Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Medicine[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) tubers improve glucose tolerance and hepatic lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Okada N, Kobayashi S, Moriyama K … +4 more , Miyataka K, Abe S, Sato C, Kawazoe K
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 May · PMID 28647180 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of feeding Helianthus tuberosus (HT) tubers on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS: A normal HFD or HFD including 10 w/w% HT tubers (HFD + HT)...
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of feeding Helianthus tuberosus (HT) tubers on glucose tolerance and lipid profile in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS: A normal HFD or HFD including 10 w/w% HT tubers (HFD + HT) was fed to F334/Jcl rats. After 10 weeks, organ weights, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile were analyzed. RESULTS: The body weight, liver weight, and epidermal fat content in the HFD group were higher than those of the normal group, and similar to those of the HFD + HT group. The oral glucose tolerance test at 10 weeks revealed that the blood glucose level 30 min after beginning the test in the HFD + HT group was significantly lower than that in the HFD group. Liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Fecal triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the HFD + HT group were higher than those in the HFD group. Histological analyses revealed that fat and glycogen accumulation increased in the HFD group, but decreased in the HFD + HT group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that HT tubers have anti-fatty liver effects based on improvements in glucose tolerance and the hepatic lipid profile.
Euphorbia neriifolia L.: Review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities.
Mali PY, Panchal SS
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 May · PMID 28647179 · Publisher ↗
The present review is intended to provide information on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia (E. neriifolia). E. neriifolia has several ethnomedi...
The present review is intended to provide information on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia (E. neriifolia). E. neriifolia has several ethnomedicinal uses. The latex of E. neriifolia is used as laxative, purgative, rubefacient, carminative and expectorant as well as in treatment of whooping cough, gonorrhoea, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, jaundice, enlargement of the spleen, tumours, stone in the bladder, abdominal troubles and leucoderma. Leaves are brittle, heating, carminative, and good for improving the appetite and treatment of tumours, pains, inflammations, abdominal swellings and bronchial infections. Roots are used as symptomatic treatment of snake bite, scorpion sting and antispasmodic. Various plant parts or whole E. neriifolia extract and its isolates have been reported scientifically using various in-vivo and in-vitro experimental methods for anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant, anti-psychotic, anti-arthritis, anti-carcinogenic, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, cytotoxic, death-receptor expression enhancing, dermal irritation, diuretic, haemolytic, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, scorpion venom and wound healing properties. It is reported to have chemical constituents like, neriifolin-S, neriifolin, neriifoliene, euphol, neriifolione, cycloartenol, nerifoliol, lectin, euphonerins A-G, 3-O-acetyl-8-O-tigloylingol, taraxerol, antiquorin, etc. Identified chemical constituents are still required to be explored for their advanced isolation techniques and biological activities.
Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton sylvaticus Hochst. ex C. Krauss.
Maroyi A
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 May · PMID 28647178 · Publisher ↗
Croton sylvaticus (C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine, the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its...
Croton sylvaticus (C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine, the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its parts used as herbal medicines are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that C. sylvaticus is traditionally used to treat or manage at least 24 human and animal diseases and ailments. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as abdominal pains, boils, fever, inflammation, malaria, rheumatism, swellings and tuberculosis and as ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, essential oils, flavonoids, lignan, phenolics, sterols, tannins and terpenoids have been isolated from the species. Scientific studies on C. sylvaticus indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, larvicidal and effects on the central nervous system. Although studies have confirmed that C. sylvaticus has a wide range of bioactives, further research on the exact bioactive molecules and mechanisms of action are required.
Preliminary study on investigation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in endemic foci of Ethiopia by detecting Leishmania infections in rodents.
