 20. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the frequencies of categorical variables, the mean and the mode of continuous variables. P value was set at ≤0.05. RESULTS: Among the 95 thyroid cancer cases reviewed, 34 (36%) were classified as FTC. The mean age was 49.8 years (±15.4), with a mode of 44.5 years, a median age of 42 years, and an age range from 32 to 70 years. A significant majority of the cases were female (and statistically significant), accounting for 64.7%, and minimally invasive FTC was the most frequently observed type. Out of the total cases, three (8.8%) tested positive for OR, all of whom were female. Of these, two cases had an OR score of 3 (5.9%), and one case had a score of 5 (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that the majority of follicular thyroid cancer cases were negative for ORs, with all positive cases occurring in females of reproductive age.
Mendelian Randomisation Uncovers Causal Immune-Metabolic Networks in Osteoarthritis: Insights from Immune Cell and Metabolite Interactions.
Chen C, Zou X, Zhang K … +4 more , Li Z, Zheng X, Lu X, Yao J
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143363 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The synergistic effect of immune dysfunction and metabolic disorder has gradually become a research focus in osteoarthritis (OA). AIMS: This study investigated the causal role of metabolites mediating immune...
BACKGROUND: The synergistic effect of immune dysfunction and metabolic disorder has gradually become a research focus in osteoarthritis (OA). AIMS: This study investigated the causal role of metabolites mediating immune cells in OA through a Mendelian randomisation (MR) study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mediation MR framework was employed, integrating data from 731 immune cell phenotypes, 1,400 metabolites and OA genome-wide association studies. Genetic instrumental variables strongly associated with immune phenotypes such as 'HLA DR+ CD4+ lymphocytes' (F ≥ 10, P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) were selected, and causal effects were validated using inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier methods, with metabolite-mediated proportions calculated. RESULTS: MR initially identified immune cells and metabolites causally associated with OA. Subsequent mediation analysis indicated that HLA DR+ CD4+ lymphocytes mediated 19.5% of OA risk through leucine levels (P = 0.030), involving mTORC1 signalling activation and epigenetic regulation. CD25 on CD45RA+ CD4 non-Treg cells exacerbated oxidative stress via S-carboxyethylcysteine (mediation proportion 12.5%, P = 0.033), whereas HLA DR+ NK cells exhibited protective effects through suberate (mediation proportion: -9.89%, P = 0.048). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings. CONCLUSION: This study establishes for the first time a genetic-level immune-metabolic-OA causal network, demonstrating causal links between immune cells and OA and highlighting the critical mediating role of metabolites.
Compliance with the Use of Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria amongst Primary Healthcare Workers in Anambra State, Nigeria - The Role of Funding.
Chukwuka UB, Ibeh CC, Adogu PO … +1 more , Chukwuka JO
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143362 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Nigeria adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in 2005. AIMS: This study aims to determine and compare the compliance of health workers with...
BACKGROUND: Nigeria adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in 2005. AIMS: This study aims to determine and compare the compliance of health workers with the National Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria (National Guidelines) in uncomplicated malaria treatment in Global Fund for AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria- Supported (GFS)and government-supported (GS) primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in Anambra State. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional comparative study involved the review of 1536 case records, a questionnaire-based survey of 82 health workers and a health facility assessment in 32 PHCs in Anambra State. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. The Chi-square test of independence was used to determine the association between the categorical variables at a 0.05 statistical significance level. RESULTS: Compliance with National Guidelines in uncomplicated malaria treatment was 83.2% overall, 89.1% for GFS PHCs and 76.5% for GS PHCs (P = 0.00). ACT stock-out occurred in 43.8% of GFS versus 100.0% of GS PHCs, (P = 0.00). Amongst healthcare workers, access to National Guidelines was 48.8% in GFS PHCs versus 26.8% in GS, (P = 0.04); access to malaria case management aid was 90.2% in GFS PHCs versus 70.7% in GS, (P = 0.03) and supervision was received within the last 6 months of 2017 by 31.7% in GFS PHCs versus 2.4% in GS, (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that compliance with National Guidelines in uncomplicated malaria treatment amongst PHC workers was enhanced by increased free ACT availability, access to guidelines, case management aid availability and supervision frequency. This is evidence for Malaria Elimination Programme evaluation in Anambra State and Nigeria.
