Die Naturwissenschaften[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Freshwater colonization drives divergent reproductive strategies in shrimps of the genus Palaemon (Decapoda: Palaemonidae).
Nogueira CS, Gasparotto SC, Sene M … +5 more , Oliveira-Rogeri L, Moraes IRR, López Greco LS, Zara FJ, Paschoal LRP
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893996 · Full text
Freshwater colonization is associated with profound shifts in the reproductive traits of invertebrates, and these phenomena are still rarely investigated in an integrated framework across closely related species. In this...
Freshwater colonization is associated with profound shifts in the reproductive traits of invertebrates, and these phenomena are still rarely investigated in an integrated framework across closely related species. In this study, we examined three species of shrimps of the genus Palaemon, each occupying distinct habitat types, to identify how the transition to freshwater habitats shapes reproductive investment strategies. For each species, we quantified multiple reproductive traits, including fecundity, spermatozoa count, embryo and spermatozoa dimensions, reproductive output, per-offspring investment, and investment in weaponry. Our results revealed parallel patterns between sexes: P. northropi, the marine species, exhibited the highest fecundity and spermatozoa production, whereas P. yuna, the freshwater species, displayed the lowest values for both traits. Embryo and gamete sizes varied coordinately, with P. yuna producing larger embryos and spermatozoa, consistent with the abbreviated larval development typical of freshwater species. Per-offspring investment in P. yuna was up to approximately 16 times higher than in the other species, reflecting the substantial energetic costs associated with this developmental strategy. Overall, we show that freshwater colonization imposes adaptive selective pressures that reshape multiple components of reproduction in an integrated way, affecting not only females but also males. These findings demonstrate that coordinated adjustments in the number, size, and energetic cost of gametes represent key evolutionary responses underpinning reproductive success in freshwater environments.
A tissue-to-blood mRNA classifier enables early detection of gastric cancer risk in precancerous lesions.
Ma W, Guo H, Zheng T … +5 more , Miao M, Guo S, Yu J, Ding P, Zhao Q
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41880007 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Early identification of gastric cancer (GC) risk among patients with precancerous lesions remains a major clinical challenge. This study aimed to develop and validate a minimally invasive mRNA-based classifie...
BACKGROUND: Early identification of gastric cancer (GC) risk among patients with precancerous lesions remains a major clinical challenge. This study aimed to develop and validate a minimally invasive mRNA-based classifier for predicting malignant transformation. METHODS: Three differentially expressed mRNAs (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2) were identified through transcriptomic analyses of precancerous and cancerous gastric tissues and were further validated in tissue and serum samples. A logistic regression–based model which named risk signature assessment (RSA), was constructed using mRNA expression and key clinical variables. RESULTS: In tissue biopsy samples from 229 patients, the RSA model achieved excellent predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.853 in the training set and 0.836 in the validation set. Sensitivity and specificity reached 82.6% and 79.7%, respectively. The RSA model outperformed clinical models (AUC = 0.695) and provided better net clinical benefit across thresholds. In serum samples (n = 210), the model remained robust, yielding an AUC of 0.846 in the training cohort and 0.843 in the validation cohort, with consistent sensitivity (81.3%) and specificity (77.1%). Risk reclassification improved markedly: low-risk patients identified by the RSA model had a cancer conversion rate of only 2.9% (vs. 4.3% using clinical models), while high-risk patients had rates of 12.9% (vs. 12.2%). CONCLUSION: This dual-platform mRNA classifier demonstrates strong potential for early, noninvasive identification of high-risk individuals with precancerous gastric lesions, offering a valuable tool for precision screening and clinical decision-making.
Unraveling pesticide impacts on pollinators: a global challenge for sustainable crop protection.
Srivani G, Kumar GS, Djanaguiraman M … +6 more , Priya RS, Sharmila R, Arthanari PM, Malathi P, Raja K, Parasuraman P
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41879974 · Publisher ↗
Pollinators are essential for global food production, contributing to seed set, fruit quality and overall crop yield. Pollinators like bees, butterflies, birds and bats pollinate 75% of cultivated plants and influence 35...
