Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Does HAART dysregulate angiogenesis in HIV infected preeclampsia?
Padayachee S, Govender N, Naicker T
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2022 Jun · PMID 35947837 · Publisher ↗
A dysregulation of angiogenic mediators has been implicated in HIV infection. Inconsistent data exists on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usage in pregnancy and its association with PE development. In view o...
A dysregulation of angiogenic mediators has been implicated in HIV infection. Inconsistent data exists on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) usage in pregnancy and its association with PE development. In view of the high prevalence of HIV infection and PE in SA, this study was aimed at determining PlGF and sFlt-1 levels in HIV-infected normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies treated with HAART. Both PlGF and sFlt-1 were quantified in serum from HIV positive [normotensive (N+) and preeclamptic (P+)]; and HIV negative [normotensive (N-) and preeclamptic (P-)] pregnancies, using a Milliplex Multiplex immunoassay. sFlt-1 was significantly upregulated in P+ vs the N+ groups. PlGF was significantly downregulated in PE vs normotensive groups, regardless of HIV status. sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was significantly increased in PE- vs the N- groups. We report an amplification of sFlt-1 in lieu of PlGF down-regulation in HIV-infected pregnancies receiving HAART .
Luteolin normalizes blood pressure via its antioxidant activity and down-regulation of renal Angiotensin II receptor and Mineralocorticoid receptor expressions in rats co-exposed to Diclofenac and sodium fluoride.
Ajibade T, Akinrinde A, Adetona M … +9 more , Oyagbemi A, Adedapo A, Larbie C, Omobowale T, Ola-Davies O, Saba A, Adedapo A, Oguntibeju O, Yakubu M
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2022 Jun · PMID 35947836 · Publisher ↗
This study was designed to investigate the modulatory role of Luteolin (Lut), a flavonoid phytochemical, on haemodynamic parameters and the potential mechanisms involving renal Angiotensin II (AT2R) and Mineralocorticoid...
This study was designed to investigate the modulatory role of Luteolin (Lut), a flavonoid phytochemical, on haemodynamic parameters and the potential mechanisms involving renal Angiotensin II (AT2R) and Mineralocorticoid (MCR) receptors in renal toxicity induced by co-exposure to Diclofenac (Dcf) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in rats.Male Wistar rats were administered with either vehicle (control), Dcf only (9 mg/kg orally) or concurrently with NaF (300 ppm in drinking water). Other groups were treated with LutA (100 mg/kg) or LutB (200 mg/kg) along with Dcf and NaF exposures. All treatments lasted 8 days, following which blood pressure indices were measured using tail-cuff plethysmography. Renal expressions of AT2R and MCR were studied with immunohistochemistry, while biomarkers of oxidative and antioxidant status were also measured in the kidneys. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in Dcf-treated rats, compared to control values. However, co-treatment with NaF or Lut restored these parameters. While the expression of AT2R and MCR was high in the Dcf and Dcf+NaF groups, treatment with Lut caused obvious reduction in the renal expression of these receptors. Increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) with a lowering of reduced glutathione levels contributed to the renal toxicity of Dcf, and these were significantly ameliorated in Lut-treated rats. In conclusion, the preservation of haemodynamic indices by Lutin the experimental ratsprobably included mechanisms involving down-regulation of renal expressions of AT2R and MCR, reduction of oxidative stress and an improvement of renal antioxidant status.
Insulin and Zinc Co-Administration Ameliorate Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Rats.
Ujah G, Emmanuel IB, Ansa F … +3 more , Ukoh A, Ani EJ, Osim EE
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2022 Jun · PMID 35947835 · Publisher ↗
Impaired male reproductive function is a major complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether or not insulin, when co-administered with zinc will reverse or ameliorate reproductive dysfunction in male diabe...