Lemma W, Bizuneh A, Tekie H … +8 more , Belay H, Wondimu H, Kassahun A, Shiferaw W, Balkew M, Abassi I, Baneth G, Hailu A
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552113 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages. METHODS: Rodents were collected from selected study sites in kala-azar endemic areas based on information for localities of kala-azar cases for screening of Leishmania infections using parasitological, serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from March, 2013 to January, 2014. Ketamine (Clorketam Veterinary) was used to anaesthesize the rodents according the prescribed dosage (average 2 mg/kg for intra-venous route). The blood obtained using sterile needle was dropped into sterile filter paper and allowed to air dry before sealing in plastic bags. The tissues from liver, spleen and skin were macerated in Locke's solution before transferring them into NNN medium. Blood and touch smears of liver, spleen, skin and bone marrow were prepared for fixing using methanol and staining by Giemsa stain for microscopy. These tissues were also used for DNA extractions and PCR amplification of Leishmania infection. RESULTS: A total of 335 rodents (13 species) were analyzed by sampling internal organs. The infection rate by PCR was 11.1% (6/54) for Arvicanthis nilothicus compared to 17.6% (3/17) and 12.5% (2/16) for Acomys cahirinus and Tarera (G) robustus respectively. Almost all the infections were found from bone marrow samples (8/48 or 16.7%) compared with 1/91 (1.1%) liver, 2/87 (2.2%) spleen and 0/87 (0%) skin. In all study sites with past human VL cases, rodents and proved vectors shared similar habitats. CONCLUSIONS: Leishmania donovani might circulate among different species of rodents in kala-azar endemic lowlands and valleys of Ethiopia by Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini. Detailed studies to substantiate the preliminary data on the possible role of these rodents are urgently needed.
Endogamous marriage and the prevalence of hemoglobin E in ethnic groups of northern Thailand.
Ruengthanoo P, Lithanatudom P, Inthi P … +5 more , Termphiriyakit J, Laphyai P, Kangwanpong D, Smith DR, Kampuansai J
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552112 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the endogamous marriage culture on the prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant. METHODS: The prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant was determined by...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the endogamous marriage culture on the prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant. METHODS: The prevalence of the hemoglobin E (HbE) recessive variant was determined by dot-blot hybridization in 4 endogamous villages (1 Mlabri and 3 Htin ethnic groups) in comparison with 9 other nearby non-endogamous populations. RESULTS: Although the overall HbE prevalence in the population studied (8.44%, 33/391) was not significantly different from that of the general southeast Asian population, a high prevalence and individuals with homozygous HbE were observed in two villages, the Mlabri from Wiang Sa district and the Htin from Thung Chang district of Nan province (26.3% and 26.9%, respectively). The low HbE allelic frequency noticed in some endogamous populations suggests that not only endogamy but also other evolutionary forces, such as founder effect and HbE/β-thalassemia negative selection may have an effect on the distribution of the HbE trait. CONCLUSION: Our study strongly documents that cultural impact has to be considered in the extensive prevalence studies for genetic disorders in the ethnic groups of northern Thailand.
Combination of serum tumor markers dickkopf-1, DCP and AFP for the diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
Qin QF, Weng J, Xu GX … +2 more , Chen CM, Jia CK
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552111 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the detection accuracy of the biomarkers dickkopf-1, DCP and AFP as a serum biomarker panel by comparing the sensitivity of the panel with those of the individual biomarkers. METHODS: The study was...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the detection accuracy of the biomarkers dickkopf-1, DCP and AFP as a serum biomarker panel by comparing the sensitivity of the panel with those of the individual biomarkers. METHODS: The study was composed of three groups, one with HCC patients, one with non-HCC liver diseases and one with healthy controls. Serum AFP was measured using a chemiluminescence assay and serum dickkopf-1 and DCP were measured with ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of the biomarkers were analyzed as single parameters and as a serum panel. RESULTS: The HCC group showed higher levels of dickkopf-1, DCP and AFP than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Dickkopf-1 showed better sensitivity (73.26% vs. 58.13%, P < 0.05) and better specificity (44.0% vs. 29.0%, P < 0.05) than AFP. DCP also had better sensitivity (74.42% vs. 58.13%, P < 0.05) than AFP, but their specificity was similar (30.00% vs. 29.00%, P > 0.05). The combination of the biomarkers as a serum panel produced much better sensitivity (93.02%) and specificity (78.00%) than each of the markers individually (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of AFP, DCP and dickkopf-1 as a biomarker panel can significantly improve the detection power with much higher sensitivity and specificity for HCC than any of the biomarkers alone. The tests are convenient and inexpensive, and may serve as a valuable addition to current options for the diagnosis of HCC.
Antitumor effect of thymoquinone combined with resveratrol on mice transplanted with breast cancer.
