Journal Of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Schwannosis with mature collagen in the spinal cord of a calf.
Iwase F, Watanabe KI, Takahashi E … +3 more , Miller AD, Kobayashi Y, Yamada M
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41857484 · Full text
Schwannosis is a rare syndrome in which Schwann cells ectopically invade and proliferate within the CNS, often resulting in myelination of central axons. A 1-mo-old, male Holstein-Japanese Black crossbred calf with wry t...
Schwannosis is a rare syndrome in which Schwann cells ectopically invade and proliferate within the CNS, often resulting in myelination of central axons. A 1-mo-old, male Holstein-Japanese Black crossbred calf with wry tail had hindlimb paresis and urinary incontinence from birth. A subpial plaque-like mass was located in the dorsal funiculi of the sacral spinal cord. The mass was composed of nerve bundles containing axons surrounded by spindle cells, admixed with abundant fibrous connective tissue. No prominent changes were observed in the surrounding tissue. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells within the nerve bundles were immunolabeled with anti-myelin protein zero and anti-S100 but lacked immunolabeling with anti-myelin basic protein, suggesting that these cells were immature Schwann cells. Our case is an unusual mixture of immature Schwann cells and mature collagen without evidence of atypia or spinal cord injury. We hypothesize that this lesion resulted from the aberrant incorporation of Schwann cells and mature collagen fibers into the spinal cord during embryonic development.
Interstitial pneumonia associated with equid gammaherpesvirus 5 infection in 2 neonatal foals, and a retrospective study in Hokkaido, Japan.
Ochi A, Takechi M, Fujii S … +3 more , Ohno O, Kishi D, Ueno T
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41854095 · Full text
Various bacterial and viral pathogens have been identified in cases of interstitial pneumonia in foals within the first month of life. A potential association has been suggested between equid gammaherpesvirus 5 (EqGHV5,...
Various bacterial and viral pathogens have been identified in cases of interstitial pneumonia in foals within the first month of life. A potential association has been suggested between equid gammaherpesvirus 5 (EqGHV5, equine herpesvirus 5; family , taxon species ) and interstitial pneumonia in foals; however, direct histologic evidence has been limited. We examined 2 neonates-12-d- and 24-d-old-with acute respiratory distress and poor response to treatment. Postmortem examination revealed interstitial pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and intranuclear inclusion bodies in alveolar macrophages, suggesting viral infection. EqGHV5 was identified in lung tissues by PCR and visualized in alveolar macrophages using in situ hybridization (ISH). No other bacterial or viral pathogens were detected in these cases. The consistent histologic lesions, inclusion bodies, and PCR and ISH data support a potential causal role of EqGHV5 in foal interstitial pneumonia. Additionally, we retrospectively investigated 23 cases of interstitial pneumonia (2-89-d-old foals) diagnosed in Hokkaido, Japan, between 2015 and 2020. We did not detect EqGHV5 in these 23 cases by PCR or ISH. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between EqGHV5 and interstitial pneumonia in foals.
PCR characterization of diplodiosis-causing species from corn in Argentina.
Poo JI, Gerpe MS, Erreguerena IA … +7 more , Orofino MJ, Urtizbiria F, Fiorani F, Castellari CC, Liss Zchonski F, Pilati L, Da-Silva PR
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41854069 · Full text
and are pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot and ear rot in maize. In Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, and Australia, in feed causes neuromycotoxicosis in cattle and sheep. In Argentina, we analyzed corn samples from...
and are pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot and ear rot in maize. In Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, and Australia, in feed causes neuromycotoxicosis in cattle and sheep. In Argentina, we analyzed corn samples from cattle feed without visible fungus and from corn fields in which animals had clinical signs of diplodiosis. spp. were identified and characterized with conventional PCR. We did not detect in 6 samples; results in another sample were inconclusive. We identified in the 5 corn samples consumed by animals that developed diplodiosis, suggesting that may cause the disease in Argentina. Direct PCR testing of corn is an efficient method for the identification of in feed. This testing could enable rapid decision-making in the field by predicting the onset of diplodiosis, thereby helping to prevent this mycotoxicosis.
Pathology of sp. infection in a cliff swallow from California, USA.