Impaired male reproductive function is a major complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether or not insulin, when co-administered with zinc will reverse or ameliorate reproductive dysfunction in male diabetics is not known. This study thus sought to establish if co-administration of insulin and zinc reverses or ameliorates male reproductive dysfunction in DM better than either insulin or zinc. Five (5) normal and twenty (20) diabetic sexually mature rats were assigned into five groups of five animals each. Group A consisted of normal rats and had access to only food and water. Group B consisted of diabetic animals with no treatment and served as DM control. Groups C and D consisted of diabetic animals and received insulin and zinc respectively. Group E consisted of diabetic animals and received both insulin and zinc. All diabetic animals had free access to food and water. Insulin in all cases was given subcutaneously twice daily in the morning and evening at 1 unit and 4 units respectively. Zinc (10mg/kg) was given orally once daily. Treatments in all cases commenced two weeks after DM was confirmed. The treatment lasted ten days. Samples were thereafter collected for analyses. DM decreased sperm count, sperm motility, sperm viability, normal sperm cells, semen pH, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, while increasing sperm cells with defective tails. DM also impaired testicular morphology. Insulin and zinc co-administration improved sperm viability, sertoli cell count, Johnsen's score, serum FSH, LH and testosterone. Co-administration also improved semen pH towards normal. Insulin or zinc ameliorated several aspects of DM-induced male sexual dysfunction. However, the co-administration of insulin and zinc provided better results.
Effect Of Caffeine and Adrenaline on Memory and Anxiety in Male Wistar Rats.
Imam-Fulani A, Owoyele BV
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2022 Jun · PMID 35947834 · Publisher ↗
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of caffeine and adrenaline administration on memory and anxiety in male rats. Rats weighing about 140-200g were used for the study. They were divided into three g...
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of caffeine and adrenaline administration on memory and anxiety in male rats. Rats weighing about 140-200g were used for the study. They were divided into three groups (4 animals per group). Study groups 1; a,b,c,d were healthy rats administered normal saline, 5,10 and 15mg/kg bw caffeine intraperitoneally (i.p.), respectively for 6 weeks. Study groups 2; a,b,c,d administered normal saline, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.31mg/kg bw adrenaline (i.p.), respectively for 6 weeks. Study groups 3; a,b,c,d administered normal saline, 5mg/kg caffeine (i.p.) + 0.1mg/kg adrenaline (i.p.), 10mg/kg Caffeine (i.p.) + 0.2mg/kg Adrenaline (i.p.) and 15mg/kg Caffeine (i.p.) + 0.3mg/kg Adrenaline (i.p.) respectively for 6 weeks. The result showed no significant difference in spatial memory across all animals in study groups 1: b,c,d when compared to control (a). Study groups 2: (b, c) showed increase in spatial memory when compared to control (a). 2(d) showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease. Study groups 3: b, c, d showed no significant difference in spatial memory when compared to control (a). Study groups 1: b, c showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in duration for the short and long term memory test when compared to control. Study groups 2 showed reduction in duration for both the long and short term memory test when compared to control Study groups 3 no significant (p<0.05) difference in short and long term memory test across all animals in the group. It was also observed that adrenaline enhanced short and long term memory and only high dose of adrenaline distorted spatial memory. Study groups 1; (b,c) showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of entries to the open arm of the elevated plus maze when compared to control (a). Study groups 2; (b), showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the frequencies of entries to the closed arm of the elevated plus maze when compared to control (a). Study groups 2; (d), showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the frequency of entries to the open and closed arm when compared to control (a). The study revealed that co- administration of caffeine and adrenaline led to elevation of mood, increased activity and reduction of anxiety in Wistar rats. In addition, it was observed that only high dose of adrenaline increased anxiety. It was also observed that caffeine and adrenaline enhanced short and long term memory and only high dose of adrenaline distorted spatial memory.
A novel gedunin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex improves anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of gedunin in rodents.
Ologe MO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2022 Jun · PMID 35947833 · Publisher ↗
Gedunin is a bioactive compound, obtained from Entandrophragma angolense (EA), which has limited therapeutic usefulness due to poor aqueous solubility and first-pass effects. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides tha...