Alobaedi OH, Talib WH, Basheti IA
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552110 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To test the anticancer potential activity of the combination of thymoquinone (TQ) and resveratrol (RES) against breast cancer in mice. METHODS: The antiproliferative activity of TQ, RES and their combination w...
OBJECTIVE: To test the anticancer potential activity of the combination of thymoquinone (TQ) and resveratrol (RES) against breast cancer in mice. METHODS: The antiproliferative activity of TQ, RES and their combination was assessed against three breast cancer cell lines and one normal cells using MTT assay. The combination index was calculated using isobolographic method. Balb/C mice were inoculated with EMT6/P cells and in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated. RESULTS: The combination therapy also caused significant decrease in tumor size with a percentage cure of 60%. The combination therapy induced geographic necrosis, enhanced apoptosis, and decreased VEGF expression. Serum levels of IFN-γ were elevated in mice treated with combination therapy with no liver or kidney toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of TQ and RES against breast cancer in mice can work synergistically. The anticancer effect of this combination is mediated by apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition and immune modulation.
Time-kill kinetics and biocidal effect of Euclea crispa leaf extracts against microbial membrane.
Alayande KA, Pohl CH, Ashafa AOT
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552109 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antimicrobial potential of the fractions partitioned from Euclea crispa leaf extract and determination of their impact on cell membrane disruption. METHODS: Antimicrobial potentials were evaluated...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antimicrobial potential of the fractions partitioned from Euclea crispa leaf extract and determination of their impact on cell membrane disruption. METHODS: Antimicrobial potentials were evaluated via susceptibility test, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and time-kill kinetics of the potent fractions. Degree of membrane disruption was determined by the amount of proteins and nucleotides released from within the cells and SEM images of the membrane after 120 min of treatment. RESULTS: The largest inhibition zone (25.5 ± 0.50 mm) was obtained by ethylacetate fraction against Aeromonas hydrophilla at 10 mg/mL. The lowest MIC (0.16 mg/mL) was exhibited by n-butanol and ethylacetate fractions against test bacteria while all fractions exhibited MIC values between 0.31 and 1.25 mg/mL against susceptible yeast. n-Butanol fraction achieved absolute mortality against Bacillus pumulis (B. pumulis) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) after 90 and 120 min contact time respectively at 1 × MIC. Total mortality also achieved by n-hexane fraction against B. pumulis and K. pneumoniae after 90 and 120 min respectively at 2 × MIC. Ethylacetate fraction achieved absolute mortality against both bacteria after 120 min at 2 × MIC. n-Hexane fraction achieved total mortality against Candida albicans after 120 min at 1 × MIC. Maximum amount of proteins (0.566 μg/mL) was released from K. pneumoniae by n-butanol fraction at 2 × MIC after 120 min of treatment while the maximum amount of nucleotides released (4.575 μg) was from B. pumulis by n-hexane fraction under similar condition. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the leaf of Euclea crispa a source of bioactive compound with membrane attack as one of the mechanisms of its biocidal action.
Pistacia chinensis: Strong antioxidant and potent testicular toxicity amelioration agent.
Noureen F, Khan MR, Shah NA … +3 more , Khan RA, Naz K, Sattar S
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552108 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potency of Pistacia chinensis (P. chinensis) bark and leaves extracts along with its protective role against CCl induced toxicity in testis of the rat. METHODS: Va...
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potency of Pistacia chinensis (P. chinensis) bark and leaves extracts along with its protective role against CCl induced toxicity in testis of the rat. METHODS: Various in vitro models such as DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide scavenging activities, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, phospho-molybdenum activity, β carotene bleaching assay was used for analysis of antioxidant potential. Experimental groups for in vivo study were: Group Ⅰ (control) untreated, Group Ⅱ (Vehicle control), Group Ⅲ (1 mL/kg b.w 30% CCl), Group Ⅳ (1 mL/kg b.w CCl + Silymarin), Group Ⅴ (200 mg/kg b.w PCBE + CCl), Group Ⅵ (400 mg/kg b.w PCBE + CCl) and Group Ⅶ (400 mg/kg b.w PCBE alone). RESULTS: In vitro antioxidant assays displayed significant results and the highest activity was not specified to a specific extract. However, ethyl acetate extract of bark (PCBE) showed highest results in most of the antioxidant assays i.e. beta-carotene bleaching, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ABTS, lipid peroxidation and superoxide radical scavenging activity. On this base, this fraction was selected for in vivo antioxidant experiment. Testis tissues were analyzed to observe the protective effects of PCBE on antioxidant enzymes; catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and quinone reductase activities and glutathione (GSH) as well as nitrite content. Profile of plasma testosterone was also compared to various treatments. Observation suggests a protective role of P. chinensis against CCl induced toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that some bioactive antioxidants of P. chinensis bark might be a good source to isolate the potent antioxidant components.