Pollinators are essential for global food production, contributing to seed set, fruit quality and overall crop yield. Pollinators like bees, butterflies, birds and bats pollinate 75% of cultivated plants and influence 35% of global crop production. However, the increasing use of pesticides in agriculture poses significant threats to pollinator populations, leading to potential declines in crop productivity. This review explores the role of key pollinators in agricultural landscapes and their contributions to food security. The negative impacts of pesticide exposure, including acute toxicity, sub lethal effects like impaired foraging, memory loss, weakened immunity, reproductive issues and interactions with stressors like climate change and habitat loss are discussed. The decline of pollinators directly affects crop yields, particularly for pollinator-dependent crops, necessitating farmer compensation mechanisms. To counteract these challenges, alternative floral resources such as flowering weeds and diverse floral landscapes, provide critical support for pollinators. Strategies to enhance pollination services and crop yields include Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM), which incorporates biological, cultural and mechanical practices. Additionally, habitat enhancement measures such as diversified farming systems, conservation tillage, flowering strips, buffer zonesand protected nesting sites are essential for pollinator conservation. By integrating sustainable pest management and habitat restoration strategies, agricultural landscapes can support pollinator populations while maintaining high crop productivity. This review highlights the urgent need for pollinator-friendly agricultural practices to mitigate pesticide-related threats, ensuring long-term food security and ecological balance.
Morphological classification of externally visible characteristics (EVCs) among North Indians for DNA phenotyping applications.
Kataria S, Jain S, Saraswathy KN
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41879854 · Publisher ↗
The current study explores diversity in morphological traits, including facial features, scalp and facial hair characteristics, ear morphology, and eye morphology, across six distinct North Indian population groups, focu...
The current study explores diversity in morphological traits, including facial features, scalp and facial hair characteristics, ear morphology, and eye morphology, across six distinct North Indian population groups, focusing on sex- and population-based variation. These traits were selected for their relevance in forensic DNA phenotyping. This cross-sectional study included 521 participants aged 18–50 from six North Indian population groups: Sunni Muslims (Kashmir), Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh), Garhwali (Uttarakhand), Khatri (Punjab), Jaat (Haryana), and Khas Bodhi (Himachal Pradesh). Sociodemographic variables (age, sex, and community), phenotypic data, and 2D facial photographs were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate trait frequencies. Associations between categorical traits and sex, population group, and age categories were evaluated using Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). The strength of significant associations was assessed using Cramér’s V. The analysis revealed significant sexual dimorphism and inter-population variation across multiple externally visible characteristics, including hair colour, hair shape and texture, monobrow presence, eyebrow and beard features, male pattern baldness, ear traits, eye colour, double eyelids, epicanthic fold, nose and lip shape, and cheek dimples (p < 0.05). Age-wise analysis demonstrated a strong, statistically significant association with male pattern baldness and hairy ear, with increasing severity and prevalence observed with advancing age. Effect size estimates indicated moderate to strong associations for several sex- and age-dependent traits. Observed variation in externally visible characteristics among North Indian populations reflects the combined influence of genetic background, sex, age, and environmental factors. These findings provide population-specific reference data that can enhance forensic DNA phenotyping, anthropological inference, and regionally calibrated appearance prediction models.
Corolla traits and their osmophores in three neotropical Malpighiaceae: the putative impacts on plant-pollinator interactions.
Possobom CCF, Machado SR
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41843148 · Full text
This study presents the comparative, function-oriented analysis of petal structure and osmophore distribution in three Malpighiaceae species, complementing the established role of calyx elaiophores. Integrating light and...
