Ausloos-Lozano JE, Bing-Canar H, Khan H
… +8 more, Singh PG, Wisinger AM, Rauch AA, Ogram Buckley CM, Petry LG, Jennette KJ, Soble JR, Resch ZJ
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 Aug · PMID 35787068
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Embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) are key components of neuropsychological evaluations. However, most are memory-based and may be less useful in the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)....Embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) are key components of neuropsychological evaluations. However, most are memory-based and may be less useful in the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Four non-memory-based validity indices derived from processing speed and executive functioning measures commonly included in ADHD evaluations, namely Verbal Fluency (VF) and the Trail Making Test (TMT), were cross-validated using the Rey 15-Item Test (RFIT) Recall and Recall/Recognition as memory-based comparison measures. This consecutive case series included data from 416 demographically-diverse adults who underwent outpatient neuropsychological evaluation for ADHD. Validity classifications were established, with ≤1 PVT failure of five independent criterion PVTs as indicative of valid performance (374 valid performers/42 invalid performers). Among the statistically significant validity indicators, TMT-A and TMT-B T-scores (AUCs = .707-.723) had acceptable classification accuracy ranges and sensitivities ranging from 29%-36% (≥89% specificity). RFIT Recall/Recognition produced similar results as TMT-B T-score with 42% sensitivity/90% specificity, but with lower classification accuracy. In evaluating adult ADHD, VF and TMT embedded PVTs demonstrated comparable sensitivity and specificity values to those found in other clinical populations but necessitated alternate cut-scores. Results also support use of RFIT Recall/Recognition over the standard RFIT Recall as a PVT for adult ADHD evaluations.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 Aug · PMID 35786101
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Four- to seven-year-old children participated in a battery of tasks assessing their theory of mind, conflict inhibition, and delay at time 1, and theory of mind and delay one year later at time 2. Cross-lagged analysis r...Four- to seven-year-old children participated in a battery of tasks assessing their theory of mind, conflict inhibition, and delay at time 1, and theory of mind and delay one year later at time 2. Cross-lagged analysis revealed that earlier theory of mind predicted later delay after controlling for earlier conflict inhibition and theory of mind, child age, and family socioeconomic status. The findings highlighted the dynamic nature of the association between theory of mind and delay during the school transition years in its strength and direction, and the increasing specificity in the structure of executive function with age.
We assessed 85 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 50 typically developing children (TD) (M = 11.59, 57.8% boys) with the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT) at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and the I...We assessed 85 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 50 typically developing children (TD) (M = 11.59, 57.8% boys) with the Hungry Donkey Task (HDT) at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and the Iowa Gambling Task at 10-year follow-up (75% retention). Improvement in the proportion of advantageous choices was observed from two- to 10-year follow-up, but the ADHD group improved less and was outperformed by the TD group at the 10-year follow-up. More advantageous choices on the HDT at baseline predicted less risky behavior at 10-year follow-up. Male sex and more inattentive or externalizing symptoms at baseline predicted more risky behavior.
Congenital heart defects have been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes due to factors that result in a hypoxic-ischemic cerebral cumulative effect. We present a pair of fraternal twins: the first twin was...Congenital heart defects have been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes due to factors that result in a hypoxic-ischemic cerebral cumulative effect. We present a pair of fraternal twins: the first twin was healthy, and the second was born with a complex congenital heart defect (CCHD). They were followed for growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes to determine the comparative effect of exposure to a CCHD. Results show that exposure to a CCHD could be related to a persistent motor deficiency with hypotonia and concurrent height for age delay. CCHD requires a comprehensive neurodevelopmental approach; the pathophysiology and the surrounding stimuli are influential.
Disruptive behaviors such as conduct problems and aggression are some of the most prevalent childhood psychological concerns. The etiology of disruptive behaviors is heterogenous and the relationships between the myriad...Disruptive behaviors such as conduct problems and aggression are some of the most prevalent childhood psychological concerns. The etiology of disruptive behaviors is heterogenous and the relationships between the myriad risk factors that contribute to these problems are not yet fully understood. This study examined the relationship between inhibitory control and callous-unemotional traits (CU traits) with conduct problems and aggression in a community sample of children (aged 6 to 11 years). Caregivers (= 148) completed a survey assessing a range of known risk factors (including hyperactivity and inattention). Children were found to display more conduct problems and aggression if they had greater difficulties with inhibitory control and a higher number of CU traits. Interestingly, when children had CU traits, inhibitory control difficulties exacerbated the severity of conduct problems (but not aggression). Differences in severity between conduct problems and aggression highlight the unique relationships between risk factors such as inhibitory control and CU traits, and lay the groundwork for future studies to explore the trajectories of this relationship.
