Health & Social Work[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Brokering Resources during a Pandemic: Exploring How Organizations and Clinics Responded to the Needs of Immigrant Communities during COVID-19.
Roth BJ, Woo B, Doering-White J
Soc Work · 2022 Dec · PMID 36350589 · Publisher ↗
Though COVID-19 has had sweeping implications, many immigrant groups in the United States have been disproportionately affected. The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on immigrant communit...
Though COVID-19 has had sweeping implications, many immigrant groups in the United States have been disproportionately affected. The purpose of the present study is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on immigrant communities and how local immigrant-serving organizations (ISOs) have responded during the pandemic. The authors conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with executive directors and program coordinators of 31 ISOs and health clinics in Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Findings highlight the needs of immigrants and refugees during the pandemic, including economic burden, lack of information, and limited access to testing and treatment for COVID-19. The authors find that ISOs have responded to these needs by providing basic supports, partnering with other local organizations to channel needed resources to immigrant communities, and collaborating with state-level entities to improve outreach, testing, and treatment. The authors also identify mechanisms that enabled the organizations to make nimble accommodations during the pandemic as well as the burden and compromises that these organizations have experienced. The authors argue that ISOs represent an important aspect of safety nets available for immigrants and provide insights into how other organizations can prepare for public health crises like COVID-19 in the future.
The Experiences of Caretaking and Financial Stress among Social Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Cederbaum JA, Zerden LS, Ross AM … +3 more , Zelnick JR, Pak HH, Ruth BJ
Soc Work · 2022 Dec · PMID 36288085 · Publisher ↗
Social workers have engaged in promotive, preventive, and intervention work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that social workers are disproportionately women, and the essential nature of practice during the pandem...
Social workers have engaged in promotive, preventive, and intervention work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that social workers are disproportionately women, and the essential nature of practice during the pandemic, how social workers experience caretaking and financial stressors warrants examination. Data are drawn from a larger cross-sectional survey of U.S.-based social workers (N = 3,118) conducted from June to August 2020. A convergent mixed-methods design included thematic content analysis and univariate, ordinal, and linear regression models. The sample was 90 percent female; average age was 46.4 years. Although 44 percent indicated moderate or significant caretaking stress, results varied by race/ethnicity, workplace setting, and age. Social workers of color were more likely to report caretaking (p < .001) and financial stress (p < .001) compared with White counterparts. Social workers in children/family services were more likely to report increased financial stress (p < .004). Older age was protective for both caretaking (p < .001) and financial stress (p < .001). Three distinct subthemes were found in caretaking stress (work/life balance, safety concerns, and positionality) and two in financial stress (uncertainty and absence of workplace recognition). Understanding workforce stressors may help organizations and policymakers better support an essential workforce integral to the United States' COVID-19 response and recovery.
When Pandemic Interferes with Work: Psychological Capital and Mental Health of Social Workers during COVID-19.
Ho HCY, Chui OS, Chan YC
Soc Work · 2022 Sep · PMID 35920808 · Publisher ↗
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is not only limited to physical health but also extends to various aspects of everyday life. The present study proposes that the prolonged pandemic can lead to pandemic-work conflict (...
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is not only limited to physical health but also extends to various aspects of everyday life. The present study proposes that the prolonged pandemic can lead to pandemic-work conflict (PWC). The article examines how the pandemic interferes with work, the association between PWC and mental health, and the underlying mechanism of this process. A total of 303 full-time social workers in Hong Kong responded to measures on PWC, psychological capital (PsyCap), and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Data were collected between February and April 2020, when the COVID-19 outbreak was beginning to worsen; 15.8 percent and 14.9 percent of the participants reported mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. Time-based PWC was positively associated and strain-based PWC was negatively associated with PsyCap, which was in turn negatively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. PsyCap was a significant mediator of these relationships. The findings suggest that the relationship between strain-based PWC and psychological distress can be explained by PsyCap, whereby the depletion of psychological resources may contribute to anxiety and depressive symptoms. Positive psychological resources may be an intervening point for promoting mental health among the social services workforce.