Gedunin is a bioactive compound, obtained from Entandrophragma angolense (EA), which has limited therapeutic usefulness due to poor aqueous solubility and first-pass effects. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that form complexes with poorly soluble compounds, thus enhancing their pharmacological activity. In this article, we evaluated the pharmacological activities of gedunin-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex (GCD) in rodents. The antinociceptive activity of GCD (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) and Gedunin (50mg/kg) was tested in acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and air pouch inflammation models in rats. Leucocytes counts, Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and myeloperoxidase enzyme activities were assessed in the air pouch exudate. The GCD (200mg/kg) significantly decreased writhing response, reduced licking duration and decreased oedema compared with gedunin and control. Exudate volume and leucocyte count were significantly reduced by GCD (200 mg/kg), it decreased myeloperoxidase activity and inhibited TNF-α release. The carrageenan-induced GSH depletion, increased malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were significantly reversed by GCD (200 mg/kg) relative to gedunin and control. The GCD complex demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities relative to gedunin alone via mechanisms associated with inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in rodents.
Effects of Ruzu, a Polyherbal Mixture, on Neurobehaviour and Expression of Serotonin and Dopamine Transporters in Rats.
Oyadeyi A, Ajao F, Babalola T … +1 more , Mustapha Y
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947744 · Publisher ↗
There is increased possibility that combined herbal constituents may interact to increase toxicity and lower efficacy. Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) is a blend of extracts from Curculigo pilosa, Uvaria chamae, and Citrullus...
There is increased possibility that combined herbal constituents may interact to increase toxicity and lower efficacy. Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) is a blend of extracts from Curculigo pilosa, Uvaria chamae, and Citrullus colocynthis, each of which has been shown to possess important bio-effects. There is anecdotal evidence for efficacy of RHB in neurological disorders; however, there are no data on possible neurotoxic effects of RHB. Using behavioural, biochemical and molecular indices as surrogates of neurotoxicity, this study therefore evaluated the nervous system effects of RHB. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into two groups - a control group and RHB group (n=10). RHB (0.5ml/kg) was administered to the RHB group twice daily while control group took water (0.5ml/kg). Treatments lasted 6 weeks after which behavioural tests were carried out. Animals were subsequently sacrificed and the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) and dopamine transporter (DAT) was determined in the striatum by immunofluorescence while specific activities of catalase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase were determined. In the elevated plus maze and light and dark box tests which are models of anxiety, animals treated with RHB showed significant anxiety compared to control. They also showed impaired locomotor activity in the open field and wire hang tests. The activity of catalase was significantly increased in the brain of the RHB treated rats while an increase in the expression of both DAT and SERT was observed in the striatum.
Aquoeus Extracts of Daucus Carota (Linn) Protected the Postnatal Developing Cerebellum of Wistar Rats Against Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress.
Imosemi IO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947743 · Publisher ↗
The neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Daucus carota (Dc) tuber against arsenic-induced oxidative damage on the developing cerebellum of Wistar rats were studied. Twenty-five pregnant rats (110-200g) were...
The neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Daucus carota (Dc) tuber against arsenic-induced oxidative damage on the developing cerebellum of Wistar rats were studied. Twenty-five pregnant rats (110-200g) were divided into five groups (n=5) - control received distilled water; Arsenic (As); Dc (200mg/kg); Dc (200mg/kg) +As; Vitamin C (Vc) (100mg/kg) +As. The pregnant rats in all the groups were treated orally from the first day of pregnancy to postnatal day 21. The Dc extract and Vc were administered one hour before the administration of As. Body weight of the pups on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 were recorded, while neurobehavioural (forelimb grip strength and negative geotaxis) tests were done on day 21 pups. The rats were sacrificed and cerebellar tissues were collected for oxidative stress, histological (H and E), and immunohistochemical studies. Decreased forelimb grip strength, increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed in the As group compared with the control and other treated groups. Histologically, the cerebellar cortex of the As pups showed persistent external granular layer (EGL) on postnatal day 21, reduced thickness of the molecular layer (ML) on postnatal day 28, pyknotic and depleted Purkinje cells compared with the control and other treated rats. Immunohistochemical evaluations of the cerebellar cortex showed astroliosis in the As-treated group on day 21 pups compared with the control and other treated groups. Aqueous extracts of Daucus carota and Vitamin C reversed the toxicity caused by arsenic. From the results of the study, arsenic-induced oxidative stress with morphological alterations in the perinatal developing rat cerebellum. Extracts of Daucus carota exhibited antioxidant activity as such may be a potential neuroprotective agent.