In vitro, in vivo and in silico anti-hyperglycemic inhibition by sinigrin.
Abbas Q, Hassan M, Raza H … +4 more , Kim SJ, Chung KW, Kim GH, Seo SY
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552107 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of sinigrin using in vitro, in silico and in vivo streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic zebrafish model. METHODS: The in vitro enzyme inhibition assay was carr...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of sinigrin using in vitro, in silico and in vivo streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic zebrafish model. METHODS: The in vitro enzyme inhibition assay was carried out to determine the IC value against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, in silico molecular docking was performed against both enzymes with PyRx tool and simulations were performed using GROMACS tool. Hyperglycemia was induced in zebrafishes using three intraperitoneal injections on alternating days for 1 week at 350 mg/kg of STZ. Hyperglycemic fishes were treated intraperitoneally with 50, 100 and 150 mg of sinigrin/kg of body weight for 24 h and glucose levels were measured. RESULTS: The sinigrin showed very strong inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase with 0.248 and 0.00124 μM while reference drug acarbose showed IC value of 73.0700 and 0.0017 μM against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed that sinigrin has the mixed type mode of inhibition against α-glucosidase. Molecular docking results revealed its strong binding affinity with α-glucosidase (-10.00 kcal/mol) and α-amylase (-8.10 kcal/mol). Simulations graphs confirmed its stability against both enzymes. Furthermore, in hyperglycemic zebrafishes most significant (P < 0.001) reduction of glucose was occurred at 150 mg/kg, moderate significant reduction of glucose was observed at 100 mg/kg and no any significant reduction of glucose was measured at 50 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: It can be evident from the present results that sinigrin has potent anti-hyperglycemic activity and it may prove to be effective treatment for the hyperglycemia.
The protection of Thymus vulgaris leaves alcoholic extract against hepatotoxicity of alcohol in rats.
El-Newary SA, Shaffie NM, Omer EA
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552106 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) leaves 70% alcoholic extract against alcohol-mediate hepatotoxicity rats. METHODS: The protective effect of T. vulgaris extract was investi...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) leaves 70% alcoholic extract against alcohol-mediate hepatotoxicity rats. METHODS: The protective effect of T. vulgaris extract was investigated at dose of 500 mg/kg/day (as 0.1 of LD) orally against alcohol-mediate hepatotoxicity using adult male Wister albino rats during 21 days. Protective effect of T. vulgaris extract was evaluated comparing with silymarin standard drug at recommended dose (25 mg/kg/day) orally for 21 days. Serum liver and kidney functions, serum lipid profile, liver antioxidant enzymes activities, liver glutathione concentration (GSH), liver oxidative parameters and histopathological study of liver and kidney were estimated to find out protective effect of T. vulgaris extract. RESULTS: Alcohol-mediate hepatotoxicity rats (alcohol-control) showed hepatocytes distortion represented as marked increment on liver biomarkers; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities, as well as pronounced reduction on total protein and its fractions albumin and globulin production corresponding to normal ranges. Oxidative stress status was appeared on alcohol-control evident as significant depletion on GSH concentration, antioxidant enzymes activities; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione- S- transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) recorded significant dwindling, concurrence with significant augmentation on oxidative stress parameters; malondyaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (HO) concentrations with respect to normal values. Serum lipid profile was affected by alcohol administration, total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly reduced, meanwhile high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was raised comparing to normal ranges. Co-administration of T. vulgaris extract with alcohol showed protective effect on hepatocytes manifested as remarkable minimizing on ALP, AST and ALT activities and marked increment on total protein, albumin and globulin production compared to alcohol-control. Amelioration was achieved on oxidative stress status on rats co-administrated T. vulgaris extract with alcohol. Accordingly, antioxidant enzymes activities; CAT, SOD, GR, GST and GPx were significantly magnified, while oxidative stress parameters; MDA and HO concentration were significantly lessened corresponding to alcohol-control. Also, lipid profile was markedly improved and risk ratio was lowered by T. vulgaris extract co-administrated in comparison with alcohol-control. All these obvious results were confirmed by histopathological examination, which illustrated that extract showed normalization of degenerated and fibrotic liver tissue as of alcohol-control. CONCLUSION: T. vulgaris extract protected hepatocytes from damaging by alcohol reflecting improvement on liver performance and inhibition of oxidative stress status of liver. T. vulgaris extract appeared hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities on alcohol-mediate hepatotoxicity rats compared to silymarin.