This study presents the comparative, function-oriented analysis of petal structure and osmophore distribution in three Malpighiaceae species, complementing the established role of calyx elaiophores. Integrating light and electron microscopy with floral biology observations and visitor records, the authors document interspecific variation across core floral traits: anthesis timing; corolla senescence, color, and dimensions; petal micromorphology; and the spatial organization of scent-emitting areas. Byrsonima coccolobifolia possesses flat, textured petal surfaces without glands; scent is emitted from a lobed, striated basal outer region whose cells accumulate starch prior to anthesis, indicating metabolic provisioning. In contrast, Banisteriopsis variabilis and Peixotoa reticulata share rough petal surfaces but differ in epidermal cell shape—cone-shaped in B. variabilis versus rounded in P. reticulata. Both species display enlarged intercellular spaces and minute, vascularized scent glands along fimbriate petal margins that exhibit subcellular traits diagnostic of osmophores, supporting their role in volatile biosynthesis and release. Across the three focal taxa, the findings resolve two principal scent-emission strategies: a diffuse basal emission zone (B. coccolobifolia) versus discrete marginal osmophores (B. variabilis, P. reticulata). Functionally, petal surface architecture and mesophyll organization likely enhance visual signaling, while osmophores are central to attracting oil-collecting bees. Under an evolutionary framework, the evidence indicates ongoing specialization of floral tissues for scent production, with probable effects on pollinator attraction and specificity. The study thus refines our understanding of multimodal floral signaling in Malpighiaceae and suggests that diversification in petal anatomy and osmophore placement may shape plant–pollinator interactions and the evolution of pollination systems within the family.
Development of an eco-friendly larvicidal agent from Chrozophora oblongifolia against the dengue disease vector: antimicrobial and phytochemical analysis.
Alghibiwi HK, Mashlawi AM, Alenazi N … +5 more , Shubaily HM, Alhejely A, Alshammari AN, Alshabani LA, Salama SA
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41811510 · Publisher ↗
Dengue fever, a viral disease caused by the dengue virus, is transmitted via the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue is an endemic disease in more than a hundred countries. It is a global public health concern with 39...
Dengue fever, a viral disease caused by the dengue virus, is transmitted via the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue is an endemic disease in more than a hundred countries. It is a global public health concern with 390 million infections occurring every year. An estimated 500,000 of these cases develop into severe dengue, resulting in approximately 25,000 deaths annually. The failure of chemical insecticides to combat and control mosquitoes, due to widespread resistance, creates an urgent need to search for effective natural alternatives. Chrozophora oblongifolia is an herbal and medicinal plant that has many pharmacological activities. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of methanolic and acetone leaf extracts of C. oblongifolia plant against 3rd instar larvae and adults of Ae. aegypti mosquito using five concentrations ranging from 125-1000 mg/L. Mortality rates for the larval, pupal, and adult stages resulting from the larval treatment were recorded. Methanolic and acetone extracts exhibited lethal toxic effects on larvae, pupae, and adults. Both extracts showed complete larval mortality by 100% at the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L. The methanolic extract showed greater efficacy with LC of 339.87 mg/L compared to the acetone extract, which had LC of 372 mg/L. Due to the increasing number of multi-drug-resistant microbial strains, there is a need to find natural products to overcome this problem. In addition to its larvicidal properties, C. oblongifolia was assessed for antimicrobial activity. The methanol leaf extract displayed antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 5000 µg/mL for S. aureus and E. coli, while for C. albicans was 10000 µg/mL. Our Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of the methanolic extract revealed more than twenty phytochemical constituents, including nine major compounds. The major identified compounds exhibited potential larvicidal and antimicrobial activities. Based on this current study, it is suggested that C. oblongifolia plant could be used as a safe natural insecticide for controlling and combating the dengue vector Ae. aegypti mosquito and as an effective natural antimicrobial agent.
Climate-induced range dynamics of Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre in the Brahmaputra basin, India: An ensemble modelling approach.
Bora C, Chetry V, Mahanta N … +2 more , Saikia PK, Saikia MK
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41801442 · Publisher ↗
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In vitro antiproliferative activity on A549 and HT-29 cell lines and fatty acid profiling of Agaricus bresadolanus and A. hortensis.
Alli H, Demir İ, Yeniocak S … +4 more , Kivrak İ, Sarac N, Kaya E, Ugur A
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41790249 · Full text
The rising global burden of cancer has intensified the search for novel anticancer agents derived from natural sources, with mushrooms emerging as a rich source of bioactive metabolites. This study provides the first com...