Mesler CT, Yabsley MJ, Kistler WM … +5 more , Famini D, Uzal FA, Armién AG, Shock BC, Giannitti F
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41854067 · Full text
spp., apicomplexan coccidian protozoa historically associated with amphibians, are increasingly reported in birds. Here, we describe lesions associated with infection from, and depict phylogenetic relationships of, a sp...
spp., apicomplexan coccidian protozoa historically associated with amphibians, are increasingly reported in birds. Here, we describe lesions associated with infection from, and depict phylogenetic relationships of, a sp. in a cliff swallow () from California, USA. An 8-wk-old male, hand-raised, cliff swallow housed in an outdoor aviary had progressive nonspecific clinical signs for 12 d. The bird was euthanized because of poor prognosis. Histologically, histiocytic, lymphocytic, and plasmacytic myocarditis and necrotizing pectoral myositis were noted, with intralesional protozoa in macrophages, myocytes, and the interstitium. Mononuclear mural arteritis in the ascending aorta had similar intralesional protozoa. Ovoid-to-spherical, pale-eosinophilic structures, presumed to be meronts, were found within the endothelial cells of the ascending aorta. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene identified the parasite as a sp., similar to those reported from other species in Europe. Comorbidities included upper respiratory and conjunctival cryptosporidiosis and vitamin E deficiency, likely contributing to the clinical deterioration. Transmission electron microscopy of the heart revealed intra- and extracellular zoites with ultrastructural features compatible with spp. Most surveys have included healthy birds in Europe; disease is rarely reported. Additional research is needed on the pathogenic potential of infections in birds.
Systemic toxoplasmosis in an adult alpaca.
Degiovanni C, Van Wettere AJ
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41854063 · Full text
An 11-y-old, female alpaca with a history of sternal recumbency for 3 d before death was submitted for autopsy. Hydrothorax, ascites, hepatomegaly, fibrinous pleuritis, cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pulmonary atelectas...
An 11-y-old, female alpaca with a history of sternal recumbency for 3 d before death was submitted for autopsy. Hydrothorax, ascites, hepatomegaly, fibrinous pleuritis, cranioventral bronchopneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis, and firm adipose tissue in the thorax and abdomen were observed grossly. Important microscopic findings included chronic lymphocytic and histiocytic hepatitis with necrosis and portal-to-portal bridging fibrosis, thrombosis in thoracic and abdominal adipose tissue, fibrinosuppurative pleuritis, pyogranulomatous pneumonia, and ulcerative gastritis in C1. Intracellular and extracellular clusters of 2-μm basophilic protozoal organisms were observed in liver, thoracic and abdominal adipose tissue, pleura, lungs, and C1. was detected by real-time PCR in the liver, and tachyzoites within areas of inflammation and necrosis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Systemic toxoplasmosis occurs most commonly as an acute disease in neonatal or immunocompromised animals. A predisposing cause was not identified in our case. Although seropositivity is common in camelids, clinical disease is extremely rare. Chronic hepatitis is an exceedingly rare lesion of toxoplasmosis. Only one previous report of systemic toxoplasmosis in a South American camelid has been described and involved an adult llama. To our knowledge, fatal toxoplasmosis has not been reported previously in an adult alpaca.
Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of by agar dilution and broth microdilution methods.
Charlebois A, Maduro L, Boulianne M
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41846321 · Full text
In the poultry industry, antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. However, antimicrobial use in food-animal production has been implicated in the emergence of drug resistance in both pa...
In the poultry industry, antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. However, antimicrobial use in food-animal production has been implicated in the emergence of drug resistance in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) suggests using the agar dilution method when testing for the antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) of , the causative agent of necrotic enteritis. Yet multiple studies on use the microdilution method, which is faster. Using the standard agar dilution and the microdilution methods, we obtained and compared the minimal inhibitory concentrations values of 64 field isolates of for 11 antimicrobials (amoxicillin, bacitracin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, monensin, narasin, penicillin, salinomycin, tetracycline, tylosin, and virginiamycin). Given the high variability in the values obtained for most of the antimicrobials by the microdilution method, we could not calculate the correlation coefficient between the 2 antimicrobial susceptibility techniques. Our study highlights the importance of following CLSI protocols when testing the AMS of
Prevalence of potential enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals in Brazil.