Acacia karroo Hayne: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important medicinal plant in southern Africa.
Maroyi A
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552105 · Publisher ↗
Acacia karroo (A. karroo) has been used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of southern Africa for several centuries. The potential of A. karroo as herbal medicine, its associated phytochemistry and biological ac...
Acacia karroo (A. karroo) has been used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of southern Africa for several centuries. The potential of A. karroo as herbal medicine, its associated phytochemistry and biological activities are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that A. karroo is traditionally used to treat or manage 32 and five human and animal diseases and ailments, respectively. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as colds, diarrhoea, dysentery, flu, malaria, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), wounds, and also as colic and ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, proanthocyanidin, tannin, terpenes as well as several minerals have been identified from leaves and roots of A. karroo. Scientific studies on A. karroo indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antifungal, antigonococcal, antihelmintic, antilisterial, antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. A. karroo has a lot of potential as a possible source of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of a wide range of both human and animal diseases and ailments. Future research should focus on the mechanisms of action of the different plant parts used as herbal medicines, isolated compounds, their efficacy, toxicity and clinical relevance.
Microsporidiosis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ghoyounchi R, Ahmadpour E, Spotin A … +6 more , Mahami-Oskouei M, Rezamand A, Aminisani N, Ghojazadeh M, Berahmat R, Mikaeili-Galeh T
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552104 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine all evidence about Microsporidia infection in vertebrate/invertebrate hosts and Iranian populations distributed in different regions of the country. METHODS: All published articles up to December 20...
OBJECTIVE: To examine all evidence about Microsporidia infection in vertebrate/invertebrate hosts and Iranian populations distributed in different regions of the country. METHODS: All published articles up to December 2015, including descriptive and cross-sectional studies related to the prevalence and genotyping of Microsporidia infection in Iran, was considered in this systematic review. The meta-analysis was done using the random-effects model and Stats Direct statistical software. MEGA 5.05 software and maximum likelihood algorithm with Kimura 2-parameter model were used for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1152 investigated studies, 33 eligible studies reported a prevalence of Microsporidia infection in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. According to this systematic review, the overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection in immunocompromised patients in Iran was 8.18%. Furthermore, the overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection in immunocompromised patients with chronic diarrhoea, patients with non-diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, and patients with CD4 (<200 cells/μL) was 15.4%, 4.1%, 0.5%, and 12.9% respectively. The highest prevalence rate of human and animal Microsporidia was estimated in Kerman (29%) and Khuzestan (26.5%). The overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection in honeybees using the random-effects model was 40%. Furthermore, the highest prevalence rate of nosemosis was described in East Azerbaijan (48.2%). The most Microsporidia isolates from immunocompromised patients and pigeons in Iran belonged to genotypes D (n = 16; 50%) and E (n = 6; 20.6%) of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. CONCLUSIONS: This study may be the first systematic review and meta-analysis that provides a broad outlook on the prevalence of microsporidiosis in Iran. It is necessary to investigate Microsporidia infection in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and environmental resources in Iran.
Needs of exploring the burden of recent onset seizures due to neurocysticercosis and challenges in southeast Asia focusing on scenario in Malaysia.
Sahu PS, Lim YAL, Mahmud R … +3 more , Somanath SD, Tan CT, Ramachandran CP
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552103 · Publisher ↗
Seizures due to neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a neglected human-to-human transmitted disorder and an emerging problem worldwide. A substantial portion of recent onset seizures is known to be attributed to NCC in Taenia sol...