The rising global burden of cancer has intensified the search for novel anticancer agents derived from natural sources, with mushrooms emerging as a rich source of bioactive metabolites. This study provides the first comparative evaluation of the toxic A. bresadolanus and the edible A. hortensis in terms of their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and antiproliferative effects against human lung (A549) and colon (HT-29) carcinoma cell lines, alongside cytotoxicity toward normal 3T3 fibroblasts. GC–MS analysis revealed distinct lipid compositions between the two species, with A. hortensis exhibiting higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and oleic acids), whereas A. bresadolanus was enriched in sterol derivatives such as Δ7,22-ergostadienol. Both extracts inhibited cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; however, A. hortensis demonstrated greater selectivity, preserving higher fibroblast viability relative to A. bresadolanus. The observed correlation between unsaturated fatty acid content and selective cytotoxicity suggests that lipid composition may contribute to the antitumor potential of mushroom extracts, though further studies are needed to establish causality. These findings identify A. hortensis as a candidate for further investigation as a source of lipid-derived bioactive compounds in future in vivo studies and provide a biochemical basis for the rational selection of Agaricus species in nutraceutical and pharmacological applications.
Consequences of successive mating in the ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera).
Yadav P, Tewari EK, Mishra G … +1 more , Omkar
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41790222 · Publisher ↗
Multiple mating is common across insects. Both males and females mate multiply to enhance their reproductive fitness. However, repeated matings may incur several physiological costs including a prolonged refractory perio...
Multiple mating is common across insects. Both males and females mate multiply to enhance their reproductive fitness. However, repeated matings may incur several physiological costs including a prolonged refractory period where individuals lose their ability to remate for a period of time. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential costs associated with successive matings in a ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata. Unmated males and females of C. sexmaculata were given three successive matings with different unmated partners. Unmated females mated without any mating interval with unmated males of the similar age group, whereas males were tested under two conditions: no interval between matings (no-gap) and a 24-hour gap between matings. The effect of successive mating was assessed on the sperm allocation (volume transferred to females), mating parameters and area and perimeter of males’ seminal vesicles. We also tested for the presence of a refractory period in this ladybird beetle. The results revealed that males of C. sexmaculata transferred a consistent amount of sperm across successive matings, while females showed increased sperm storage. Successive matings did not affect mating latency or latent period, though copulation duration declined in males mating without intervals. Mating status had no effect on seminal vesicle dimensions, and no refractory period was observed in either sex. These findings demonstrate the high mating capacity and reproductive resilience of C. sexmaculata, indicating minimal physiological costs of successive matings. Such efficiency supports its suitability for large-scale rearing and sustained performance as an effective biological control agent.
Are males aggressive to rivals also aggressive to predators? Testing the behavioural correlation hypothesis and predator pressure hypothesis on antipredator behaviour in social spider mites.
Yatabe R, Tsukagoshi Y, Sato Y
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41790139 · Publisher ↗
Behavioural correlations, such as consistent levels of aggression across social and anti-predator contexts, are commonly observed in animals. In social spider mites of the Stigmaeopsis miscanthi species group, males vary...
Behavioural correlations, such as consistent levels of aggression across social and anti-predator contexts, are commonly observed in animals. In social spider mites of the Stigmaeopsis miscanthi species group, males vary in their aggression toward conspecific rivals, and also exhibit cooperative defence behaviours against intrusive predators into their nests. We tested whether male–male aggression is positively correlated with antipredator aggression (behavioural correlation hypothesis), or whether variation in antipredator aggression reflects local differences in predation pressure (predator pressure hypothesis). We compared counterattack success against predatory mite larvae (Typhlodromus bambusae) among three species/forms with differing male–male aggression: S. miscanthi mild aggression (ML) form, high aggression (HG) form, and S. sabelisi. Contrary to predictions of the behavioural correlation hypothesis, S. miscanthi ML form showed the highest counterattack success despite having intermediate male–male aggression. A survey of predator fauna revealed that predator composition differed among three species/forms, supporting the predator pressure hypothesis. Notably, S. sabelisi was predominantly exposed to predatory gall midge, while S. miscanthi ML form and HG form faced more predatory mites. Our findings suggest that predator community structure drives antipredator behaviour more strongly than behavioural correlations with male–male aggression.