Basso RM, Cerri FM, Braga PRC … +7 more , Silva ROS, de Araújo Júnior JP, Oliveira-Filho JP, Pantoja JCF, Ribeiro MG, Arroyo LG, Borges AS
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41846283 · Full text
Diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in foals. Our hypothesis is that foals with diarrhea have a greater prevalence of ≥2 organisms causing coinfections. We investigated the major microorganisms ass...
Diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in foals. Our hypothesis is that foals with diarrhea have a greater prevalence of ≥2 organisms causing coinfections. We investigated the major microorganisms associated with diarrhea in 200 foals up to 1-y-old (100 diarrheic and 100 non-diarrheic). Fecal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR (rtPCR) for the detection of and toxin genes and , (genotyping for toxin-encoding genes), spp., , , , , , and spp. Rotavirus A and coronavirus were detected using reverse-transcription rtPCR. Fecal bacterial culture was also performed for and , and isolates were submitted for the detection of toxin-encoding genes (conventional multiplex PCR). At least one enteric agent was detected by rtPCR in 85% and 70% of diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals, respectively. Co-detection was significantly more frequent in the diarrheic group (27 singly detected organisms vs. 58 co-detected organisms) than in the non-diarrheic group (37 singly detected organisms vs. 33 co-detected organisms; = 0.008). spp., (and toxigenic ), and spp. were significantly associated with foal diarrhea. Our detection of multiple agents in diarrheic foals highlights the diagnostic complexity and potential interactions among agents in the multifactorial etiology of foal diarrhea.
Diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE). Part 2: NCPE apart from ARDS, molecular and cellular consequences of primary injury to the lung interstitium, with comparative immunology of the dog and cat.
Wong HE, Boyle JP
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41814885 · Full text
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and the related clinical syndrome-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-result in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) through acute endothelial and/or alveolar epithelial injury. ARD...
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and the related clinical syndrome-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-result in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) through acute endothelial and/or alveolar epithelial injury. ARDS endotypes that have been suggested for human medicine may be applicable to veterinary contexts, and the molecular signatures of those endotypes require classification. Both the primary injury and the subsequent amplification by secondary inflammatory processes contribute to the molecular signature; raising awareness of these primary and secondary input processes increases the resolution of data analysis. Furthermore, species-specific differences in inflammatory pathways should be considered when interpreting data or applying new precision immunomodulatory therapeutics. We review other causes of NCPE in dogs and cats and explore the challenges in diagnosing pathologic pulmonary edema with histology. We explore the subsequent immune and cell-death processes that amplify the primary insult to the lung interstitium, ultimately leading to ARDS or DAD, along with the comparative immunology. For cases of acute lung damage-which result in non-cardiogenic edema that lack the classical histologic features of DAD-the histologic changes in dogs and cats can be subtle and nonspecific. Combining these subtle findings with a multidisciplinary approach to reviewing case evidence can yield greater diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, we summarize the histologic features that support a diagnosis of pathologic pulmonary edema and differentiate this condition from peracute agonal pulmonary edema or artefact.
Nodular pyogranulomatous pneumonia associated with infection in a cat.
Kaur J, Giannino D, Taylor R … +2 more , Lejeune M, Chu SAA
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41782300 · Full text
A 1-y-old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of a 1-mo history of chronic cough, dyspnea, and lethargy that progressed to anorexia during the week preceding euthanasia. Radiographically, the rig...
A 1-y-old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of a 1-mo history of chronic cough, dyspnea, and lethargy that progressed to anorexia during the week preceding euthanasia. Radiographically, the right caudal and middle lung lobes were consolidated. Cytologic and histologic examination of the right caudal lung lobe revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation with intralesional protozoal organisms. Although morphologically similar to and immunohistochemically reactive for , the organisms had inconsistent features, such as variability in shape and size. With PCR assays for the 18S DNA and the ITS1 DNA markers and Sanger sequencing, we identified the organisms as . A comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar revealed no prior reports, suggesting that feline pneumonia has not been reported previously in association with infection.
Diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Part 1: ARDS endotypes, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis, with dog and cat examples.
Wong HE, Boyle JP
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Mar · PMID 41782298 · Full text
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)-one histologic manifestation of severe acute interstitial lung injury-includes a subset of cases with the clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS and DAD both...