Seizures due to neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a neglected human-to-human transmitted disorder and an emerging problem worldwide. A substantial portion of recent onset seizures is known to be attributed to NCC in Taenia solium (T. solium) endemic areas where populations which neither raise pigs nor eat pig meat are also at risk. High prevalence of NCC causing epilepsy has been reported in the underdeveloped areas of Southeast Asia (SEA) however, only fragmentary information on its incidence is available in countries like Malaysia. In Malaysia T. solium infection was previously thought to be infrequent due to Muslim population majority and the religious prohibition of consuming pork, but it is not totally absent. There is an evident lack of knowledge and awareness of the actual burden, routes of transmission, and the impact of NCC in this region. The problem is assumed to be more prevalent particularly in cities because of the frequent inflow of possibly T. solium infected individuals or carriers among those who migrate from neighboring endemic countries to Malaysia. The issue of imported cases that are likely to be emerging in Malaysia is highlighted here. An accurate quantification of regional burdens of epilepsy due to NCC in Malaysia is warranted considering the disease emergence in its neighboring countries. It is suggested that the importance of NCC be recognized through quantification of its burden, and also to collect epidemiological data for its subsequent elimination in line of World Health Organization's mission for control of cysticercosis as a neglected tropical disease. In this review the need as well as a strategy for neuro-care center screening of epilepsy cases, and various issues with possible explanations are discussed. It is also proposed that NCC be declared as a reportable disease which is one of the eradicable public health problems in SEA.
Advances in research on Zika virus.
Ali A, Wahid B, Rafique S … +1 more , Idrees M
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Apr · PMID 28552102 · Publisher ↗
Zika virus (ZIKV) is rapidly spreading across the America and its devastating outcomes for pregnant women and infants have driven this previously ignored pathogen into the limelight. Clinical manifestations are fever, jo...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is rapidly spreading across the America and its devastating outcomes for pregnant women and infants have driven this previously ignored pathogen into the limelight. Clinical manifestations are fever, joint pain or rash and conjunctivitis. Emergence of ZIKV started with a first outbreak in the Pacific area in 2007, a second large outbreak occurred in the Pacific in 2013/2014 and subsequently the virus spread in other Pacific islands. Threat of explosive global pandemic and severe clinical complications linked with the more immediate and recurrent epidemics necessitate the development of an effective vaccine. Several vaccine platforms such as DNA vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, ZIKV purified inactivated vaccine, and chimeric vaccines have shown potent efficacy in vitro and in vivo trials. Moreover, number of drugs such as Sofosbuvir, BCX4450, NITD008 and 7-DMA are ready to enter phase I clinical trial because of proven anti-ZIKV activity. Monoclonal based antibodies offer promise as an intervention effective for use in pregnant women. In this review, we describe the advances in research on ZIKV such as research strategies for the development of antiviral drugs & vaccines, molecular evolution, epidemiology emergence, neurological complications and other teratogenic outcomes as well as pathogenesis.
Temperature and development of Zika virus infection: An Indonesian case.
Tosepu R
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Mar · PMID 28442118 · Publisher ↗
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Tuberculosis/toxoplasmosis co-infection in Egyptian patients: A reciprocal impact.
Mashaly M, Nabih N, Fawzy IM … +1 more , El Henawy AA
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Mar · PMID 28442117 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess the concurrent toxoplasmosis infection in Egyptian TB patients and the impact of each infection on the other in terms of increased severity of TB or reactivation of latent Toxoplasma infection. METHO...
OBJECTIVE: To assess the concurrent toxoplasmosis infection in Egyptian TB patients and the impact of each infection on the other in terms of increased severity of TB or reactivation of latent Toxoplasma infection. METHODS: Three hundred suspected pulmonary TB cases were initially screened for TB using direct Ziehl Neelsen staining and Lowenstein Jensen culture of their sputa. Rifampicin resistance was detected by Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Control group of 30 age and sex-matched healthy individuals negative for TB was included for comparison. All subjects were further assessed for serum levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and malondialdehyde (MDA). RESULTS: Forty three confirmed TB-infected patients including 10 (23.3%) rifampicin-resistant patients were detected. Associated toxoplasmosis was found to be significantly higher among TB patients (OR = 2.709; 95% CI: 1.034-7.099; P<0.05) and among rifampicin sensitive than rifampicin resistant TB patients (OR=0.213; 95% CI: 0.048-0.951; P < 0.05). Serum levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies and MDA were significantly higher among TB patients than the control group. Furthermore, serum level of MDA was significantly higher among TB/Toxoplasma co-infected patients as compared to toxoplasmosis free-TB patients. Strong positive correlation was detected between serum levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and MDA in TB patients (r = 0.75, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among pulmonary TB Egyptian patients, there is a considerable prevalence of toxoplasmosis. Severity of pulmonary tuberculosis could be increased by Toxoplasma co-infection.
