Asin J, Carvallo F, Gonzales-Viera OA
… +6 more, Macías-Rioseco M, Streitenberger N, Abdelrazek S, Crossley B, Pesavento PA, Uzal FA
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41612676
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Interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonias of undetermined etiology in young foals are relatively common in autopsy services with an equine focus. Unknown viruses, toxins, hyperthermia, surfactant or alveolar macrop...Interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonias of undetermined etiology in young foals are relatively common in autopsy services with an equine focus. Unknown viruses, toxins, hyperthermia, surfactant or alveolar macrophage function deficiency, certain antibiotics, and aberrant responses to or other bacteria have been proposed as causes. We performed a retrospective study of autopsies on foals with a diagnosis of interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia with an unidentified etiology. Forty-one foals (median age: 3-mo-old) were included. Most were received in summer ( = 28) and spring ( = 10). The most frequently reported clinical signs were dyspnea and/or tachypnea ( = 28) and fever ( = 19). Antibiotic treatment was reported in 21 cases, and the most frequently used antibiotics were penicillin ( = 9) and gentamicin ( = 8). Grossly, most of the lungs were diffusely rubbery-to-firm ( = 35) and did not collapse ( = 22). Histologically, combinations of exudative (E; hyaline membranes), proliferative (P; type II pneumocyte hyperplasia), and fibrotic (F; fibroplasia) phases were common (E + P, = 15; E + P + F, = 13) in the interstitial component. Necrosis of the bronchiolar epithelium was rare ( = 4), concurrent suppurative bronchopneumonia was common ( = 22), and a few foals ( = 5) had pulmonary pyogranulomas. spp. organisms were observed in 8 cases using Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain. Bacteria were recovered from the lungs in 22 cases, with ( = 7) and ( = 6) being the most common isolates. No unequivocal viral causes were identified during the regular diagnostic work-up and after using novel diagnostic approaches such as herpesvirus consensus PCR and viral metagenomics in a subset of the cases.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41612663
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Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious neoplasm of the ethmoid turbinate mucosa in sheep, caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 (ENTV1; family , unclassified ). We report an outbreak of ENTV1-associated ENA...Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious neoplasm of the ethmoid turbinate mucosa in sheep, caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 (ENTV1; family , unclassified ). We report an outbreak of ENTV1-associated ENA in a sheep flock in South Dakota, USA. Affected animals had dyspnea, unilateral nasal discharge, and progressive weight loss. Postmortem examination revealed unilateral nasal masses that were diagnosed histologically as invasive nasal adenocarcinoma. PCR amplification followed by Sanger sequencing of the and gene regions confirmed the presence of ENTV1. Our proviral genome assembly via next-generation sequencing is only the second ENTV1 sequence submitted to GenBank from the United States. Our isolate clustered within the ENTV1 clade and was closely related to the reported U.S. and Canadian isolates, indicating a shared evolutionary lineage. To further investigate tumor biology, we established 3-dimensional organoids derived from the nasal adenocarcinoma, which maintained the histologic features of the primary tumor and tested positive for ENTV1. These organoids also had an invasive phenotype, demonstrating their potential utility as a novel in vitro model for studying ENA pathogenesis and evaluating therapeutic interventions.