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)-one histologic manifestation of severe acute interstitial lung injury-includes a subset of cases with the clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS and DAD both involve acute damage to endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells, resulting in pulmonary edema. DAD has well-defined histologic stages, including cell exudation and hyaline membranes, followed by type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. More severe lesions progress to chronic interstitial fibrosis. ARDS and DAD have diverse causes in humans and animals, yet historically were viewed as universal pathways of tissue dysfunction irrespective of cause. Molecular data have suggested that ARDS has heterogeneous signatures in epithelial, endothelial, and inflammatory cells that can characterize the specific pathogenesis of individual cases and therefore support targeted treatment. The signatures are grouped into endotypes classified according to the mechanism of primary damage. The proposed ARDS endotypes are epithelial injury, endothelial injury, angiopathy, systemic inflammatory response, and local inflammatory response. We present the pathogeneses that form the foundation of the ARDS endotypes, including evidence from dogs and cats. Specific canine and feline causes of ARDS can be assigned to an ARDS endotype. For some etiologies, multiple endotypes are applicable, highlighting the need for increased resolution of the underpinning evidence to best support the accurate application of ARDS endotypes to clinical cases.
Evaluation of recombinase polymerase amplification assays for targeted detection of bovine respiratory disease bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial-resistance genes in feedlot calves.
Funk T, McLeod L, Zaheer R … +10 more , Claassen C, Yevtushenko C, Conrad C, Abi Younes J, Lehmann M, Gow S, Wobeser B, Otto SJG, Waldner C, McAllister T
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41782297 · Full text
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenges the effective treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). We evaluated the performance of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, a rapid, isothermal nucleic-acid...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenges the effective treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). We evaluated the performance of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay, a rapid, isothermal nucleic-acid amplification method, compared with bacterial culture (BC), antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), and real-time PCR (rtPCR) testing. We cultured deep nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 800 beef calves within 36 d on feed and at first treatment for BRD for , and , and screened for these species and using RPA ( serotypes 1 and 6 only) and rtPCR ( only). We then tested samples that were RPA-positive for for integrative and conjugative element (ICE) variants containing (ICE, ICE) and macrolide antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs; , ). Bayesian latent class models estimated the clinical sensitivity of BC to be higher than RPA for detection. Both methods were highly specific. RPA sensitivity for detection was comparable to rtPCR, but RPA specificity was higher. RPA specificity for detection of macrolide resistance was lower (93.5%) than BC-AST (99.9%), reflecting the identification of ARGs by RPA in non-target bacteria. However, the sensitivity of both tests was low (BC-AST: 20.5%; RPA: 13.3%). Limited RPA sensitivity for identification constrained its downstream performance for detecting ARGs. With our large-scale study, we demonstrated that RPA could detect key BRD-associated pathogens and AMR determinants directly from respiratory samples. Although our RPA results were not sufficient to inform AMU treatment strategies, RPA testing could prove valuable for addressing focused investigations with rapid turnaround.
Re-emergence of equine glanders in Mongolia based on region-wide serosurveillance.
Enkhtuul B, Khurtsbaatar O, Lkham B … +8 more , Agiimaa T, Unenbat J, Buyanbadrakh B, Ninjbulgan S, Liushiqi B, Suzuki Y, Kimura T, Batbaatar V
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41782296 · Full text
Glanders, a zoonotic disease caused by , has re-emerged in Mongolia after decades of control. We conducted nationwide serosurveillance from 2021 to 2024 to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of glanders. U...
Glanders, a zoonotic disease caused by , has re-emerged in Mongolia after decades of control. We conducted nationwide serosurveillance from 2021 to 2024 to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of glanders. Using random 3-stage cluster sampling, we collected 3,001 horse serum samples from 332 herds. Those herds were in 46 soums (administrative districts equivalent to counties) in 13 provinces and in 3 districts in Ulaanbaatar. Sera were tested using the complement fixation test, and positive results were confirmed by immunoblotting and ELISA. Overall seroprevalence was 1.03% (95% CI: [0.7, 1.5]), with positive cases detected in 69.2% of provinces, 34.8% of soums, and 7.2% of herds. The highest prevalence was in the eastern region (2.5%), particularly in Sukhbaatar province (4.5%). None of the seropositive horses had clinical signs of infection. Compared with the 0.19% seroprevalence found in the 2011 nationwide surveillance program, our finding of a 5-fold increase (1.03%) indicates a resurgence of glanders. The likely drivers include reduced veterinary oversight and unrestricted equid movement for racing and breeding. Geographic and environmental factors may also influence transmission. Our results underscore the need for continued surveillance, movement control based on laboratory testing, and increased awareness among herders to prevent the further spread of glanders in Mongolia.