Effects of Trauma and Postmigration Stress on Refugee Women's Health: A Life Course Perspective.
Sangalang CC, Vang C, Kim BJ … +1 more , Harachi TW
Soc Work · 2022 Jun · PMID 35662351 · Publisher ↗
Trauma exposure and postmigration stress are associated with adverse health outcomes among refugees, yet the relative effect of these factors for subgroups of refugees and those resettled long-term remains unclear. Drawi...
Trauma exposure and postmigration stress are associated with adverse health outcomes among refugees, yet the relative effect of these factors for subgroups of refugees and those resettled long-term remains unclear. Drawing on life course theory, this study evaluated the associations between war trauma, postmigration stress, and health among Southeast Asian refugee women in the United States, and whether these patterns differ across the life span. A community sample of Vietnamese and Cambodian refugee women aged 30-72 years (N = 293) reported mental and physical health outcomes, conflict-based trauma exposure, and postmigration measures of discrimination and community violence. Both trauma exposure and discrimination were associated with mental and physical health problems, with the relative effect of each stressor varying across specific health outcomes; community violence was associated with poorer mental health. Age moderated the effect of trauma exposure across health outcomes, with stronger associations between trauma and health for older women in particular. Findings provide support for the influence of trauma exposure and the importance of postmigration stressors on health across the life span for refugees. Attending to age group differences in the effects of these stressors, and to subgroups such as women, has implications for interventions addressing the long-term health of refugee populations.
Mental Health Literacy in Sport: The Role of the Social Work Profession.
Moore MA, Gorczynski P, Miller Aron C
Soc Work · 2022 Jun · PMID 35554606 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: Health Impact on Unaccompanied Migrant Children.
Siegel JL
Soc Work · 2022 Jun · PMID 35470397 · Publisher ↗
From the point of apprehension by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at the U.S.-Mexican border to their reunification with sponsors in U.S. communities, unaccompanied children (UC) face political, social, and economic c...
From the point of apprehension by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at the U.S.-Mexican border to their reunification with sponsors in U.S. communities, unaccompanied children (UC) face political, social, and economic conditions, heightening their risk for mental and physical health burdens that may be exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such risk underscores the importance of social work practice and advocacy for the improved treatment and experiences of UC. This article uses a structural vulnerability conceptual lens to summarize the existing literature regarding UC and argues that UC's liminal immigration status, economic precarity, and lack of healthcare access place this group at high structural vulnerability during the pandemic. Further, this article identifies and describes three contexts of structural vulnerability of UC that are important points of social work intervention: (1) at the border, where migrant children are denied their legal right to seek protection; (2) in detention and shelter facilities; and (3) during reunification with sponsors. This article concludes with important practice and policy opportunities for social workers to pursue to obtain social justice for an important and highly vulnerable migrant child population.
Social Work and Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR): Past, Present, and Future.
Teixeira S, Kennedy H
Soc Work · 2022 Jun · PMID 35470395 · Publisher ↗
The social work profession has made tremendous contributions to youth well-being, laying the foundation for social welfare systems and child protection laws. However, deficit-based constructions of youth are deeply engra...
The social work profession has made tremendous contributions to youth well-being, laying the foundation for social welfare systems and child protection laws. However, deficit-based constructions of youth are deeply engrained in the profession. Social work researchers have called for attention to critical approaches like youth participatory action research (YPAR). YPAR has an action-oriented epistemology and engages youth as coresearchers, providing an opportunity to shift social work research and practice paradigms. Yet, social work scholars lag behind cognate disciplines in adopting YPAR. This article examines challenges that have stymied YPAR in social work. The authors review the historical roots of the profession and its relationship to youth; examine present challenges, including social work's training and career progression; and make suggestions for the future, calling social work to affirm our values by reevaluating the way we do research on youth, the way we train future social workers, and the paradigms driving our practice.
Women and Incarceration: Introducing a Gendered Lens into Smart Decarceration.
Gottlieb A, Mahabir M
Soc Work · 2022 Mar · PMID 35134244 · Publisher ↗
Given the scope of mass incarceration, it is quite appropriate that promote smart decarceration (PSD) has been identified as one of the 13 Grand Challenges for Social Work. The aims of PSD are both ambitious and critical...