Thermal patterns in stingless bee colonies.
Dos Santos CF, Devkota K, Blochtein B … +1 more , Almeida EAB
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41774200 · Full text
Understanding the thermal dynamics of stingless bee colonies is essential for developing effective monitoring systems and promoting sustainable meliponiculture. In this study, we compiled and analyzed brood, nest periphe...
Understanding the thermal dynamics of stingless bee colonies is essential for developing effective monitoring systems and promoting sustainable meliponiculture. In this study, we compiled and analyzed brood, nest periphery, and ambient temperature data from 36 stingless bee species reported across several published studies. The data were systematized into graphical visualizations, phylogenetic comparative methods, Generalized Least Squares both for heteroscedasticity or autocorrelation in the errors, coefficients of variation (CV), and calculated temperature deltas (ΔT), i.e. the differences between distinct nest zones, to evaluate thermal regulation and summarize temperature patterns across a broad diversity of stingless bees. Our findings show that species with defined brood combs and cerumen envelopes tend to maintain significantly higher and more stable brood temperatures, averaging close to 30 °C, compared to species lacking these structures. Nest temperatures in stingless bees showed a weak but significant phylogenetic signal, indicating partial evolutionary structuring of thermal traits. Yet, the presence of an involucrum was a strong predictor of internal colony temperature, with species constructing this structure maintaining nests approximately 4.8 °C warmer than those lacking it. These results suggest that involucrum construction is a key adaptive trait that largely overrides phylogenetic constraints on thermal regulation. Thermal stability was highest in brood areas (CV = 11.7%) and progressively decreased toward the outer nest and ambient environment (CV = 35.3%), indicating strong internal buffering mechanisms. These findings identify the involucrum as a key adaptation driving elevated and stable brood temperatures in stingless bees, largely independent of phylogenetic constraints, with important implications for thermal biology, monitoring, and sustainable meliponiculture.
Stem anatomical microcharacters and morphology as diagnostic botanical markers in Euphorbiaceae species.
Rubab S, Majeed S, Dawood S … +6 more , Zafar M, Alotaibi MO, Ibadullayeva S, Bibi F, Khan Y, Amin A
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41774151 · Publisher ↗
The sixth largest and most varied family of flowering plants is the Euphorbiaceae, commonly referred to as the spurge family. Their defining property is the production of milky latex and specialized inflorescences (cyath...
The sixth largest and most varied family of flowering plants is the Euphorbiaceae, commonly referred to as the spurge family. Their defining property is the production of milky latex and specialized inflorescences (cyathia). The current study was set out to describe the taxonomic macromorphological features of leaf, stem and flower using stereomicroscopy and microanatomical features of eight Euphorbiaceous species stem micromorphology. The stem was segmented using a Microtome, and its qualitative (such as cross section outline and type) and quantitative (such as the number of vascular bundles and the layer of collenchyma) properties were assessed under a microscope. The stem micromorphological features of eight Euphorbiaceous species were investigated, including the stem morphology, the vascular bundle and epidermal cells shape, and the types of collenchyma, parenchyma, phloem, and xylem. Five different stem shapes such as round, angular, cylindrical, prostrate and circular were observed. A variety of epidermal cell shapes were seen, including rectangular or square, polygonal, polygonal and slightly elongated, irregular and rectangular to polygonal. The species E. granulata and E. hirta had the highest VBs (18–20), while Croton bonplandianus and Ricinus communis had the lowest (2). Croton bonplandianus had the lowest collenchyma layers (2), while Jatropha curcas had the highest (5). Primary and secondary xylem as well as collateral and bicollateral phloem was found in the species. The taxonomic variations in stem anatomical characters among studied Euphorbiaceae species were helpful in the correct identifications.
Independent evolution of a living bridge in the old world army ant lineage.