Detection of species associated with bovine digital dermatitis in cattle using novel real-time PCR assays.
Tassera L, Brodard I, Jores J … +1 more , Kuhnert P
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41782290 · Full text
Three sp.-, , and are associated with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD). This painful infectious disease has been reported worldwide, causing economic and animal welfare problems. Although detection by real-time PCR (rtPC...
Three sp.-, , and are associated with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD). This painful infectious disease has been reported worldwide, causing economic and animal welfare problems. Although detection by real-time PCR (rtPCR) is the method of choice, published assays differ in specificity and sensitivity. We multiplexed target regions of 2 published rtPCR assays and slightly optimized another one to compare their performance. We then used the 2 novel TaqMan rtPCR assays to determine the prevalence of the 3 sp. in a random sample of hind feet from 137 animals collected at slaughterhouses. An overall prevalence at the animal level of 31.4% was found for and 10.2% for , with the latter always being detected together with . We did not detect in our sample set. Typical lesions of BDD were present in 16.2% of animals. Of the animals with BDD lesions, 52.6% were positive for any of the 3 sp. A significantly lower positive rate for sp. was found in animals without lesions, underscoring the role of these organisms in the development of BDD. Our study offers insight into the prevalence of BDD-associated sp. in cattle as well as a tool for routine diagnosis and future control of the disease.
seroconversion in neonatal calves in an infected dairy herd attributable to ingestion of imported colostrum replacer rather than vertical transmission.
Rabaza A, Dorsch MA, Eisler MC … +10 more , Silveira CDS, Macías-Rioseco M, Aráoz V, Saravia A, Caffarena D, Ferrando C, Mendoza A, Fraga M, Zarantonelli L, Giannitti F
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41772446 · Full text
In April-June 2017, a cluster of 4 third-trimester abortions caused by was diagnosed on a dairy farm with 356 Holstein cows in Uruguay. We investigated 1) the seroprevalence of in cows delivering normal calves in this...
In April-June 2017, a cluster of 4 third-trimester abortions caused by was diagnosed on a dairy farm with 356 Holstein cows in Uruguay. We investigated 1) the seroprevalence of in cows delivering normal calves in this herd, 2) whether non-aborting cows gave birth to seropositive and/or PCR-positive newborn calves in the year of the abortion cluster, and 3) whether seronegative newborn calves seroconverted after ingesting colostrum replacer. In March-September 2017, serum samples were collected from 133 calving cows and their calves immediately after birth and before colostrum ingestion. All 266 sera were analyzed for anti- IgG by ELISA. Additionally, 179 blood samples from some of these animals (82 cows, 97 calves) were PCR-tested for DNA. Thirty of the 133 (22.5%) cows delivering normal calves were seropositive at parturition; 4 of 82 (4.9%) were PCR-positive. All calves tested at birth by ELISA and PCR were negative. Our results suggest that congenital infection is not an important route of transmission to live-born calves in this herd. We observed that 76 of 80 (95%) seronegative newborn calves in 2021 became seropositive for anti- IgG at 24-h-old after drinking an imported commercial colostrum replacer, which could confound seroepidemiologic surveys in herds using colostrum replacers.
Tracheal melanoma in a cat.
Mendes RE, Kirby BO, Kirby K … +1 more , Rissi DR
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41772429 · Full text
Extraocular melanocytic neoplasms are rare in cats and occur mainly in the skin and oral cavity. Tracheal neoplasms are also rare in cats, with lymphoma being the most commonly reported tumor. Here, we describe a trachea...