Carpolobia lutea Root Extract Improved Steroidogenic Activity in Male Wistar Rats Exposed to Cadmium.
Akinola AO, Wahab OA, Raji Y
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947742 · Publisher ↗
Cadmium (Cd) is known to affect reproductive functions adversely. Carpolobia lutea is a protective herbal derivative due to its antioxidant potential. This study investigates the steroidogenic activities of methanol extr...
Cadmium (Cd) is known to affect reproductive functions adversely. Carpolobia lutea is a protective herbal derivative due to its antioxidant potential. This study investigates the steroidogenic activities of methanol extract of Carpolobia lutea root on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Carpolobia lutea root was obtained in Ijare via Akure. The plant was authenticated at the herbarium of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Nigeria, with FHI number 109784. The methanol extract Carpolobia lutea root (MCL) was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. Thirty male Wistar rats (150-170g) were used in this study (n=5) and treated as follows: Control, Cd (2 mg/kg), Cd+MCL (2 mg/kg+100 mg/kg), Cd+MCL (2 mg/kg+200 mg/kg), MCL (100 mg/kg), and MCL (200 mg/kg). The extract was administered orally for eight weeks, and a single dose of 2 mg/kg Cd was given intraperitoneally. Serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone levels, testicular hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) activities and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein (StAR) expression were evaluated. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Serum FSH, LH, testosterone levels, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD activities and StAR expression were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in Cd group. The co-administration of Cd with MCL (200mg/kg) significantly increased (p<0.05) serum FSH, LH, testosterone levels, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD activities and StAR expression when compared with Cd group. Carpolobia lutea root extract improved steroidogenic activity in male Wistar rats exposed to cadmium.
Hippocampal Astrogliotic Reduction in Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Alzheimer's Type Cognitive Dysfunction Wistar Rats Following Administration of Aqueous Extract of Telfairia Occidentalis (pumpkin) seeds.
Mba E
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947741 · Publisher ↗
Astrocytes are small star-shaped glial cells that maintain normal human brain physiology including secretion of several active compounds and the formation of blood brain barrier. Reactive astrocytes support regenerating...
Astrocytes are small star-shaped glial cells that maintain normal human brain physiology including secretion of several active compounds and the formation of blood brain barrier. Reactive astrocytes support regenerating axons and also, actuate some genes responsible for the induction of synapse formation. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of Telfairia occidentalis seeds on hippocampal astrogliosis was probed using scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's type cognitive dysfunction Wistar rats. Thirty Wistar rats weighed between 180-200g were randomly grouped into five designated A, B, C, D and E. Each group contained six rats. Alzheimer's type cognitive dysfunction was induced in groups B to E by administering intraperitoneally, 1 mg/kg body weight of scopolamine for seven days before Donepezil and the aqueous extract of Telfairia occidentalis seeds for fourteen days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed; their brain tissues perfused and stained with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) dye. Results revealed prominently stained astrocytes with their processes intact (group A). Some densely stained numerous astrogliosis with hypertrophied fibres were noticed in group B. Group C demonstrated prominent astrocytes with hypertrophied fibres, group D, moderately stained astrogliosis with hypertrophied fibres while group E showed numerous astrocytes with prominent nuclei and hypertrophied fibres. In conclusion, there was reduced hippocampal astrogliosis mostly in group D treated with Telfairia occidentalis which may neutralize oxidative stress and enhanced learning and memory in the Wistar rats of the present study.
Essential Metals in the Brain and the Application of Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for their Detection.
Folarin OR, Olopade FE, Olopade JO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947740 · Publisher ↗
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, t...
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution is highly compartmentalized, the pattern of which is determined by their primary roles. Bio-imaging of the brain to reveal spatial distribution of metals within specific regions has provided a unique understanding of brain biochemistry and architecture, linking both the structures and the functions through several metal mediated activities. Bioavailability of essential trace metal is needed for normal brain function. However, disrupted metal homeostasis can influence several biochemical pathways in different fields of metabolism and cause characteristic neurological disorders with a typical disease process usually linked with aberrant metal accumulations. In this review we give a brief overview of roles of key essential metals (Iron, Copper and Zinc) including their molecular mechanisms and bio-distribution in the brain as well as their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of related neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we also reviewed recent applications of Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the detection of both toxic and essential metal dyshomeostasis in neuroscience research and other related brain diseases.
Ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensise licited hypoglycemic but lacked antimalarial properties in Plasmodium berghei-infected diabetic mice.
Akinwunmi MT, Adisa RA, Aroyeun SO … +1 more , Ademowo OG
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947739 · Publisher ↗
The in vivo antimalarial and antidiabetic activity of extract of Camellia sinensis (ECS) in alloxan-induced diabetic and Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were investigated. Eighty-four BALB/c mice divided into sets 1 & 2...
The in vivo antimalarial and antidiabetic activity of extract of Camellia sinensis (ECS) in alloxan-induced diabetic and Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were investigated. Eighty-four BALB/c mice divided into sets 1 & 2 infected with P. berghei and 2 & 3 injected with alloxan received either distilled water, ECS (300mg/kg), Chloroquine (CQ-10mg/kg) or Metformin (250mg/kg). Results showed significant increases (p<0.05) in percentage parasitaemia of P. berghei-infected mice treated with ECS and P. berghei-diabetic mice. Furthermore, ECS significantly decreased (p<0.05) blood glucose and PCV in diabetic and P. berghei-diabetic mice. ECS regenerated pancreatic islet cells in P. berghei-infected-diabetes but lacked appreciable antimalarial activity.
Glycated Haemogloin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1, and Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Akwiwu E, Edem M, Akpotuzor J … +2 more , Asemota E, Isong I
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947738 · Publisher ↗
Diabetes mellitus has become increasingly prevalent over the years. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunctions, and failure of different organs suggesting that the most effec...
Diabetes mellitus has become increasingly prevalent over the years. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunctions, and failure of different organs suggesting that the most effective tool to prevent complications is the effective control of hyperglycaemia itself. The study is set to determine the effect of glycemic control on plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), soluble thrombomodulin (STM) alongside fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among type 2 diabetic subjects. One hundred diabetic subjects accessing care at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar and 100 non -diabetics that served as controls were enrolled. Blood samples from participants were analyzed for FPG, HbA1c, PAI-1 and STM by standard methods. The result shows 74% of the diabetic to be females. Half of the diabetics were managed on only oral anti-diabetic drugs while the remaining half were either on insulin injection or a combination of oral and insulin injection. Poor glycemic control was observed in 56% of the studied subjects. The mean age of 54.69 ± 9.94 years for the diabetics was comparable to the age-matched controls (p=.097). Diabetics showed significantly higher FPG, HbA1c, PAI-1and STM (P=0.001) compared to control values. Correlations between STM, PAI 1 and glycated hemoglobin (figures 2 p=0.001, p =0.001) and STM, PAI-1 and FPG revealed significantly robust association (p=0.001, p=0.001). The study concludes that there is poor glycemic control among the treated diabetic subjects with PAI-1 and STM showing a very strong positive correlation with HbA1c than FPG.
Ethanolic extract of Salacia nitida root bark ameliorates lipid peroxidation and hepatosplenomegaly in Plasmodium berghei-malaria infected mice.
Nwiloh B, Uwakwe AA, Akaninwor JO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947737 · Publisher ↗
The root bark of Salacia nitida L.benth (celastraceae) is used as remedy for malaria and typhoid fever in Southern part of Nigeria. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of treatment with ethanolic extract from r...
The root bark of Salacia nitida L.benth (celastraceae) is used as remedy for malaria and typhoid fever in Southern part of Nigeria. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of treatment with ethanolic extract from root bark of S. nitida on lipid peroxidation, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in Plasmodium berghei-malaria infected mice. Thirty malaria-infected and six uninfected mice were used for the study. 280, 430, and 580 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 of ethanolic extract and 4 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 of artesunate were administered orally to infected mice in groups B, C, D, and E, while 4 ml kg-1 body weight day-1 of physiological saline was given to infected untreated mice in group A and the uninfected untreated mice in group F. Treatments were done for five days. Levels of malondialdehyde were measured as means of assessing lipid peroxidation in the experimental animals. Weights of experimental animals, liver, and spleen, and the length of spleen from experimental animals were also measured. Animal's liver and spleen-body weight ratios were determined. Results from the study showed significant decrease (P < 0.05) in levels of malondialdehyde, and significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weights. Also, significant decreases (P < 0.05) were seen in the weights of liver and spleen, lengths of spleen, and organ-body weight ratios of malaria-infected treated mice. Therefore, this study confirmed that ethanolic extract from root bark of S. nitida is effective in the treatment of malaria, as it is seen in its ability to attenuate lipid peroxidation and hepatosplenomegaly in mice, thus corroborating its traditional use for the treatment of malaria.