Electronic media pervade modern life. Childhood is a crucial period for attentional development and the screen exposure time is increasing. This review aimed to understand the association between screen time and attentio...Electronic media pervade modern life. Childhood is a crucial period for attentional development and the screen exposure time is increasing. This review aimed to understand the association between screen time and attention of children with typical development. A systematic review was conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes PRISMA being registered at Prospero under number CRD42021228721. A search was performed in January 2021 with the following keywords: "screen time," "children," and "attention," combined with the operator AND, on databases PubMed, and PsycINFO. Four hundred and ninety-eight articles were identified, and 41 papers were fully read, of which 11 were included in this review. Most studies found associations between screen time and attention in children. Only one study reported that children with more screen time performed better in an attention task. The findings suggest that exposure to excessive screen time in children can be associated with attention problems. Parents and teachers may be involved in controlling screen exposure, especially after the extensive exposition to online classes, due to the pandemic. Further studies are needed to assess the influence of this overexposure on care over time.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35321593
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This study measured mu rhythm desynchronization (MRD), while nine-month-old infants observed an agent extend her arm and hand, palm up ('back-of-hand action') either in social (object and recipient present), individual (...This study measured mu rhythm desynchronization (MRD), while nine-month-old infants observed an agent extend her arm and hand, palm up ('back-of-hand action') either in social (object and recipient present), individual (object present, recipient absent), or social object-absent (recipient present, object absent) situations across two experiments. In addition, infants' MRD was measured as they reached for objects. Results revealed significant mu desynchronization in the right centro-parietal region selectively for the social group, indicating that infants processed the back-of-hand action as an object-directed request. Findings suggest to extend the action reconstruction account to object-directed communicative actions as well.
Farran EK, Hudson KD, Bennett A
… +5 more, Ameen A, Misheva I, Bechlem B, Blades M, Courbois Y
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35282728
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Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) present with poor navigation and elevated anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between these two characteristics...Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) and individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) present with poor navigation and elevated anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between these two characteristics. Parent report questionnaires measured navigation abilities and anxiety in WS (N = 55) and DS (N = 42) as follows. Anxiety: Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and a novel measure of navigation anxiety. Navigation: Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (SBSOD) and a novel measure of navigation competence. Most individuals were not permitted to travel independently. A relationship between navigation anxiety and SBSOD scores (but not navigation competence) was observed for both groups.
Nussbaum S, May N, Cutler L
… +3 more, Abeare CA, Watson M, Erdodi LA
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35157548
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This study was designed to examine alternative validity cutoffs on the Boston Naming Test (BNT).Archival data were collected from 206 adults assessed in a medicolegal setting following a motor vehicle collision. Classifi...This study was designed to examine alternative validity cutoffs on the Boston Naming Test (BNT).Archival data were collected from 206 adults assessed in a medicolegal setting following a motor vehicle collision. Classification accuracy was evaluated against three criterion PVTs.The first cutoff to achieve minimum specificity (.87-.88) was T ≤ 35, at .33-.45 sensitivity. T ≤ 33 improved specificity (.92-.93) at .24-.34 sensitivity. BNT validity cutoffs correctly classified 67-85% of the sample. Failing the BNT was unrelated to self-reported emotional distress. Although constrained by its low sensitivity, the BNT remains a useful embedded PVT.
Turner EM, Koskela-Staples MSN, Evans BSC
… +3 more, Black LV, Heaton SC, Fedele DA
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35157528
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OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and executive/attentional function in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: Sixty youth with SCD ages 8-18 years and caregivers complete...OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and executive/attentional function in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: Sixty youth with SCD ages 8-18 years and caregivers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), Delis Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test (DKEFS TMT), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), and the Behavior Rating Inventory Of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) Parent Report. RESULTS: The PSQ significantly predicted the BRIEF-2 Parent Report, (1, 58) = 44.64, < .001, R = 0.44, f = 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep-disordered breathing symptoms may predict informant-rated executive dysfunction in pediatric SCD, but not performance-based executive function.