Martínez-Caro J, Agulla B, Lemos M
… +1 more, Pastor J
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41588775
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Monocytes are key cells of the immune system; various cell subsets have distinct phenotypic characteristics and functions. We characterized canine monocyte subsets in different hematologic disorders by analyzing peripher...Monocytes are key cells of the immune system; various cell subsets have distinct phenotypic characteristics and functions. We characterized canine monocyte subsets in different hematologic disorders by analyzing peripheral blood cells for their expression of CD14 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). Flow cytometry data of canine blood samples were evaluated retrospectively. We assigned 132 total cases to one of the following categories: healthy, inflammatory, T-zone lymphoma/leukemia (TZL), T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell CLL, T-cell stage V lymphoma (SVL), B-cell SVL, acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated leukemia (ALL/AUL), or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We analyzed age, sex, breed, light scatter properties, WBC count, CD14 cells, CD14MHCII cells, CD14MHCII cells, and the CD14MHCII/CD14MHCII ratio. All groups were compared with the healthy group. In healthy dogs, CD14MHCII cells were larger and had a more complex internal structure than CD14MHCII cells. Absolute numbers of CD14MHCII cells were significantly increased in all groups except the TZL and B-cell SVL groups. Absolute numbers of CD14MHCII cells were significantly increased in the T-cell CLL, B-cell CLL, and T-cell SVL groups, mildly increased in the inflammatory and TZL groups, and decreased in the ALL/AUL group. The CD14MHCII/CD14MHCII ratio was markedly decreased in both acute leukemia groups, being <1 in all cases and usually close to 0. We found significant changes in canine monocyte subsets in different hematologic conditions. To our knowledge, a decreased CD14MHCII/CD14MHCII ratio has not been identified previously as a hallmark of acute leukemia in dogs.
Haire LE, Semenova VB, Peper KE
… +2 more, Farina LL, Wolf J
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41588700
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In domestic species, the characterization and categorization of interstitial pneumonias have been limited, and non-infectious causes of such diseases are reported infrequently. A 6-y-old, castrated male French Bulldog wi...In domestic species, the characterization and categorization of interstitial pneumonias have been limited, and non-infectious causes of such diseases are reported infrequently. A 6-y-old, castrated male French Bulldog with a history of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and chronic regurgitation was evaluated because of respiratory distress. The dog was diagnosed antemortem with a heart-base mass and right-sided congestive heart failure via trans-thoracic echocardiography; euthanasia was elected, followed by postmortem examination. Gross findings included a large heart-base mass and diffusely dark-purple, firm, and heavy lungs, with the greatest severity in the caudal lung lobes. Histology findings confirmed that the heart mass was a chemodectoma. Lung was consolidated by organizing fibrin aggregates in alveoli, as well as organizing polypoid aggregates of fibrin and/or variably mature connective tissue partially or completely filling and obscuring bronchioles and alveolar ducts, findings consistent with acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP). AFOP, a debilitating condition with a wide variety of underlying causes, has features similar to, yet distinct from, other interstitial lung diseases, including diffuse alveolar damage and organizing pneumonia. AFOP is rarely and only recently reported in humans, and, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously in a dog.
Barros CSL, Riet-Correa F, Mendes RE
… +1 more, Rissi DR
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41588690
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Interstitial lung disease refers to lesions involving primarily any of the 3 layers of the alveolar wall (endothelium, basement membrane, alveolar epithelium) and the contiguous bronchiolar interstitium. Toxic agents are...Interstitial lung disease refers to lesions involving primarily any of the 3 layers of the alveolar wall (endothelium, basement membrane, alveolar epithelium) and the contiguous bronchiolar interstitium. Toxic agents are a significant cause of interstitial lung disease in cattle, primarily interstitial pneumonia. We review the most important substances associated with interstitial lung disease in cattle, addressing their epidemiology, clinical signs, pathogenesis, and lesions. These include the amino acid L-tryptophan (ingested with lush green forages), the toxin 4-ipomeanol (produced by moldy sweet potatoes infected with ), toxic plants such as and , and nitrogen dioxide (NO) released from recently filled silos. The diagnosis of these disorders may be challenging because the clinical signs and lung lesions often overlap regardless of the cause. Thus, a definitive diagnosis typically relies on a thorough epidemiologic investigation and confirmation of exposure of affected cattle to the potential cause. Laboratory confirmation of specific toxins is often limited because many are rapidly metabolized and unstable after ingestion, making their detection difficult.