Chronic caffeine ingestion improves memory and learning and increases neuronal population and dendritic length in the hippocampus of adult mice.
Olopade F, Femi-Akinlosotu OM, Adekanmbi AJ … +2 more , Ighogboja OO, Shokunbi MT
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947736
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world, ingested as natural components of chocolate, coffee and tea and as added components to soda and energy drinks. Here we assessed behavioural changes cau...
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world, ingested as natural components of chocolate, coffee and tea and as added components to soda and energy drinks. Here we assessed behavioural changes caused by chronic caffeine administration as well as morphological changes within specific regions of the adult mice brain: the hippocampus and amygdala. Twenty-four adult male albino mice were randomly divided into three groups. Caffeine was administered daily by gavage for 8 weeks at a dosage of 20 mg/kg for low dose (LD) group and 60 mg/kg for high dose (HD) group while the third group served as control (CNT). After the period of administration, neurobehavioural tasks were carried out; Morris water maze for learning and memory open field test and elevated plus maze test for anxiety. The mice were sacrificed; their brain tissues were harvested and processed for H&E, Cresyl violet and Golgi staining, and assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative data from the neurobehavioural tests and neuronal cell counts were expressed as means ± standard errors of means and compared across the groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was set at p< 0.05. Mice in the high dose group learnt faster and had significantly increased number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze test. There was, however, a slightly increased level of anxiety in the caffeine-treated mice, compared to controls. Histo-morphometric analysis revealed significantly increased number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus in the low dose group, but a decreased neuronal count in the amydala of the low dose and high dose groups compared to controls. The pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of the caffeine-treated mice had increased apical dendritic length compared to the controls. Our findings strengthen the available data suggesting that prolonged caffeine intake improves cognition, and this process could be mediated by promoting the growth of dendrites and increased number of neurons. However, this is coupled with an increased tendency to be anxiogenic.
Effect of Angiotensin receptor blockade on Plasma Osmolality and Neurohumoral Responses to High Environmental Temperature in Rats Fed a High Salt Diet.
Agbaraolorunpo F, Oloyo AK, Ogunnowo SA … +2 more , Anigbogu CN, Sofola O
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947735 · Publisher ↗
Plasma osmolality (pOsmol) and neurohumoral signals play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Our study investigated the effect of high environmental temperature (HET) on neurohumoral respon...
Plasma osmolality (pOsmol) and neurohumoral signals play important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Our study investigated the effect of high environmental temperature (HET) on neurohumoral responses and pOsmol in rats fed a high salt diet (HSD), with and without angiotensin II receptor blockade (ARB), using telmisartan. Fifty-six male 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rats (95-110g) were randomly assigned into seven groups of 8 rats. These included control rats (I) fed with 0.3% NaCl diet (normal diet, ND); salt-loaded rats (II) fed with 8% NaCl (high salt) diet; ND rats (III) exposed to HET (38.5±0.5oC ) 4 hours daily per week; rats (IV) fed with 8% NaCl diet and exposed to HET daily. Others included rats (V) fed with 8% NaCl diet and treated with telmisartan (30mg/kg); ND rats (VI) exposed to HET and treated with telmisartan; rats (VI) fed with 8% NaCl diet, exposed to HET and treated with telmisartan. Plasma angiotensin II, aldosterone, vasopressin and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were determined by ELISA technique; pOsmol from plasma K+, Na+ and Urea. HSD combined with HET in rats synergistically increased pOsmol (P<0.001) with an associated non-synergistic rise in fluid intake (P<0.001), fluid balance (P<0.001), plasma angiotensin II (P<0.01) and aldosterone (P<0.05), NE (P<0.001) and vasopressin (P<0.05) concentrations compared to control. Telmisartan did not alter pOsmol in all the treated-rats, but normalized fluid intake levels and plasma vasopressin in the rats exposed to either HSD or HEt alone. Prolonged exposure of rats to hot environment exacerbated the effect of excess dietary salt on pOsmol, with no effect on angiotensin II-mediated neurohumoral responses.