Mizumoto N, Arimoto K, Kaliang CH … +1 more , Kanao T
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Mar · PMID 41774147 · Full text
Living bridges formed by army ants are among the most striking examples of collective behavior in social insects, previously known only from New World Eciton species. Here, we report the field observation of living bridg...
Living bridges formed by army ants are among the most striking examples of collective behavior in social insects, previously known only from New World Eciton species. Here, we report the field observation of living bridge formation in an Old World army ant, Aenictus glabrinotum. We artificially created a small gap in the foraging trail, formed on a twig, to disrupt traffic flow. Ants accumulated near the opening, explored the air space, and interlinked their bodies to form a living bridge, allowing traffic to resume. Bridges were maintained while traffic was high but spontaneously disassembled as flow declined, suggesting a similar behavioral process to that of Eciton behavior. Although it is limited to a single opportunistic observation, this documentation suggests that bridge-formation may have evolved several times in army ants. By motivating further comparative studies across army ant lineages, this study provides new insight into the diversity of self-assembly in social insects.
Micromorphological assessment of pollen and foliar epidermal traits in Solanaceae using SEM characterization.
Azhar M, Zafar M, Majeed S … +7 more , AlNadhari S, Ibadullayeva S, Khan MR, Dinislam K, Mursal N, Shahid A, Kucaj E
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41739203 · Publisher ↗
This paper gives a detailed micromorphological evaluation of pollen and foliar epidermal characteristics of twenty-two Solanaceae species growing at different locations in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in Pakistan. The light...
This paper gives a detailed micromorphological evaluation of pollen and foliar epidermal characteristics of twenty-two Solanaceae species growing at different locations in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in Pakistan. The light microscopy (LM) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the pollen morphology of twenty-one species and the foliar epidermal anatomy of all twenty-two species. The palynological evidence showed a strong interspecific pollen shape, size, type of aperture and exine sculpturing, prolate-spherical and tricolpate were primarily found. In line with this, foliar epidermal studies also exhibited unique changes in epidermal cell morphology, anticlinal wall structure, stomatal formations, and trichome features, and were, thus diagnostic at generic and also species level. The combination of palynological and foliar epidermal datasets gave supplementary evidence, which supports the delimitation of species and explains the taxonomic relationship within the family. As a result, the micromorphological characteristics can be useful to solve the problems of identification within morphologically related taxa as well as to create a more stable and systematic structure of Solanaceae classification in Pakistan.
Promoting mechanisms of papillary thyroid carcinoma by the LncRNA CASC2/miR-193a-3p/RBM24 axis.
Ou D, Wu Y, Guo Y … +3 more , Hu X, Liu W, Huo J
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41729285 · Publisher ↗
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, is characterized by a high incidence rate and unfavorable outcomes. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network is systemic and intricate, incorpora...
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, is characterized by a high incidence rate and unfavorable outcomes. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network is systemic and intricate, incorporating various non-coding RNAs, and offers new insights into the cancer pathogenesis. This study explored ceRNA-mediated pathways contributing to PTC pathogenesis. Datasets from GEO were analyzed to detect differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in PTC, which identified 49 DElncRNAs and two key genes, RBM24 and LIPI. Then a total of 119 shared microRNAs (miRNAs) of them were predicted, leading to the construction of a comprehensive ceRNA regulatory network. Among these, lncRNA CASC2/miR-193a-3p/RBM24 was identified as the core regulatory axis, by using the cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape. Expression analysis using public datasets and clinical tissue samples revealed significant downregulation of CASC2 and RBM24, alongside upregulation of miR-193a-3p in PTC. Dual-luciferase assays verified CASC2-miR-193a-3p and miR-193a-3p-RBM24 binding. In IHH4 cells, CASC2 knockdown promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas miR-193a-3p inhibition partly reversed the effects. The RBM24 effect experiments demonstrated that reduced RBM24 facilitated IHH4 progression. Xenograft models validated the expression patterns of CASC2, miR-193a-3p, and RBM24 in vivo, showing that CASC2 knockdown promoted tumor growth. This study is the first to identifies lncRNA CASC2/miR-193a-3p/RBM24 as a critical modulator of PTC progression. By influencing proliferation, apoptosis, and motility, this axis sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of PTC and highlights the targets for therapeutic intervention.