Extraocular melanocytic neoplasms are rare in cats and occur mainly in the skin and oral cavity. Tracheal neoplasms are also rare in cats, with lymphoma being the most commonly reported tumor. Here, we describe a tracheal melanoma in an 8-y-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat that died after 8 d of cyanosis, dyspnea, and wheezing. Radiographic and tracheoscopy findings were consistent with a mid-tracheal obstruction. Gross findings consisted of a poorly demarcated, pale-yellow, 28 × 16 × 15-mm mass that effaced and expanded most of the mid trachea and partially occluded the tracheal lumen. Histologically, the mass was a poorly demarcated neoplasm that effaced the tracheal mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and muscle layer and was partially surrounded by the tracheal adventitia. The tumor infiltrated and disrupted the tracheal cartilage and partially occluded the tracheal lumen. Neoplastic cells were elongate or polygonal and arranged in interweaving bundles or well-defined groups supported by a delicate stroma. Nuclei were round-to-oval and often irregular, with finely stippled chromatin with a prominent nucleolus. Rare neoplastic cells had brown cytoplasmic pigment that was black on Fontana-Masson stain. The mitotic count was 11 in 2.37 mm (10 FN22/40× fields). Neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic immunolabeling for melan-A and PNL2, consistent with a diagnosis of melanoma.
spores in blood vessels in the brain of white New Zealand rabbits.
Nevárez-Garza AM, Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Hernández-Vidal G … +4 more , Hernández-Barrera DJ, Arce-Mendoza AY, Soto-Domínguez A, González-Castillo JA
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41719059 · Full text
is a zoonotic mycotic pathogen that infects rabbits. When the host becomes infected, spores in the brain parenchyma cause severe granulomatous meningoencephalitis. The mechanisms by which spores reach the CNS are poorly...
is a zoonotic mycotic pathogen that infects rabbits. When the host becomes infected, spores in the brain parenchyma cause severe granulomatous meningoencephalitis. The mechanisms by which spores reach the CNS are poorly understood. We divided 27 white New Zealand rabbits into 2 groups: 15 infected orally with 10 spores and 12 uninfected controls. Animals were euthanized at 30 d post-infection (dpi). Histologically, spores were present within brain blood vessels at 30 dpi. To our knowledge, the localization of free spores has not been demonstrated previously within blood vessels in the brain of rabbits.
Histologic patterns of chronic interstitial lung diseases in dogs, cats, and humans: a review.
Donovan TA, Daverio H
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Feb · PMID 41719056 · Full text
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are diverse conditions affecting the lung parenchyma, with variable patterns and amounts of inflammation and fibrosis within the interstitium, resulting in impaired gas exchange. Classif...
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are diverse conditions affecting the lung parenchyma, with variable patterns and amounts of inflammation and fibrosis within the interstitium, resulting in impaired gas exchange. Classification of this disparate group of diseases in humans is achieved by collaboration among specialists, including clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists. In contrast, such collaborative frameworks are implemented less often in veterinary medicine. This discrepancy has been addressed in a published classification scheme derived from human medicine to facilitate future characterization, with 3 primary categories: 1) idiopathic, 2) ILDs with known causes, and 3) miscellaneous and other conditions. Differentiating between clinically defined entities and histologic patterns is essential because they often share similar terminology. Interpretation of lung samples from dogs and cats with ILDs requires pathologists to recognize and describe histologic patterns, which can be correlated retrospectively with clinical and imaging data to broaden our knowledge base. Here, we review chronic ILDs in dogs and cats, with comparisons to human counterparts, highlighting their definitions, current classification systems, histologic patterns, and established or proposed etiologies. We discuss the potential role of molecular and genetic approaches in advancing our understanding and diagnosis of ILDs. Chronic disorders encompassing the idiopathic and known entities are addressed, excluding miscellaneous ILDs or alveolar-filling disorders. Our goal is to better define ILD entities in domestic small-animal patient populations, which may aid antemortem identification and elucidation of treatment options for improved patient care.
Scoping review of clinical signs, etiologies, pathology findings, risk factors, and treatments of acute interstitial pneumonia in North American feedlot cattle.
Schmidt PH, White BJ, Woolums AR … +1 more , Larson RL
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 Feb · PMID 41704011 · Full text
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) has been a recognized bovine respiratory disease for many decades, yet the sporadic occurrences of AIP in feedlot cattle are poorly understood. We searched 3 databases (PubMed, CABI Dir...
