The influence of fear of re-injury that this variable has on recovery outcomes following sports-related concussion remains unknown. We examined changes in fear of re-injury throughout concussion recovery, and compared ch...The influence of fear of re-injury that this variable has on recovery outcomes following sports-related concussion remains unknown. We examined changes in fear of re-injury throughout concussion recovery, and compared changes in neurocognitive, symptom, vestibular/ocular motor, and recovery time outcomes between concussed adolescent athletes who endorsed high and low fear of re-injury. Individuals with high fear of re-injury were more symptomatic and more likely to exhibit vestibular/ocular motor symptoms over clinical cutoffs than those with low fear of re-injury. Recovery time was not significantly different between the groups. These findings may help explain performance on more subjective concussion assessments.
Executive functions are compromised in children with sickle cell anemia. There is limited research on the development of executive functions in preschool children with sickle cell anemia and the factors that contribute t...Executive functions are compromised in children with sickle cell anemia. There is limited research on the development of executive functions in preschool children with sickle cell anemia and the factors that contribute to executive dysfunction. We looked at the relation between biomedical and environmental factors, including family functioning and socioeconomic status, and executive functions in 22 preschool children with sickle cell anemia. We found that family functioning was the strongest predictor of executive outcomes in young children with sickle cell anemia with no evidence for an influence of disease severity at this early stage.
Rammal S, Abi Chahine J, Rammal M
… +2 more, Fares Y, Abou Abbas L
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 Aug · PMID 31394932
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The aim of this study was to generate normative data on the M-WCST in a Lebanese adult population and to examine the relationship between performance on this task and demographic variables. The sample consisted of 220 he...The aim of this study was to generate normative data on the M-WCST in a Lebanese adult population and to examine the relationship between performance on this task and demographic variables. The sample consisted of 220 healthy adults aged between 18 and 64 years. Regression-based strategy was applied to generate normative data. The results showed a statistically significant effect of age and level of education on the M-WCST measures, whereas gender was not significant. Demographically calibrated percentiles and scaled scores were created. Finally, this study was the first to provide normative-adjusted tables for the M-WCST scores in Lebanon.
Morie KP, Wu J, Landi N
… +3 more, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 Aug · PMID 31353953
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Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has ramifications for feedback processing. Measuring neural oscillatory dynamics (during electroencephalography) provides insight into the time signatures and neural processes of feedback...Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has ramifications for feedback processing. Measuring neural oscillatory dynamics (during electroencephalography) provides insight into the time signatures and neural processes of feedback processing in adolescents with PCE. We measured spectral power in alpha and theta frequency bands while 49 adolescents with PCE and 34 non-drug exposed (NDE) performed a task with win/no-win feedback. Compared to NDE individuals, those with PCE showed reduced alpha power and increased theta power in response to no-win feedback. These findings suggest altered reactivity in PCE adolescents.
Hansen A, Turpyn CC, Mauro K
… +2 more, Thompson JC, Chaplin TM
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 Aug · PMID 31288587
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The current study examines associations between neural activation to the receipt of monetary reward in a rewarding game task and bias toward immediate reward measured in a behavioral delay discounting task among early ad...The current study examines associations between neural activation to the receipt of monetary reward in a rewarding game task and bias toward immediate reward measured in a behavioral delay discounting task among early adolescents (N = 58, 12-14 years). As expected, heightened brain activation in reward-related regions were correlated with higher bias toward immediate reward. This suggests that bias toward immediate reward in delay discounting tasks may be linked to heightened activation to reward in reward processing regions. This interplay between neural reward processing and bias toward immediate reward might explain the sharp increases in bias toward immediate reward that occur in early adolescence.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 Aug · PMID 31223031
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Tobacco use is a prevalent problem in the general population as well as among military veterans. Despite the fact that tobacco users are at an increased risk of many medical and psychiatric comorbidities, the risk of cog...Tobacco use is a prevalent problem in the general population as well as among military veterans. Despite the fact that tobacco users are at an increased risk of many medical and psychiatric comorbidities, the risk of cognitive impairment in younger active tobacco users is less studied. Military veterans from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (n = 113) were administered a neuropsychological protocol. Even after controlling for the severity of PTSD symptoms, tobacco use was negatively related to performance on measures of processing speed, memory, and executive functioning. The current findings have implications for the neuropsychological evaluation of tobacco users.
We investigated the immediate consequences of differently paced videos on behaviour and neural activity during response inhibition. Forty 7-year-olds watched a fast- or slow-paced video and completed a go/no-go task. Com...We investigated the immediate consequences of differently paced videos on behaviour and neural activity during response inhibition. Forty 7-year-olds watched a fast- or slow-paced video and completed a go/no-go task. Compared to the slow-paced-video group, children in the fast-paced-video group made more no-go errors. There was also an interaction between pace and no-go response type (correct, wrong) for the N2 and P3 peak latencies. In the slow-paced group, both components peaked earlier for correct response withholds. This usual pattern of activation was absent in the fast-paced group. Video pace appears to affect behaviour and the neural responses involved in inhibition.