Analysis of GyrA gene mutations in environmental Escherichia coli: understanding the mechanisms and spread of quinolone resistance in ecosystems.
Jose D, Joseph AM
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41697354 · Publisher ↗
The spread of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics has emerged as a global health threat to contemporary medical practice. Among the various antibiotic-resistant pathogens of concern, fluoroquinolone-resistant Escheri...
The spread of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics has emerged as a global health threat to contemporary medical practice. Among the various antibiotic-resistant pathogens of concern, fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli has been increasingly detected in environmental reservoirs. The present study investigates the molecular screening of the gyrA gene in E. coli isolates derived from various environmental sources, focusing on the identification and genetic analysis of mutations in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Region. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was initially performed on 50 non-duplicate E. coli isolates collected during the study period. Among these, only 10 isolates exhibited phenotypic resistance to the antibiotics of interest, while the remaining 40 were fully susceptible. Because the primary objective of the work was to characterize resistant strains in detail, subsequent analyses were restricted to these 10 resistant isolates, which explains the final sample size presented for resistance-related results. DNA was extracted and was confirmed by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The gyrA gene was amplified and sequenced to detect mutations associated with quinolone resistance. About 8 specific mutations were identified in most of the samples and correlated with the quinolone susceptibility profiles of each isolate, which were determined using Kirby bauer disk diffusion method for a range of antibiotics. Our results revealed a significant prevalence of QRDR mutations, especially at the 248th (Ser-83) and 259th (Asp-87) positions in gyrA gene, which were strongly associated with increased resistance to quinolones. These findings highlight the need for vigilant use of fluoroquinolones to mitigate the spread of microbial resistance.
Potent anticancer activity of phenolic-enriched extracts from endemic plants supported by in vitro pharmacological analyses and in silico molecular docking.
Emsen B, Cicek M, Surmen B … +1 more , Karapinar HS
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41697297 · Full text
In the present study, methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from two endemic plants, Dianthus elegans var. actinopetalus (Fenzl) Reeve and Linum ciliatum Hayek, were investigated for their phenolic composition, antioxid...
In the present study, methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from two endemic plants, Dianthus elegans var. actinopetalus (Fenzl) Reeve and Linum ciliatum Hayek, were investigated for their phenolic composition, antioxidant activities, cytotoxic potential, and supported by in silico molecular docking analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed distinct phenolic acid and flavonoid profiles among the extracts, with the methanol extract of L. ciliatum (LME) exhibiting the richest phenolic content. Consistently, LME showed the highest total phenol (314.69 µg/mg) and total flavonoid (91.61 µg/mg) levels. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelation assays, in which LME demonstrated the strongest activity with the lowest IC₅₀ values (45.49 and 40.10 µg/mL, respectively), highlighting the influence of extraction solvent on bioactivity. Cytotoxic effects were assessed on Mahlavu and MCF-7 cell lines at 24, 48, and 72 h. Both methanol and aqueous extracts of L. ciliatum exhibited time-dependent cytotoxicity, with LME showing a remarkably low IC₅₀ value of 0.66 µg/mL on MCF-7 cells after 72 h. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the observed cytotoxic effects, in silico molecular docking was performed using the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein as a target. The major phenolic compounds, particularly chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and naringenin, exhibited strong binding affinities toward Bcl-2, suggesting a possible involvement of apoptosis-related pathways. In contrast, none of the extracts showed antibacterial activity against the tested Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the findings indicate that methanol extraction is more effective for obtaining phenolic-rich extracts with pronounced antioxidant and anticancer potential.
A case report of a pathology in the 'whip' of a flagellicaudatan sauropod.
van der Linden TTP, Wilhite DR, Bivens GT … +4 more , Woodruff DC, Hunter RJ, Stecko T, Curtice BD
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41686227 · Full text
Flagellicaudatan sauropods are well known for their elongated tails which end in a ‘whiplash’-like structure, consisting of biconvex rod-like caudal vertebrae lacking a neural arch. A remarkably well-preserved and relati...