Diab SS, Alvarez I, Ramirez-Barrios R
… +2 more, Reddy A, Carvallo FR
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41588689
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Bovine interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonias are common and important diseases of cattle, caused by several infectious and non-infectious causes. Here, we review the roles of bovine respiratory syncytial virus,...Bovine interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonias are common and important diseases of cattle, caused by several infectious and non-infectious causes. Here, we review the roles of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine coronavirus, influenza D virus, malignant catarrhal fever virus, and bovine adenovirus in interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia. We describe the possible causes, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of bacterial septicemias that result in interstitial pneumonia, including , , and septicemias. We also review the parasitic causes of interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia, primarily . Reaching a definitive postmortem etiologic diagnosis of interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia can be challenging because infectious and non-infectious causes may look very similar grossly. Moreover, other conditions-that do not cause interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia but rather pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage-can resemble interstitial pneumonia grossly. To guide the process of diagnosing interstitial and bronchointerstitial pneumonia, we offer an algorithm that integrates findings obtained from postmortem examination and ancillary laboratory testing. Our algorithm includes details on the gross characteristics of the lungs with interstitial or bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and we discuss other disease processes that may grossly resemble interstitial pneumonia. We highlight the key histologic features for differentiating specific causes and describe the most common ancillary laboratory tests to detect infectious and non-infectious causes.
Fussell D, Leber M, Vandewege MW
… +4 more, Stern JA, Meurs KM, Armwood AR, Herrmann I
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41588668
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Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a congenital blistering skin disorder with clefting within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. We describe the clinical and morphologic features of JEB in a 4-mo-old...Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a congenital blistering skin disorder with clefting within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone. We describe the clinical and morphologic features of JEB in a 4-mo-old domestic shorthair kitten and identify the underlying genetic variant. The kitten was presented with blistering lesions affecting friction-prone areas of haired skin, mucocutaneous junctions, and oral mucosa. Histopathology revealed extensive subepidermal cleft formation in affected tissues. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining showed a thin, PAS-positive line along the dermal side of the cleft, consistent with retention of the lamina densa. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed separation at the level of the lamina lucida with intact basal keratinocytes. Whole genome sequencing identified a homozygous 2-bp deletion in exon 7 of , predicted to result in loss of function and disrupted binding domains. Our findings support a diagnosis of JEB associated with a novel variant.
Rebollada-Merino A, Asín J, Henderson E
… +1 more, Uzal FA
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41588657
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Disorders of the intestinal vasculature in animals include arteriovenous malformations, telangiectasia (ectasia, angiodysplasia), hamartomas, and neoplasia (hemangiomas, hemangiosarcomas). Two, 2-d-old, female Nigerian d...Disorders of the intestinal vasculature in animals include arteriovenous malformations, telangiectasia (ectasia, angiodysplasia), hamartomas, and neoplasia (hemangiomas, hemangiosarcomas). Two, 2-d-old, female Nigerian dwarf goat kids born to different dams on the same farm had severe and progressive abdominal distension and were euthanized. The autopsies revealed segmental circumferential dark-red areas that caused focal constriction of the mid-jejunum. The constriction led to obstruction of the intestinal lumen and proximal dilation of the jejunum and duodenum in both cases. type D enterotoxemia was also diagnosed in one case. Histologic examination in both cases revealed a focal, moderately well-demarcated proliferation of medium- to small-caliber vascular channels with luminal erythrocytes, lined by morphologically normal endothelial cells, that expanded the tunica muscularis and serosa of the jejunum and compressed the mucosa and the lumen. The congenital nature of these lesions favors a diagnosis of vascular hamartomas; however, the histologic findings were indistinguishable from those of intestinal hemangiomas reported in young humans, horses, a pig, and a dog. The age of the affected goats, the location of the lesions in the same segment of the jejunum, and the presence of only one buck on the farm were suggestive of a genetic origin for these lesions. It is speculated that intestinal obstruction was the predisposing factor for type D enterotoxemia in one of the goats.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41574661