Given the scope of mass incarceration, it is quite appropriate that promote smart decarceration (PSD) has been identified as one of the 13 Grand Challenges for Social Work. The aims of PSD are both ambitious and critical but do not address women explicitly. The authors argue that PSD should incorporate a gendered lens because a gender-responsive framework is critical for these three reasons: (1) women's pathways to incarceration are different than men's and are shaped by their social status and multiple forms of marginalization based on race, socioeconomic status, gender, and other factors; (2) women face gender-specific needs behind bars (especially those related to reproductive health) and have higher rates of behavioral health needs (e.g., mental health disorders, substance use issues) than men; and (3) although men and women face similar reentry challenges (e.g., housing, parenting, economic hardship, behavioral health), women experience many of these risk factors at higher rates, and their social status shapes how these needs impact their reentry. Until social workers and other advocates consider all the various and intersecting identities of all those impacted by the criminal legal system, they will be never be successful in ending mass incarceration.
Creating Conditions for Professional Development through a Trauma-Informed and Restorative Practice.
Lauridsen MB, Munkejord MC
Soc Work · 2022 Mar · PMID 35134241 · Publisher ↗
Professionals in social work and nursing meet people who, due to trauma, struggle with self-regulation of emotions and social behavior. Caring for trauma survivors requires connection and compassion. Previous research ha...
Professionals in social work and nursing meet people who, due to trauma, struggle with self-regulation of emotions and social behavior. Caring for trauma survivors requires connection and compassion. Previous research has indicated that many professionals, some with their own trauma histories, do not feel sufficiently equipped to practice self-care or cope with challenging communication. To address how insecurity and trauma are rooted in deeper individual and structural causes of social injustice, social workers and nursing students (N = 29) were invited to participate in action research and a restorative circle process. The aim was to provide professionals the opportunity to challenge and reflect upon their own practices by introducing them to a trauma-informed and restorative practice based on the importance of building emotional safety and connection. The findings suggest that given time and space for reflection in a setting characterized by equality and safety, professionals can develop increased (a) self-awareness and compassion, (b) emotional safety and tolerance of stress in challenging communication, (c) trauma understanding, and (d) personal growth. A change to a more restorative and trauma-informed practice could lead to increased interpersonal competence and well-being among professionals and clients.
COVID-19 and First Responder Social Workers: An Unexpected Mental Health Storm.
Davies H, Cheung M
Soc Work · 2022 Mar · PMID 35092291 · Publisher ↗
COVID-19 has disproportionally affected people living in poverty; new immigrants; and those living in healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes), shelters, detention centers, and prisons. The pandemic ha...
COVID-19 has disproportionally affected people living in poverty; new immigrants; and those living in healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes), shelters, detention centers, and prisons. The pandemic has also significantly impacted social workers who face hidden mental health consequences. The resultant feelings and behaviors are similar to disaster-induced trauma, including excessive rumination, hypervigilance, exhaustion, and excessive crying as a result of the adrenaline-driven fight-or-flight response. This article aims to provide information for social workers to protect their own mental health while caring for their clients and raise awareness about social workers' needs in frontline duties. It summarizes five challenges for first responder social workers: (1) COVID-19 impacts on resource constraints, (2) employment insecurity, (3) disenfranchised guilt, (4) physical distancing and caution fatigue, and (5) managing self-care. The article offers recommendations to ameliorate distress and promote advocacy efforts for readjustment. As COVID-19 cases continue to rise, social workers who provide essential care in the field need self-assessment to better understand the impacts these challenges have on them as helpers. The article ends with recommendations to encourage social workers to apply the strengths-based approach to exemplify their professional values in times of pandemic distress.
Experiences with Medicaid Renewal and Reauthorization Policies in the Context of Child Health and Vaccine Coverage.
Holroyd TA, Oloko OK, Limaye RJ
Soc Work · 2022 Mar · PMID 35085388 · Publisher ↗
Difficulties complying with Medicaid recertification requirements may be responsible for a portion of Medicaid disenrollments and may impact access to preventive care. This study aimed to explore the barriers parents exp...