Knowledge and Utilisation of Malaria Prevention Strategy among Pregnant Women in Some Selected Primary Health Centres in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
Samuel G, Abdullahi M, Danladi SS … +3 more , Jonah JH, Tweneboah E, Musa A
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143361 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a significant global health threat, with Africa bearing the highest burden. Pregnant women in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable due to the country's high malaria prevalence. OBJECTIVES: The...
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a significant global health threat, with Africa bearing the highest burden. Pregnant women in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable due to the country's high malaria prevalence. OBJECTIVES: The study examined the knowledge and utilisation of Malaria prevention strategies by pregnant women attending some selected primary health centres (PHCs) in Borno State, Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted using a cross-sectional descriptive survey in two local government areas: Maiduguri Metropolitan Council and Jere, in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. Furthermore, Fisher's formula determined the sample size, and data were collected from 407 pregnant women using a questionnaire recruited through a multistage Sampling. Finally, IBM SPSS version 27 statistical software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean age ± standard deviation of 26 ± 4.08, and most (80.8%) of pregnant women have good knowledge of malaria prevention. The utilisation of malaria prevention strategies was low, with 79.1% showing an overall poor usage. 60.9% reported using long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, 20.6% had never used larval source management. 54.8% of the respondents were in their second trimester. Knowledge of malaria prevention was associated with the trimester of pregnancy (P = 0.0044), gravidity (P = 0.019) and education (P = 0.001). However, no relationship was found between maternal religion and knowledge of malaria prevention (P = 1.000). CONCLUSIONS: Although pregnant women are aware of malaria prevention methods, there is a gap in their effective utilisation. To address this, targeted health education, intersectoral collaboration and supportive monitoring at PHC and community levels are recommended.
Prevalence, Determinants and Clinical Correlates of Albuminuria in Nigerians with Frequent Use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.
Uduagbamen PK, Ala OA, Bamikefa TA … +8 more , Soyoye DO, Shitu AO, Hamzat MA, Raji RY, Ajayi SO, Salako BL, Arije A, Kadiri S
Niger Postgrad Med J · 2025 Oct · PMID 41143360 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for treating fever, inflammatory and painful conditions. Their use is more common in low-income settings where artisans and manual labourers take them f...
BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for treating fever, inflammatory and painful conditions. Their use is more common in low-income settings where artisans and manual labourers take them for work-related pain. High doses and prolonged use can cause albuminuria. AIM: The study assessed albuminuria, (a surrogate maker for kidney damage) in frequent NSAID use. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study involved 100 frequent NSAID users and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. History and examination were conducted. Urine samples were collected for analysis, microscopy and albumin-creatinine ratio and, blood samples were collected for creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and haematocrit. RESULTS: The mean age of NSAID users with albuminuria was 63.1 + 4.2 years, which was significantly higher than without albuminuria (41.8 + 4.5 years), P < 0.001. Albuminuria and GFR decline were more common in NSAID users than controls, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively. The mean systolic blood pressure of NSAID users was significantly higher than the controls, P < 0.001. Amongst the NSAID users, albuminuria was positively correlated with metabolic acidosis but negatively correlated with haematocrit, P = 0.04 and P = 0.002, respectively. Albuminuria was common in NSAID users who took herbal remedies and ibuprofen. Associates of albuminuria were advancing age (odds ratio [OR]: 2.17 [confidence interval (CI):1.36-4.52], P = 0.002), prolonged use (OR: 1.97 [CI: 0.05-2.09], P = 0.02), combination therapy (OR: 2.84 [CI: 1.03-6.29], P = 0.001) and ibuprofen use (OR: 1.93 [CI: 1.07-2.45], P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Albuminuria is common in frequent NSAID users, particularly with advancing age, herbal remedies, anaemia, ibuprofen use and prolonged and combination therapy. It is imperative that NSAIDs should be taken in low doses and for short period.
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