Teratogenic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aspilia africana on The Dentate Gyrus of Wistar Rat Fetuses.
Asuquo OR, Edet PE, Eluwa MA … +1 more , Kennedy OOO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947732 · Publisher ↗
Aspilia africana is an herbal plant widespread in Africa used for medicinal purposes and also used by pregnant women for health related issues. This study was aimed at investigating the teratogenic effect of aqueous leaf...
Aspilia africana is an herbal plant widespread in Africa used for medicinal purposes and also used by pregnant women for health related issues. This study was aimed at investigating the teratogenic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana on the dentate gyrus of albino wistar rat fetuses. Twenty (20) female adult rats weighing between 190-205g were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups; control, low dose, medium dose and high dose with each group containing five rats. Pregnancy was induced by caging the female rats with sexually matured males. The presence of vaginal plug and tail structure in the vaginal smear the following morning confirmed coition, and it was regarded as day 0 of pregnancy. The control group was given distilled water. The low dose, medium dose, and the high dose groups received 750mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, and 1250mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana through an orogastric tube from day 7-11 of gestation. On the 20th day of gestation, the animals were sacrificed using chloroform-inhalation method. Their fetuses were harvested via uterectomy, the brain was excised and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and then routine histological processes were carried out. Staining was done using Haematoxylin and Eosin method. Histological observation of the dentate gyri of experimental groups revealed marked distortion, reduction of the polymorphic layer, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells in the molecular and granular layer especially in the high dose group whose mothers received 1250mg/kg of the extracts. The result suggests high doses of aqueous leaf extract of Aspilia africana may be teratogenic to the dentate gyrus of Wistar rat fetuses.
Ficus vogelii methanol leaf extract ameliorates inflammation and arthritis by modulating osmotic fragility in C57BL/6J mice.
Nwaehujor C
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947731 · Publisher ↗
The study evaluated the membrane-stabilizing potentials in red blood cells and anti-inflammatory properties in C57BL/6J mice of the methanol leaf extract of Ficus vogelii. Animals were treated orally with different doses...
The study evaluated the membrane-stabilizing potentials in red blood cells and anti-inflammatory properties in C57BL/6J mice of the methanol leaf extract of Ficus vogelii. Animals were treated orally with different doses of the extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) for 30 days and their blood was measured for membrane stability at different saline concentrations. Diclofenac (12.5 mg/kg) or Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was used as standard in the anti-inflammatory studies. The mean corpuscular fragility (MCF) values and their corresponding percentage stabilization increased significantly (p≤0.05) in the treatment groups compared to the negative control. Treatment of mice with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract significantly (p≤0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice. The highest dose (200 mg/kg) showed lower anti-inflammatory activity compared to Diclofenac (12.5 mg/kg). Daily administration of the extract significantly (p≤0.05) suppressed adjuvant-induced paw arthritis by day 15 and 30 post arthritis induction. Ficus vogelii extract inhibited granuloma formation significantly. The anti-inflammatory effects of methanol leaf extract of Ficus vogelii on granuloma formation were comparable to that of Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). In summary, this study showed that the methanol leaf extract of Ficus vogelii possessed membrane-stabilizing potentials and anti-inflammatory properties, therefore, providing further proof that the leaves contain an active compound with potent anti-inflammatory activity.
Comparative Effects of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Corchorus olitorius Plant on Haematology and Some Reproductive Indices of Male Wistar Rats.
Oyeyemi MO, Modupe S, Ajani OS
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947729 · Publisher ↗
Corchorus olitorius is a vegetable plant/shrub and the leaves are very nutritious and rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. The study was carried out to identify the effects two extracts of this plant on the rep...