Determination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis seizures in Egypt.
Souleman AMA, Gaafar AEM, Abdel-Salam OM … +1 more , ElShebiney SA
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Mar · PMID 28442116 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of cannabis seizures in Egypt. METHODS: Unheated and heated extracts of cannabis seizures were prepared from the dried flowering tops and leaves (mar...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of cannabis seizures in Egypt. METHODS: Unheated and heated extracts of cannabis seizures were prepared from the dried flowering tops and leaves (marijuana) or from the resin (hashish) and subjected to analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The heated resin extract had the peak of THC in a relative ratio of 31.34%, while extracting the resin directly without heating contained only 18.34% of THC. On the other hand, marijuana showed minimum percentage of THC at 11.188% on heating and 9.55% without heating. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the high potency of the abused cannabis plant in the illicit Egyptian market.
Lipase inhibitory activity of Lagenaria siceraria fruit as a strategy to treat obesity.
Maqsood M, Ahmed D, Atique I … +1 more , Malik W
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Mar · PMID 28442115 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To explore pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity under different extraction conditions in order to track the most potent extract. METHODS: The methanolic extract and its fractions in solvents of increasing pol...
OBJECTIVE: To explore pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity under different extraction conditions in order to track the most potent extract. METHODS: The methanolic extract and its fractions in solvents of increasing polarity, ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, were made through cold maceration. Extracts in ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and chloroform were similarly prepared. Aqueous extract was prepared through hot decoction method. A reported method was used to determine lipase inhibitory activity of extracts and fractions over wide ranges of concentrations. RESULTS: The extracts and fractions exhibited concentration dependent activity. The IC (μg/mL) values of methanolic, ethanolic, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethyl acetate (after washing with water) and aqueous decoction were 293.40, 266.47, 157.59, 182.12, 352.34, 257.00, and 190.00, respectively. The activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were close to that of the drug orlistat (IC 146 μg/mL). Out of the fractions of the methanolic extract, the chloroform fraction was most active (IC 189.6 μg/mL). The order of inhibitory activity of the fractions was as follows: chloroform＞ether＞n-butanolic＞aqueous＞ethyl acetate. The GC/MS analysis of the most active chloroform faction showed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, methyl hexadecanoate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl 9,12-octadecadienate, and methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that Lagenaria siceraria has potential to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity, suppressing lipid digestion and thereby diminishing entry of lipids into the body. Regular intake of aqueous decoction of the fruit may therefore be recommended for control of obesity. Fatty acids and their esters may play role as inhibitors of lipase.
Nested multiplex PCR for identification and detection of human Plasmodium species including Plasmodium knowlesi.
Miguel-Oteo M, Jiram AI, Ta-Tang TH … +3 more , Lanza M, Hisam S, Rubio JM
Asian Pac J Trop Med · 2017 Mar · PMID 28442114 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop a new technique for diagnosis of Plasmodium knowlesi and at the same time to be able to discriminate among the diverse species of Plasmodium causing human malaria. METHODS: In this study the nested...
OBJECTIVE: To develop a new technique for diagnosis of Plasmodium knowlesi and at the same time to be able to discriminate among the diverse species of Plasmodium causing human malaria. METHODS: In this study the nested multiplex malaria PCR was redesigned, targeting the 18S rRNA gene, to identify the fifth human Plasmodium species, Plasmodium knowlesi, together with the other human Plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) by amplified fragment size using only two amplification processes and including an internal reaction control to avoid false negatives. RESULTS: The technique was validated with 91 clinical samples obtained from patients with malaria compatible symptoms. The technique showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96%) when it was compared to the reference method employed for malaria diagnosis in the Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ and a published real-time PCR malaria assay. CONCLUSIONS: The technique designed is an economical, sensitive and specific alternative to current diagnosis methods. Furthermore, the method might be tested in knowlesi-malaria endemic areas with a higher number of samples to confirm the quality of the method.
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