Åsberg Johnels J, Hadjikhani N, Sundqvist M
… +1 more, Galazka MA
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35148650
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Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental difficulty affecting reading, but recent data in adults suggest that difficulties also extend to face processing. Here, we tested face processing in school children with and without dysle...Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental difficulty affecting reading, but recent data in adults suggest that difficulties also extend to face processing. Here, we tested face processing in school children with and without dyslexia, using eye-tracking and neuropsychological tests. Children with dyslexia didn't differ significantly from controls in face gaze patterns, face memory, or face identification accuracy. However, they were slower and more heterogeneous, with larger within-group variance than controls. Increased gaze patterns toward the eyes were associated with better face memory in controls. We discuss the possible role of experiential factors in prior research linking dyslexia and face processing differences.
Wallace J, Karr JE, Schatz P
… +3 more, Worts P, Covassin T, Iverson GL
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35133232
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This study examined the associations between the frequency of low scores on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) by race and socioeconomic status (SES), using the proxy of Title I school s...This study examined the associations between the frequency of low scores on the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) by race and socioeconomic status (SES), using the proxy of Title I school status, among adolescent student-athletes and calculated multivariate base rates. There were 753 participants assigned to groups based on race (White: = 430, 59.8%; Black: = 289, 40.2%) and SES. Black student-athletes obtained more low neurocognitive test scores, which was associated with lower SES. The current study offers a resource to clinicians involved in concussion management who may wish to consider race and SES when interpreting ImPACT test performances.
Harwood V, Preston J, Baron A
… +2 more, Kleinman D, Landi N
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35133218
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This research was funded through the American Speech and Hearing Foundation's 2012 StudentResearch Grant in Early Childhood Language Development awarded to Vanessa Harwood as well as an anonymous generous donation to Has...This research was funded through the American Speech and Hearing Foundation's 2012 StudentResearch Grant in Early Childhood Language Development awarded to Vanessa Harwood as well as an anonymous generous donation to Haskins Laboratories. Electrophysiological measures of language within early childhood provide important information about neurolinguistic development. We investigated associations between amplitude and latency of the P1 and N2 event-related potential components in response to spoken pseudowords, and clinical measures of language performance within a sample of 58 typically developing children between 24 and 48 months. N2 amplitude differences between repeated and new tokens were correlated with measures of expressive and receptive language and speech sound production. Phonemic sensitivity measured by the N2 component may reflect the integrity of neural networks that are important for speech perception and production in young children.
Waschbusch DA, Babinski DE, Fosco WD
… +7 more, Haas SM, Waxmonsky JG, Garon N, Nichols S, King S, Santor DA, Andrade BF
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 35098829
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Compared children with CP/ADHD, CPCU/ADHD, ADHD-only, and controls on two measures of inhibitory control: a Simon/flanker task that measured response selection and a stop signal task that measured response inhibition. Re...Compared children with CP/ADHD, CPCU/ADHD, ADHD-only, and controls on two measures of inhibitory control: a Simon/flanker task that measured response selection and a stop signal task that measured response inhibition. Results showed: (a) ADHD was associated with both measures of inhibitory control; (b) control children had better overall performance and ADHD-only had worse response selection than the CP groups; and (c) children with CPCU/ADHD had better response inhibition than children with ADHD-only or CP/ADHD. Results suggest inhibitory control dysfunction is associated with ADHD rather than CP and that response inhibition dysfunction distinguishes children with CP/ADHD from children with CPCU/ADHD.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 34927493
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This review mainly explores less-reported neural markers to speech-evoked contrasts in children with cochlear implants (CI). Databases and electronic journals were searched with keywords of "mismatch responses" AND "posi...This review mainly explores less-reported neural markers to speech-evoked contrasts in children with cochlear implants (CI). Databases and electronic journals were searched with keywords of "mismatch responses" AND "positive mismatch response" (-MMR) AND "late discriminate negativity" (LDN). -MMR likely is as a measurement of brain immaturity in CI children while the developmental trajectories of LDN remain unexplained in older CI children. In CI children, there is a -MMR-MMN-LDN sequence to speech stimuli developmentally. Whereas these aforementioned neural responses anticipate developmental changes in CI groups, it is still uncertain about the cutoff age for disappearance of -MMR and LDN.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 34894917
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The current study utilized a large, unselected sample of adolescent twins to examine whether processing speed (PS) is an important shared predictor that accounts for covariance among reading, math, ADHD, and rapid naming...The current study utilized a large, unselected sample of adolescent twins to examine whether processing speed (PS) is an important shared predictor that accounts for covariance among reading, math, ADHD, and rapid naming (RN). The best fitting model included correlated but distinguishable latent measures of PS, RN, reading, math, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and academic fluency. PS was a shared predictor across all outcomes, while RN was uniquely associated with reading, fluency, and (albeit weakly) math. The results add to a growing literature suggesting that PS and RN may be important components of comprehensive neuropsychological models of academics, ADHD, and their covariation.