Difficulties complying with Medicaid recertification requirements may be responsible for a portion of Medicaid disenrollments and may impact access to preventive care. This study aimed to explore the barriers parents experienced renewing their child's Medicaid, how those barriers impact access to healthcare, and how changes in Medicaid policy can improve child health outcomes. To understand the barriers associated with Medicaid renewal, authors conducted in-depth interviews (N = 24) with racially and demographically diverse parents living in Baltimore. They found that administrative burden, lack of awareness regarding reauthorization, challenges with navigation assistance, and lack of access to the renewal system were crucial barriers to renewing Medicaid. Many participants identified negative impacts on child health outcomes resulting from lapses in coverage, including lack of healthcare access and missed immunizations. Drawing on these findings, the authors provide recommendations for streamlining and clarifying the Medicaid renewal process in Maryland, and the role of social work policy and practice in reducing barriers to renewal.
A National Study of Adult Women Sexually Abused by Clergy: Insights for Social Workers.
Pooler DK, Barros-Lane L
Soc Work · 2022 Mar · PMID 35079841 · Publisher ↗
Given the paucity of research on the experiences of women who are sexually abused by clergy as adults and the advent of the #ChurchToo movement in 2017, the results of a mixed-methods national study highlight the experie...
Given the paucity of research on the experiences of women who are sexually abused by clergy as adults and the advent of the #ChurchToo movement in 2017, the results of a mixed-methods national study highlight the experiences of those who survived the abuse and report on what factors are most healing in their recovery. Internet-based surveys with both quantitative and qualitative items were completed by 159 respondents. Less than 10 percent reported receiving help and support from their congregation after they reported the abuse, and about half of the respondents were blamed for the abuse and ignored by people in their congregations. In spite of the poor responses from their churches, these respondents reported positive beliefs regarding their ability to recover and heal. Mental health counseling was listed as a primary mechanism for healing. Multiple regression was used to develop a model of resilience. Faith in God was the most salient predictor. Those who survived sexual abuse need social workers who can navigate the complex set of factors and issues at the intersection of religion/spirituality, mental health treatment, and policy advocacy, including the ability to see what has been helpful about religious experiences and what has not.
Bearing a Disproportionate Burden: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Experiences of U.S.-Based Social Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Ross AM, Cederbaum JA, de Saxe Zerden L … +3 more , Zelnick JR, Ruth BJ, Guan T
Soc Work · 2021 Nov · PMID 34850212 · Publisher ↗
While social workers have served as frontline workers responding to the needs of vulnerable populations during COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about how social work professionals themselves have been impacted. This ar...
While social workers have served as frontline workers responding to the needs of vulnerable populations during COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about how social work professionals themselves have been impacted. This article explored the impact of COVID-19 on social work professionals' mental health, physical health, and access to personal protective equipment (PPE). This was a cross-sectional web-based survey of social workers practicing in the United States (N = 3,118); data on demographic and workplace characteristics, physical and mental health, and safety concerns were collected between June and August of 2020. Univariate statistics were used to characterize the sample. Ordinal logistic and multinomial regression were used to achieve the research aims. The majority of participants reported either moderate or severe concerns related to mental (55 percent) and physical (55 percent) health; 36 percent of respondents indicated concerns about PPE access. Respondents' concerns differed by demographic (e.g., race, age) and workplace characteristics (e.g., setting, role, region). Social workers of color are experiencing COVID-19-related concerns of significantly greater severity relative to their White counterparts. Findings highlight an immediate need to deepen understanding of the factors that contribute to these trends and identify mechanisms to support the frontline social work workforce most impacted.
Needs of Children and Families during Spring 2020 COVID-19 School Closures: Findings from a National Survey.
Watson KR, Astor RA, Benbenishty R … +2 more , Capp G, Kelly MS
Soc Work · 2021 Nov · PMID 34791495 · Full text
Despite extensive reports during the COVID-19 pandemic of the academic challenges facing students, and the effects of online learning on academic achievements, we have little information regarding the needs and difficult...