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Interstitial lung diseases of sheep and goats, which are caused by a range of infectious, parasitic, and toxic agents, have substantial negative health and welfare impacts globally. Within this category of pulmonary dise...Interstitial lung diseases of sheep and goats, which are caused by a range of infectious, parasitic, and toxic agents, have substantial negative health and welfare impacts globally. Within this category of pulmonary disease, entities such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR) can undermine the livelihood of farming communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia; enzootic pneumonia, maedi, and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma compromise the productivity of farm enterprises where sheep are housed for prolonged periods. I detail the pathogenesis and lesions caused by a range of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and toxic agents that target the pulmonary interstitium in small ruminants, ultimately resulting in parenchymal damage and clinical disease. These lesions range from the progressive distortion of alveolar walls by infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages following small ruminant lentiviral infection, to the acute impact of alveolar septal thromboembolism in infection, and eosinophil-mediated necrosis of alveolar walls triggered during the migratory larval stages of parasitism by . In addition, I review the pathologic impact of neoplastic type II pneumocytes extending over the interstitial scaffold in cases of sheep pulmonary adenocarcinoma (jaagsiekte) and the toxic injury induced by plants ( and sp.) and other toxins (carbolic dips, 3-methyl indole) on the pulmonary interstitium.
Hodor D, Negoescu A, Pop R
… +15 more, Popa R, Borfalău C, Hașaș AD, Cazan CD, Savage J, Cousens C, Aharoni K, Hilbe M, Rosato G, Dumitru I, Olech M, Bocăneț VI, Cătoi C, Taulescu M, Toma C
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41572919
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Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV; family , taxon species ), is a viral oncogenic lung disease in sheep. Its metastatic potential remains under-evaluated. We investigated m...Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV; family , taxon species ), is a viral oncogenic lung disease in sheep. Its metastatic potential remains under-evaluated. We investigated macrometastases (MACs), micrometastases (MICs), and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in regional draining lymph nodes (DLNs) using histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples from 41 lung tumors and their regional DLNs were obtained from slaughtered Țurcană sheep. Histologically, all cases were diagnosed as OPAs. The classical or mixed OPA was observed in 37 of 41 (90%) cases; the remaining tumors were the atypical form. In 10 cases, myxoid growths were also detected. For IHC, anti-multicytokeratin, thyroid transcription factor 1, and JSRV antibodies were used to detect metastatic cells within DLNs. Neoplastic cells were identified in 16 of 41 (39%) DLNs, including 2 MAC, 7 MIC, and 7 ITC cases. Lung tumors >7 cm were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis ( < 0.05). A random forest model incorporating tumor volume, necrosis, mitotic count, and Ki67 index achieved the best performance (AUC = 0.70; accuracy = 62.5%; F1 = 0.57) for metastasis prediction. A benign epithelial inclusion was found within a DLN in one case, which has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We found that OPA has a higher metastatic potential than previously recognized, particularly in larger tumors. Multivariate analysis, including additional tumor markers, likely would improve metastasis prediction. Our findings advance our understanding of OPA progression and its relevance as a comparative model for human lung adenocarcinoma.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41572669
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A 5-wk-old, 10.6-kg, intact female Leonberger dog was presented for evaluation of a mass on the left ventrolateral thorax that had been present since birth. A biopsy of the mass revealed an invasive, unencapsulated spind...A 5-wk-old, 10.6-kg, intact female Leonberger dog was presented for evaluation of a mass on the left ventrolateral thorax that had been present since birth. A biopsy of the mass revealed an invasive, unencapsulated spindle-cell population arranged in bundles and concentric whorls (pseudo-onion bulb formations) with multifocal melanocytic differentiation. Neoplastic cells in pseudo-onion bulbs immunolabeled strongly for glial acidic fibrillary protein and PGP9.5 and moderately for S100 and Sox10. The supporting matrix had strong immunolabeling for laminin. Cells had multifocal immunolabeling for NeuN, melan A, and PNL2. Collectively, these histopathologic characteristics support a diagnosis of congenital nerve sheath tumor, which is rarely described in dogs.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41572607