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) has been a recognized bovine respiratory disease for many decades, yet the sporadic occurrences of AIP in feedlot cattle are poorly understood. We searched 3 databases (PubMed, CABI Direct Library, AGRICOLA) for primary literature on North American feedlot cattle, with a focus on interstitial pneumonia. We comprehensively reviewed reports of clinical signs, pathology findings, etiologies, risk factors, and treatments associated with AIP in feedlot cattle and identified gaps in knowledge. We included 19 peer-reviewed studies from 1976 to 2023. In 6 articles, the most common clinical signs for diagnosing AIP were severe dyspnea, increased expiratory effort, and grunting while breathing. In the 17 articles that provided detailed descriptions of the pathology and diagnostic features of AIP, consistent postmortem examination findings were interlobular edema and emphysema, a checkerboard appearance, and diffusely overinflated lung lobes. The most frequent histopathology findings were hyaline membranes, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, and obliterative bronchiolitis. Although some potential etiologies, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and 3-methylindole (3MI), have been evaluated, no definitive cause has been identified consistently. Risk factors significantly associated with AIP in multiple studies included heifers, clinical onset at >45 days on feed (DOF), death at >78 DOF, and summer; the exact mechanisms remain unclear. The absence of standardized diagnostic criteria, along with a lack of research into potential effective prevention or treatment, underscore the need for further study to clarify the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of AIP in feedlot cattle.
Perianesthetic death in dogs and cats: a scoping review.
Rose N, Wobeser B, Pang DJ
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41704010 · Full text
Perianesthetic death (PAD) is an uncommon yet devastating outcome in veterinary medicine, with incidence rates consistently higher than those reported in human anesthesia. In our scoping review, we summarize the current...
Perianesthetic death (PAD) is an uncommon yet devastating outcome in veterinary medicine, with incidence rates consistently higher than those reported in human anesthesia. In our scoping review, we summarize the current literature on PAD in dogs and cats and discuss definitions, risk factors, species-specific challenges, and the role of postmortem examinations. Although advances in veterinary anesthesia have occurred, inconsistencies in PAD definitions and follow-up periods have limited the ability to compare PAD incidence over time. Risk factors consistently associated with PAD include high American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, age and weight extremes, species-specific traits, and procedural urgency. PAD risk is consistently higher in cats than dogs. Most studies rely on identifying clinical risk factors, with limited use of postmortem examination. When autopsies are used, they can reveal undiagnosed lesions that may have contributed to the animal's death. However, many PAD autopsy cases yield no identifiable lesions, complicating determination of cause of death. Additionally, the lack of standardized submission forms and autopsy protocols further hampers consistency in case evaluation. We highlight the need for a multidisciplinary, standardized approach to the investigation of PAD cases. Future prospective studies should incorporate structured autopsy protocols and anesthesiologist reviews to improve diagnostic yield, with the goal of improving patient safety in veterinary anesthesia.
Investigation of an unusual morbidity event in lactating dairy cows in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico.
Thompson AC, Dominguez BJ, Hensley TS … +6 more , Rodriguez CA, Swinford AK, Kleinhenz KE, Edwards EE, Gomez G, Dimitrov KM
J Vet Diagn Invest · 2026 May · PMID 41703951 · Full text
In March and April 2024, an unusual morbidity event (UME) in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico was reported to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. In total, 73 of 158 (46.2%) grade A dairy fa...
In March and April 2024, an unusual morbidity event (UME) in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico was reported to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. In total, 73 of 158 (46.2%) grade A dairy farms reported decreased milk production, reduced feed intake, and/or abnormal milk consistency. To identify potential etiologies, 22 affected operations submitted samples from 250 clinically affected cows and 9 operations submitted samples from 69 unaffected cows. Initial diagnostic efforts found no consistent causative factors between operations. Nine peridomestic birds and 10 domestic cats from affected premises tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 subtype. On March 25, 2024, the United States Department of Agriculture confirmed HPAIV in unpasteurized milk from dairy cows in the region. Feces, serum, and whole blood from affected cows tested negative for H5N1 HPAIV. Milk from affected cows had 6.0 (95% CI [3.4, 10.8]) odds of being positive compared with unaffected cows. Our initial investigation ruled out many common pathogens allowing for the exploration of novel etiologies and facilitated testing of samples from affected premises through the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. When investigating an UME, clinical signs and histories from affected individuals should dictate sample and test selection; however, it is imperative that samples from unaffected individuals be submitted for comparison when determining a potential etiology.
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