Alam S, Ilardi D, Cadiz E
… +2 more, Kelleman M, Oster ME
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2022 · PMID 34894903
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Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays. This study of school-aged children with single ventricle CHD compared access to services for those who did and did not com...Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays. This study of school-aged children with single ventricle CHD compared access to services for those who did and did not complete an evaluation. Children completing an evaluation had more academic services, including an Individualized Education Plan (66% vs 34%,P = .017), small group academic instruction (54% vs 20%,P = .01), any instructional supports (77% vs 44%,P = .008). A barrier to not completing the evaluation was lack of knowledge about the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Program (82%). The neurodevelopmental evaluation is an impactful tool that can increase access to school services in vulnerable CHD patients.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2021 Nov · PMID 34844487
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The aim of the present study was to examine and compare knowledge regarding concussion among parents of youth soccer players, ages 5-17, from the United States, Israel, and Sicily. Results revealed parents from the Unite...The aim of the present study was to examine and compare knowledge regarding concussion among parents of youth soccer players, ages 5-17, from the United States, Israel, and Sicily. Results revealed parents from the United States were more knowledgeable than Israeli and Sicilian parents and were more likely to have a previous history of concussion in their children, themselves, and their social contacts. The success of concussion education, programming, and legislation in the US may account for the greater knowledge of US parents and is reason to advocate for similar resources for youth athletes internationally.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2021 Nov · PMID 34755586
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Emotional intelligence has been considered an important construct by schools and universities because of its theoretical importance and practical implications. Considerable resources and time have been spent by the educa...Emotional intelligence has been considered an important construct by schools and universities because of its theoretical importance and practical implications. Considerable resources and time have been spent by the educational institutions to develop the emotional skills of their students. The present meta-analysis aimed at studying the relationship of emotional intelligence, including its three theoretical models, with academic performance while accounting for age and gender as moderators. "Robumeta" package was used for the meta-analysis of multilevel random effects with robust variance estimation (RVE) in R version 4.0.3. Effect sizes were calculated and meta-regression analysis with RVE was used to assess the relationship with the moderator variables. A positive and significant overall relationship was found between emotional intelligence and academic performance (ρ = 0.19). The moderating effect of emotional intelligence with gender streams on emotional intelligence and academic performance's relationship was examined through meta-regression with robust variance estimation and sub-group analyses. Whereas the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic performance was not found to be moderated by age, it was found to be partially mediated by gender.
Dev Neuropsychol
· 2021 Nov · PMID 34743616
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This study examined the neuropsychological profile of patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on (WAIS-IV) working memory and processing speed indices. We aimed to establish whether distinct...This study examined the neuropsychological profile of patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on (WAIS-IV) working memory and processing speed indices. We aimed to establish whether distinct ADHD subtypes emerge based on neuropsychological testing and determine whether ADHD subgroups differ based on neurocognitive and demographic factors in 179 adult patients with ADHD. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) revealed four discrete latent subgroups within the sample, each with distinct patterns of working memory and processing speed. Classes significantly differed in demographically predicted IQ, education, and self-reported depression and anxiety. Results reveal heterogeneity in cognitive performance in adult ADHD.