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Marker-assisted selection has increasingly relied on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as robust genetic markers, particularly in livestock breeding programs. In pig farming, embryonic mortality significantly affect...Marker-assisted selection has increasingly relied on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as robust genetic markers, particularly in livestock breeding programs. In pig farming, embryonic mortality significantly affects litter size, and SNPs in reference genes have been implicated as potential causal factors. We developed and optimized a tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (T-ARMS) PCR assay for rapid, cost-effective detection of SNPs in 3 candidate genes-, , -that are associated with embryonic lethality and reproductive performance. Primer sets were designed based on known mutation sites and validated using synthetic gene constructs and porcine genomic DNA from pigs of Duroc and Landrace breeds. Optimization of annealing temperatures and primer concentration ratios yielded distinct and reproducible allele-specific amplicon patterns that were corroborated by PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing. Our T-ARMS PCR protocol, which requires minimal equipment and reduces processing time to <3 h, had high specificity and efficiency in differentiating wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous mutant genotypes in 20 Duroc and 20 Landrace pigs. Our Tetra-ARMS PCR assay is a robust and economically viable tool for SNP genotyping in pig breeding programs, potentially contributing to the reduction of embryonic lethality and the improvement of overall reproductive outcomes.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41572598
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Four beef cows grazing in a mountainous grassland area had acute onset of drooling, frothy oral discharge, hyperemic mucous membranes, diarrhea, anorexia, dyspnea, and recumbency. Two cows died within 7-8 h of the onset...Four beef cows grazing in a mountainous grassland area had acute onset of drooling, frothy oral discharge, hyperemic mucous membranes, diarrhea, anorexia, dyspnea, and recumbency. Two cows died within 7-8 h of the onset of signs; the remaining 2 cows succumbed 24 h later. Scattered, 3-6-mm, gray-white solids were found on the grassland, suggesting potential contamination. Postmortem examination found abdominal distension, nasal hemorrhage, and distended rumens containing undigested forage. Hemorrhagic lesions were observed in the reticulum, omasum, abomasum, jejunum, and ileum. Yellow, 2-3-mm granular solids were identified in the rumen contents. Toxicologic analysis using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry detected high concentrations of trivalent arsenic [As(III), up to 1,070 mg/kg] and pentavalent arsenic [As(V), up to 1,180 mg/kg] in the rumen contents and grassland solids. Elemental analysis revealed magnesium, aluminum, calcium, arsenic (As), silicon, carbon, and oxygen in the residues, suggesting industrial byproducts from As removal processes.
Díaz-Santana P, Suárez-Bonnet A, Déniz-Marrero J
… +5 more, Salguero FJ, Martí-Garcia B, Friaza V, Calderón EJ, Fingerhood S
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 May · PMID 41572579
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An 11-mo-old, intact male captive kinkajou () was submitted for postmortem investigation because of emaciation and hindlimb overgrooming. Histologically, alveolar airspaces were filled with fungal structures that were mo...An 11-mo-old, intact male captive kinkajou () was submitted for postmortem investigation because of emaciation and hindlimb overgrooming. Histologically, alveolar airspaces were filled with fungal structures that were morphologically and histochemically consistent with spp. PCR of pulmonary tissue was negative for canine distemper virus and positive for spp. Molecular testing yielded amplification of the spp. mitochondrial large-subunit rRNA (mtLSU rRNA, 510 bp) and the small-subunit rRNA (mtSSU rRNA, 565 bp). Phylogenetic analysis suggested a potentially novel lineage associated with . Additional nuclear loci are required to confirm its taxonomic status. Gastric and colonic histologic findings included concurrent candidiasis and colonic nematodosis. An underlying immunosuppressive disease was suspected. Further investigation is required to clarify the role of kinkajous in the ecology of fungal pathogens and the causes of immunosuppression in this species, particularly in the context of human-wildlife interactions. Enhanced surveillance and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to evaluate potential zoonotic risks and inform conservation and public health strategies.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41572160