Despite extensive reports during the COVID-19 pandemic of the academic challenges facing students, and the effects of online learning on academic achievements, we have little information regarding the needs and difficulties of K-12 students and their families from a social work perspective. The present article shares findings from a nationwide survey of 1,275 school social workers (SSWs) reporting on their clients-schools, children, and families-during the spring 2020 COVID-19 school closures. SSWs indicated that the children and families they served had significant unmet basic needs, including for food, healthcare, and housing. Poverty and mental health compounded pandemic difficulties, which were associated with the sociodemographic makeup of schools. Student engagement in social work services during the closures was significantly lower than prepandemic levels, generally due to unmet material needs. Several policy and practice implications arise from these findings, including a need for additional services for students and families, a plan to address structural inequities in our schools and communities, coordinated outreach to reengage missing students, and recognition of the strong work being done by school staff coupled with a need for additional supports and resources to combat persistent inequality.
Shaping the Future of Social Work Practice in Healthcare: Addressing COVID-19 Needs through Integrated Primary Care.
Dennelly L, Sousa C, Roberts K
Soc Work · 2021 Nov · PMID 34791472 · Publisher ↗
COVID-19 has illustrated the urgency of promoting integrated healthcare as the model of the future, with social workers not only supporting the physical and mental health of providers and patients, but also leading effor...
COVID-19 has illustrated the urgency of promoting integrated healthcare as the model of the future, with social workers not only supporting the physical and mental health of providers and patients, but also leading efforts to transform systems, policies, and social work education. Primary care, where the role of social workers is continuing to grow, is a central location for integrating the treatment of medical, social, and behavioral problems. In these settings, social workers can take the lead to meet community needs, assist in public health efforts, and bolster the frontline medical workforce. The following article reflects upon what we as social workers have learned a year into the global pandemic and how we can apply this knowledge to shaping the future of social work in primary care. Authors consider how the multiple medical and psychosocial needs of patients affected by COVID-19 are addressed in primary care through three core functions of social work: providing behavioral healthcare, coordinating care, and undertaking population health-based interventions. Article ends with a discussion about how social work can respond to the urgent task of transforming health within the context of social work practice, policy, and education for the next generation of healthcare social workers.
Asian in the Time of COVID-19: Creating a Social Work Agenda for Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities.
Azhar S, Farina A, Alvarez ARG … +1 more , Klumpner S
Soc Work · 2021 Nov · PMID 34747473 · Publisher ↗
The health of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities remains an understudied area of racial/ethnic minority research in the United States, and even more so in the field of social work. The COVID-19 pandem...
The health of Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities remains an understudied area of racial/ethnic minority research in the United States, and even more so in the field of social work. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted how AAPI health and social welfare issues have not received adequate attention in social policy, social work practice, and research. Contrary to model minority myths, AAPIs are subject to racialized attitudes and discrimination, which have been associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes, including increased anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Drawing from the theoretical framework of AsianCrit, which is grounded in critical race theory, authors analyze health disparities among AAPI communities as reflected in COVID-19 hospitalizations and fatalities, as well as increases in acts of anti-Asian racism and xenophobia. Better understanding health disparities of AAPI communities needs to be a key research issue for social workers in future years. The authors conclude by offering a short set of recommendations to improve social policy, social work practice, and research to more aptly address contemporary social issues impacting AAPI communities.
Breaking Isolation: Social Work in Solidarity with Migrant Workers through and beyond COVID-19.
Alcaraz N, Lorenzetti L, Thomas S … +1 more , Dhungel R
Soc Work · 2021 Nov · PMID 34734269 · Full text
In the early months of COVID-19's proliferation through Canadian communities, the now largely documented uneven impacts and burdens of the illness were emerging. Among the early COVID-19 casualties were workers in Albert...