Very preterm birth is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments and outcomes have not improved over the last decades. Insight in learning processes is important for the development of effective interventions. Implic...Very preterm birth is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments and outcomes have not improved over the last decades. Insight in learning processes is important for the development of effective interventions. Implicit learning is of particular interest because of its independence from working memory processes that are affected by preterm birth. This study examined implicit learning abilities in 49 very preterm and 61 full-term 13-year-old adolescents. The degree of implicit learning was not different between groups. This indicates intact implicit learning abilities in adolescents born very preterm. Implicit learning strategies may be beneficial for skill learning in very preterm born children.
The current longitudinal study examined academic outcomes of children diagnosed with secondary attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (S-ADHD) following stroke in comparison to children with stroke-only and children wi...The current longitudinal study examined academic outcomes of children diagnosed with secondary attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (S-ADHD) following stroke in comparison to children with stroke-only and children with developmental ADHD (D-ADHD), and explored potential predictors of progress in these groups. We followed 55 children (n = 17 S-ADHD, n = 18 stroke-only, and n = 20 D-ADHD) over approximately four years. Children with S-ADHD and D-ADHD were more likely to have a comorbid learning disability, but children with S-ADHD were more likely to have declines in their reading scores over time. No individual or neurological factors accounted for declines. Math scores were equally likely to decline across all youth.
Bosquet Enlow M, Petty CR, Svelnys C
… +4 more, Gusman M, Huezo M, Malin A, Wright RJ
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 Jul · PMID 31059292
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We examined the roles of maternal and child lifetime stress exposures, infant temperament (orienting/regulation, surgency/extraversion), and maternal caregiving during infancy and preschool on preschoolers' working memor...We examined the roles of maternal and child lifetime stress exposures, infant temperament (orienting/regulation, surgency/extraversion), and maternal caregiving during infancy and preschool on preschoolers' working memory and inhibitory control in a sociodemographically diverse pregnancy cohort. Working memory was predicted by infant orienting/regulation, with differential effects by the level of maternal cognitive support in infancy; maternal lifetime stress exposures exerted independent negative effects on working memory. Inhibitory control was positively associated with maternal emotionally supportive behaviors in infancy, which mediated the effects of maternal lifetime stress exposures on inhibitory control. These findings have implications for interventions designed to optimize child executive functioning.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 31014122
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The present study examined whether the lateral prefrontal regions played an important role in a less is more (LIM) task in young children. Preschool children were given a LIM task, and neural activation during the task w...The present study examined whether the lateral prefrontal regions played an important role in a less is more (LIM) task in young children. Preschool children were given a LIM task, and neural activation during the task was assessed using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results revealed that children's right ventrolateral prefrontal regions were activated during the task. Specifically, stronger prefrontal activation was shown when children chose a small reward compared to when they selected the other option. Results suggest that the lateral prefrontal regions, the core region of cool EF, contributes to performance in the LIM task.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 31001999
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Although some studies described the apparition of a rightward bias of attention with aging, no study has examined if this bias could be explained by modifications based on age in the mechanisms of attention orienting and...Although some studies described the apparition of a rightward bias of attention with aging, no study has examined if this bias could be explained by modifications based on age in the mechanisms of attention orienting and, specially, in the cueing effects. 48 participants of different ages were tested with a spatial cueing paradigm to assess mechanisms of attention orienting. Our results suggest the appearance of specific difficulties to orient and reorient attention towards the left side of space with aging. These results identified a right attentional anchoring with aging.
van der Zee YJ, Kooiker MJG, Talamante Ojeda M
… +1 more, Pel JJM
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30880487
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Visual closure is the ability to visualize a complete whole when an incomplete picture is presented. The aim of the present study was to investigate the Kaufman Gestalt closure task in children with cerebral and ocular v...Visual closure is the ability to visualize a complete whole when an incomplete picture is presented. The aim of the present study was to investigate the Kaufman Gestalt closure task in children with cerebral and ocular visual impairments. Looking behavior was assessed by an eye tracker system to quantify the number and duration of fixations. We found that children with visual impairments due to cerebral damage show weaker Gestalt perception and had different looking patterns than children with ocular or without visual impairments. Children with brain damage performed significantly worse on the animate items than the group without brain damage.