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Neonatal interstitial lung disease occurs within the first 3 wk of life and includes any disease process that affects alveolar septa and, in some species, interlobular septa. Postmortem diagnosis of neonatal interstitial...Neonatal interstitial lung disease occurs within the first 3 wk of life and includes any disease process that affects alveolar septa and, in some species, interlobular septa. Postmortem diagnosis of neonatal interstitial lung disease is challenging because of our incomplete understanding of normal postnatal lung development, especially in altricial species such as dogs and cats, which are born with morphologically and physiologically immature lungs. Most altricial species are born with lungs in the saccular stage of development and continue development to the alveolar stage in the postnatal period. I address normal postnatal lung development in dogs and cats, structural immaturity of the lung, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis. Histologically, neonatal lungs are easily mistaken for infectious pneumonia or structural immaturity based on their thick alveolar septa and hypercellularity. However, by determining the stage of lung development and considering factors such as gestational age, birth weight, and age at death, the degree of lung development may be entirely appropriate for that animal. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a clinical term for inadequate gas exchange. The underlying cause is surfactant dysfunction, which can be primary or secondary. Mature surfactant is essential for neonatal survival but is extremely difficult to assess in a postmortem lung. Sepsis is the leading cause of death in canine and feline neonates; histologic lesions are often subtle given the acute nature of the disease.
To H, Kon M, Kawashima N
… +7 more, Sato M, Ito S, Tsutsumi N, Ozawa M, Iwamoto S, Sugiura K, Nagai S
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41563096
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Two (APP) isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan, positive for ApxIA, ApxIIA, and ApxIVA, were nontypeable using the agar gel diffusion (AGD) test but positive in the capsular serovar 1-specifi...Two (APP) isolates from clinical cases of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan, positive for ApxIA, ApxIIA, and ApxIVA, were nontypeable using the agar gel diffusion (AGD) test but positive in the capsular serovar 1-specific PCR assay. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide of the isolates were identical to those of serovar 1 reference strain 4047. The main difference found in the CPS loci was a loss of 7 nucleotides at the 3'-end of the gene in the atypical isolates, which is responsible for the defect in CPS production. Consistent with the serologic and molecular findings, transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed the absence of detectable capsular material in the 2 atypical isolates. Collectively, our results suggest that this type of APP, defective in CPS production, may severely hamper serologic typing of the pathogen.
de Aguiar GA, da Silva DG, Arruda LP
… +12 more, Petri FAM, Storino GY, Rabelo IP, Nogueira GS, Lopes BT, Nunes CC, Pires GP, Ferreira GC, Santos GF, Sanches TVC, Braga ER, de Oliveira LG
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41562556
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The genus , particularly subsp. serovars Choleraesuis and Typhimurium, poses significant challenges to swine production and leads to economic losses from conditions such as septicemia and enterocolitis. We evaluated th...The genus , particularly subsp. serovars Choleraesuis and Typhimurium, poses significant challenges to swine production and leads to economic losses from conditions such as septicemia and enterocolitis. We evaluated the effects of experimental infection with Typhimurium on clinical signs and anatomopathologic outcomes in pigs. Twenty 90-d-old pigs were divided into 2 groups: G1 received an oral inoculum of 10 cfu of Typhimurium; G2 served as a control. Pigs were monitored clinically for 30 d; postmortem examinations and microbiologic analyses were conducted. No significant differences were found in rectal temperature or weight between groups; however, diarrhea episodes were noted in the challenged group starting on day 5 post-inoculation. Isolates of Typhimurium were detected intermittently in the challenged group; all positive samples came from pigs without diarrhea. Macroscopic lesions in G1 pigs included button-shaped ulcers in the ileocecal region, enlarged or hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes, and hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in the colon.