Flagellicaudatan sauropods are well known for their elongated tails which end in a ‘whiplash’-like structure, consisting of biconvex rod-like caudal vertebrae lacking a neural arch. A remarkably well-preserved and relatively complete specimen of Barosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation preserves a number of these vertebrae, including the last two that terminate the axial series. The penultimate element preserves a distinct callus which we investigated, together with the terminal caudal vertebra, using X-ray computed tomography. A transverse fracture initiated the formation of the callus, highlighted by extensive, disorganized vascularization of the bone outside of the cortex. Healing was likely still ongoing as the vertebra remains in two parts. Although various etiologies can be proposed for the trauma, none can be unambiguously put forward as the cause. The last caudal shows an interesting vascular pattern, and together with the lack of a posterior articular surface, can here be definitely identified as the last vertebra in the axial series. There is substantial variability in the morphology of the last caudal vertebra throughout Sauropoda, and future studies should focus on the soft tissues in this part of the tail, thereby enlightening the potential function of the ‘whip’. We also highlight here the use of high-resolution scanning to reveal the internal structures of fossils in detail when consumptive analysis is not possible.
Biomechanics, muscle modeling, and the elevated bite force and tooth stress of piranhas.
Huskey S, Fletcher K, Kolmann M … +5 more , Seiler S, Kitchen G, Hemraj-Naraine D, Dinan B, Westneat MW
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Feb · PMID 41661332 · Full text
The bite forces of vertebrate jaws and the application of those forces on a pointed or bladed tooth edge are crucial biomechanical parameters for any feeding event. Piranhas (fish family Serrasalmidae) exhibit powerful b...
The bite forces of vertebrate jaws and the application of those forces on a pointed or bladed tooth edge are crucial biomechanical parameters for any feeding event. Piranhas (fish family Serrasalmidae) exhibit powerful bites facilitated by large, multipennate, jaw muscles and high-efficiency lever mechanics, often accompanied by razor sharp teeth. Small animals like piranhas are often capable of impressive performance when viewed in a size-specific framework, yet the bite force capacity and tooth stress properties of piranhas have not often been measured or modeled. Here, we used morphometrics, computational biomechanical modeling, LiDAR teeth scanning technology, and comparative methods to explore the morphological underpinnings of the feeding mechanics in 11 species of piranhas representing disparate feeding guilds. Results show that piranhas produce highly variable tooth-specific bite forces (from < 1 N to almost 140 N) that yield elevated tooth tip stresses (from ~ 10 to > 440 MPa) for rapid removal of tissue from their prey. Our central conclusions are that some piranhas have mass-specific bite forces that exceed 1200 N/kg which greatly surpass large crocodylian, dinosaurian, and mammalian bite capacities, and that the greatest size-standardized bite forces and tooth stresses are found in an ectoparasitic species and omnivorous piranhas. Given the early-branching phylogenetic position of some of these omnivorous species, we conclude that diversification of the piranha feeding mechanism arose early in the evolutionary history of the clade.
Genetic evidence for the rediscovery in the wild of the critically endangered Sahara killifish Apricaphanius saourensis (Cyprinodontiformes: Aphaniidae).
Derouiche L, Tahri R, Fernandes CR
Naturwissenschaften · 2026 Jan · PMID 41609882 · Full text
Apricaphanius saourensis was described in 2006 from the Saoura River in western Algeria, and is currently listed as possibly extinct in the wild. We recently discovered an aphaniid population in a very isolated secondary...
Apricaphanius saourensis was described in 2006 from the Saoura River in western Algeria, and is currently listed as possibly extinct in the wild. We recently discovered an aphaniid population in a very isolated secondary wadi of the Guir River about 115 Km northwest of A. saourensis’ type locality, which we hypothesized could belong to A. saourensis based on images taken from living individuals. We report here results of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses that suggest that this Guir River population indeed represents the rediscovery in the wild of A. saourensis.
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