Soltanlou M, Artemenko C, Dresler T
… +3 more, Fallgatter AJ, Nuerk HC, Ehlis AC
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30864846
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Most studies have investigated brain activation changes after the course of arithmetic learning, and the question remains whether these changes are detectable during the course of learning, i.e., before memory consolidat...Most studies have investigated brain activation changes after the course of arithmetic learning, and the question remains whether these changes are detectable during the course of learning, i.e., before memory consolidation. Twenty-four fifth graders solved multiplication problems while ongoing electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. The arithmetic training revealed reduced errors together with a power increase in theta (4-7 Hz) but not in lower alpha (8-10 Hz) or upper alpha (10-13 Hz) bands. We conclude that increases in theta power subserved a shift from slow, procedural strategies to more efficient, automated procedural and retrieval strategies, which led to more efficient performance.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30811274
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The role of motor coordination and executive functions in kindergarten for reading/spelling in 1st/2nd grade was examined in the light of other domain-general predictors. N = 173 children were included in the final analy...The role of motor coordination and executive functions in kindergarten for reading/spelling in 1st/2nd grade was examined in the light of other domain-general predictors. N = 173 children were included in the final analyses. A structural equation model with motor coordination, fluid intelligence, age and self-concept as predictors of reading/spelling fitted well. When EF were included, motor coordination and fluid intelligence were not associated with reading/spelling performance. A final model with EF, age and self-concept fitted best. Findings indicate an important role of EF for the development of reading and spelling and for the link between motor coordination and reading/spelling.
Malegiannaki AC, Aretouli E, Metallidou P
… +3 more, Messinis L, Zafeiriou D, Kosmidis MH
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30786760
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We examined the utility of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch) for Greek children. Discrete and regression-based norms, controlling for demographic characteristics and intelligence, were derived from the...We examined the utility of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch) for Greek children. Discrete and regression-based norms, controlling for demographic characteristics and intelligence, were derived from the performance of 172 children. We also assessed the ability of the TEA-Ch to differentiate children with ADHD-Combined Type (ADHD-C) from healthy matched peers. Children with ADHD-C displayed dysfunction in multiple attentional domains. Discriminant function analysis indicated that two subtests (Sky Search and Walk, Don't Walk) correctly classified 84.2% of children with ADHD-C.
Barrett CE, Kable JA, Madsen TE
… +2 more, Hsu CC, Coles CD
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30661412
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Oxygenated (HBO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HBR) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if PFC activity during a cognitive inhibition task d...Oxygenated (HBO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HBR) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine if PFC activity during a cognitive inhibition task distinguishes children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE, n = 26) from both typically developing controls (n = 19) and a contrast group of children with other neurobehavioral problems (n = 14). Despite showing evidence of increased PFC activity in the non-inhibitory condition relative to controls, children in the PAE group displayed reduced PFC HBO and increased HBR relative to both other groups in the inhibitory condition, suggesting reduced PFC activity but increased oxygen consumption without sufficient oxygen replacement.
Lichtenstein JD, Flaro L, Baldwin FS
… +2 more, Rai J, Erdodi LA
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30646768
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OBJECTIVE: To replicate previous research on Conners' Continuous Performance Test - Second Edition subscales as performance validity tests (PVTs) in children. METHOD: Classification accuracy for the Omissions (OMI), Hit...OBJECTIVE: To replicate previous research on Conners' Continuous Performance Test - Second Edition subscales as performance validity tests (PVTs) in children. METHOD: Classification accuracy for the Omissions (OMI), Hit Reaction Time (HRT), and Perseverations (PER) subscales was computed for 414 children and adolescents. RESULTS: Overall, OMI, HRT, and PER demonstrated good specificity but low and variable sensitivity across cutoffs. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that OMI, HRT, and PER can function as embedded PVTs in mixed clinical samples of children, although their clinical utility is limited by their low sensitivity. Implications for the use of these PVTs in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder evaluations, medication-seeking patients, and sports concussion clinics are discussed.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30623681
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Not much is known about the structure of working memory in atypical development. We undertook a detailed comparison of the functional organization of working memory in HIV-infected (n = 95; M = 7.42 years), and HIV-expos...Not much is known about the structure of working memory in atypical development. We undertook a detailed comparison of the functional organization of working memory in HIV-infected (n = 95; M = 7.42 years), and HIV-exposed (n = 86; M = 7.36 years) children, together with an uninfected, unexposed typically developing comparison group (n = 92; M = 7.05 years). Participants were in their first year of formal education. Within-group comparisons of five models showed that a four-factor model with separate verbal and visuospatial storage and processing accounted for the typically developing group, while working memory was structurally undifferentiated in the HIV-affected groups.
Brito NH, Fifer WP, Amso D
… +9 more, Barr R, Bell MA, Calkins S, Flynn A, Montgomery-Downs HE, Oakes LM, Richards JE, Samuelson LM, Colombo J
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2019 · PMID 30616391
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The use of global, standardized instruments is conventional among clinicians and researchers interested in assessing neurocognitive development. Exclusively relying on these tests for evaluating effects may underestimate...The use of global, standardized instruments is conventional among clinicians and researchers interested in assessing neurocognitive development. Exclusively relying on these tests for evaluating effects may underestimate or miss specific effects on early cognition. The goal of this review is to identify alternative measures for possible inclusion in future clinical trials and interventions evaluating early neurocognitive development. The domains included for consideration are attention, memory, executive function, language, and socioemotional development. Although domain-based tests are limited, as psychometric properties have not yet been well-established, this review includes tasks and paradigms that have been reliably used across various developmental psychology laboratories.