In the early months of COVID-19's proliferation through Canadian communities, the now largely documented uneven impacts and burdens of the illness were emerging. Among the early COVID-19 casualties were workers in Alberta's meatpacking plants, with infection rates so high that the news quickly gained international attention. The Cargill meatpacking plant, overwhelmingly staffed by temporary foreign workers with no permanent status or citizenship rights, was the site of the largest single coronavirus outbreak in Canada. The need for a community response to this emerging crisis was a focal discussion for a newly formed network of social workers. A multileveled series of actions and systems advocacy were put in place. These actions would foment a vibrant and diverse "community of communities" while also unveiling challenges and obstacles to the work during a period of a shifting health landscape, shutdowns, and changing legislation. This article focuses on the development of a grassroots and transformative community-led response to COVID-19, describing strategies, implementation, and challenges in the "real life" context of the recent pandemic. Key learnings for postpandemic community organizing and social work solidarity actions are highlighted.
How the COVID-19 Pandemic Can and Must Expand Social Worker e-Interventions for Mental Health, Family Wellness, and Beyond.
King EL, Spencer CM, Meeks CA
Soc Work · 2021 Oct · PMID 34694398 · Full text
Both media and academic reports have highlighted COVID-19's negative impacts on mental health and safety in the United States, yet care and service gaps persist. Evidence suggests that a default to in-person service deli...
Both media and academic reports have highlighted COVID-19's negative impacts on mental health and safety in the United States, yet care and service gaps persist. Evidence suggests that a default to in-person service delivery did not meet clients' needs before the pandemic, and that unmet needs have ballooned since COVID-19 spread throughout the United States due to a combination of increased stress, social isolation, and fewer available services during lockdowns. This article reviews literature on online interventions' utility and effectiveness in preventing and treating problems likely exacerbated under pandemic conditions, including mental health conditions, anger, couple dynamics, parenting, and alcohol misuse. The article also describes barriers to evidence-based e-interventions' wider and more consistent use, highlights some vulnerable populations' unique service needs, outlines service gaps that online programs might effectively mitigate, and offers a path by which social workers can lead an interdisciplinary charge in researching, developing, and implementing e-interventions during the current pandemic and beyond.
Understanding COVID-19 through a Complex Trauma Lens: Implications for Effective Psychosocial Responses.
Alessi EJ, Hutchison C, Kahn S
Soc Work · 2021 Oct · PMID 34694385 · Publisher ↗
The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on individuals, families, and communities will likely persist for years to come. While briefing notes informed by disaster psychology and crisis management have been released to guide...
The psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on individuals, families, and communities will likely persist for years to come. While briefing notes informed by disaster psychology and crisis management have been released to guide social workers and other mental health professionals in their work during the pandemic, the far-reaching impacts of COVID-19 may require inclusion of additional theories of trauma and resilience. Thus, this article first examines the application of complex trauma theory as an effective framework for assessing the psychosocial impacts of the pandemic, especially among individuals with prior trauma exposure, those with preexisting mental illness, and communities affected by marginalization and historical trauma. Authors then discuss the importance of using trauma-informed practice to address the effects of the pandemic on both individual and community levels during this unprecedented moment in history.
Biopsychosocial Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among First-Generation Black African Immigrants.
Saasa S, Miller S
Soc Work · 2021 Oct · PMID 34410429 · Publisher ↗
Few studies examine factors associated with mental health distress among immigrants from African countries. Using cross-sectional data from first-generation Black African immigrants across the United States (N = 180), th...
Few studies examine factors associated with mental health distress among immigrants from African countries. Using cross-sectional data from first-generation Black African immigrants across the United States (N = 180), this study examined biopsychosocial factors that influence depression and anxiety symptoms among African immigrants in the United States. Ordinary least squares regression was conducted to analyze the data. Approximately 22 percent of the sample reported depression and anxiety symptoms in the moderate to severe range. Results indicated that being male, substance use, discrimination, and loneliness were significantly associated with worse depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, worries about safety and financial strain were associated with increased mental health distress. Loneliness also moderated the association between discrimination and depression and anxiety symptoms. Findings imply that relational interventions in direct practice settings may play a critical role in helping African immigrants ameliorate depression and anxiety symptoms. This study supports the use of the biopsychosocial approach in assessment and intervention of mental health symptoms as well as a systems approach when understanding the experiences of African immigrants.
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