Li X, Tian J, Zhou W
… +8 more, Liu S, Peng C, Li J, Hou G, Yang J, Liu X, Liu H, Jiang W
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41562546
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Avian influenza, caused by the avian influenza A virus (IAV), threatens poultry and public health. H6 subtype avian IAV is a low-pathogenic virus with hosts ranging from poultry and wild birds to mammals. H6 persists lat...Avian influenza, caused by the avian influenza A virus (IAV), threatens poultry and public health. H6 subtype avian IAV is a low-pathogenic virus with hosts ranging from poultry and wild birds to mammals. H6 persists latently in poultry, which enables silent transmission and cross-species risk. The few fluorescence quantification assays that exist for H6 are mostly multiplexed. We developed a rapid, sensitive, efficient, monoplex fluorescence reverse-transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) assay for H6 IAV. Specific primers and a TaqMan-MGB probe were designed based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) gene region of H6 IAVs from the GISAID database. The reaction components and conditions were optimized, and the assay was evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The optimized assay had excellent specificity, with no cross-reactivity with other avian viruses, including IAV subtypes H1-5, H7, H9, and H10, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, fowl adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, chicken anemia virus, () , and . Our method had a detection limit of 8.2 × 10 copies/μL, which is 1,000 times more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR. The intra- and inter-assay CVs for all tested concentrations were both <1.5%, indicating good reproducibility. When applied to clinical swab samples, the sensitivity of our fluorescence RT-qPCR assay was 98.8% and specificity was 96.2% compared with traditional virus isolation. Our method could provide strong technical support for the early detection, monitoring, and prevention of H6 subtype IAV infection.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41562526
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The lung is composed of conducting airways, a gas-exchange region, and a dual circulatory system. Any of these components may be altered in respiratory disease, and complicated cases can be a diagnostic challenge. For ve...The lung is composed of conducting airways, a gas-exchange region, and a dual circulatory system. Any of these components may be altered in respiratory disease, and complicated cases can be a diagnostic challenge. For veterinary pathologists, a solid foundation in normal anatomy is essential for recognition of patterns of disease. Additionally, the structure of the lungs informs the function; therefore, knowledge of how normal structures are disrupted provides insight into the pathogenesis of lung diseases. We detail the organizational structure, microanatomy, and cell types of the lungs of several species of veterinary importance: cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, mice, and rats. Animals with a thick pleura and interlobular septa have associated separation of secondary lobules, whereas those with a thin pleura lack interlobular septa and have indiscernible secondary lobules. The transition between terminal bronchioles and gas-exchange regions, presence of respiratory bronchioles, and cellular composition of the bronchioles are highly variable among species. Other species variations include bronchial structure and glands, collateral ventilation, and patterns of blood supply to the conducting airways, gas-exchange regions, and pleura. Examples of histopathologic correlates offer relevance of pulmonary microanatomy to the veterinary pathologist.
Henker LC, Cheng AC, Stockler JW
… +9 more, Thompkins K, Rush J, Williams C, Taylor V, Kirkland A, Quance C, Hicks J, Stuart K, L T Neto RLA
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Mar · PMID 41562213
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is a gram-positive organism in the non-enterococcal Lancefield group D complex. has been reported as a cause of septicemia, endocarditis, and meningitis in humans, mastitis in dairy cows, and systemic streptococcosis i...is a gram-positive organism in the non-enterococcal Lancefield group D complex. has been reported as a cause of septicemia, endocarditis, and meningitis in humans, mastitis in dairy cows, and systemic streptococcosis in sea otters. A 3-mo-old reticulated giraffe () with a history of suspected failure of passive transfer (FPT) was submitted for postmortem examination, revealing bacterial septicemia, fibrinosuppurative polyarthritis, and embolic glomerulonephritis, with intravascular gram-positive cocci and microthrombosis in multiple organs. Bacterial culture and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry detected . septicemia was likely the result of FPT in this giraffe calf.