Corchorus olitorius is a vegetable plant/shrub and the leaves are very nutritious and rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. The study was carried out to identify the effects two extracts of this plant on the reproductive indices of male Wistar rats Forty-five adult male rats of about 12 weeks old, each weighing about 120g were used for this study, kept in a cage and fed with commercial rat pellets and water was given at ad-libitum. They were randomly divided into groups A, B and C of 15 rats per group. 250mg/kg of the leaf extract was administered orogastrically using once daily for 21 days. Group A and B were treated with methanol and aqueous leaves of Corchorus extract respectively and Group C was given distilled water and served as the control. The weekly sacrifice of five rats per group was done following treatments. In this study, it was observed at the first-week post -treatment that there was significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the PCV and haemoglobin values of group A rats compared to the control group but the values later increased at the second week and third-week post-treatments. There was also a significant decrease in spermatozoa motility in the treated groups A and B compared to the control group C at the first, second- and third-week post treatments. Also, with the results of the serum testosterone level of group A and B compared to group C. The value was higher in group A followed by group B whereas, at the second week and third week, there was no significant difference in the values of the serum testosterone levels compared to the control groups. It is therefore concluded that the methanol and aqueous extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves significantly decreased sperm motility in male albino rats hence could decrease male fertility.
The hypotensive effect of the aqueous calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa may occur through the attenuation of Autonomic nervous system activity.
Mojiminiyi F, Aliyu B, Oyeniran O … +1 more , Isu A
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Dec · PMID 35947728 · Publisher ↗
This study tested the hypothesis that the hypotensive effect of the aqueous calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) occurs through autonomic mechanisms that may be associated with a reduction in the double product (DP)...
This study tested the hypothesis that the hypotensive effect of the aqueous calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) occurs through autonomic mechanisms that may be associated with a reduction in the double product (DP) of the heart. Experiments were performed in accordance with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Following ethical approval and informed consent, the Harvard step test (HST) was performed in healthy subjects (n=14) to activate the autonomic nervous system before and after the oral administration of 15mg/kg HS. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses were measured and DPs and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated. Results were expressed as mean ±SEM. Paired t-test and one way ANOVA with a posthoc Bonferoni test were used for statistical analyses. P<0.05 was considered significant. HST without HS resulted in a significant rise in MAP, HR and DP (112.6±2.7mmHg, 97.7±2.5/min and 12630.0±642 mmHg.bpm) from the basal values (98.5±2.3mmHg, 76.5±2.0/min and 8730.7±354.9 mmHg.bpm, P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.001 respectively). In the presence of HS, HST-induced changes (∆MAP=7.8±1.6mmHg; ∆HR=8.1±1.6/min; ∆DP= 1113.6±103.4 mmHg.bpm) were significantly dampened compared to its absence (∆MAP= 13.3±2.6mmHg; ∆HR=17.0±3.7/min; ∆DP= 3899.3±287.2 mmHg.bpm; P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.0001 respectively). The HST-induced increase in BP, HR and DP suggest sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) withdrawal associated with an increased cardiac O2 consumption and workload. These were dampened by HS suggesting that its hypotensive effect occurs through the inhibition of SNS activation, PNS withdrawal and an associated reduction in cardiac O2 demand and workload.
Anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant potentials of aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Igbayilola Y, Saka WA, Aina OS … +2 more , Mofolorunso AM, Ashiru MA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Jun · PMID 34987254
In Africa traditional medicine, certain plant leaves are employed in the treatment of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidaemia. Telfairia occidentalis is named among Nigerian plants that are under investigation for anti...
In Africa traditional medicine, certain plant leaves are employed in the treatment of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidaemia. Telfairia occidentalis is named among Nigerian plants that are under investigation for anti-hyperlipidemic activity. The antihperlipidemic and antioxidant potentials of Telfairia Occidentalis (TO) aqueous leaf extract were studied in male Sprague- Dawley rats. Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into four of six rats thus: Group A (control) received normal saline (10mg/Kg); treated groups B, C and D, received, 50mg/kg; 100mg/kg; and 150mg/kg of Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract for 14 days respectively. At the end of the experiment serum cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined. Liver enzymes' aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also assessed. Serum level creatinine was determined and antioxidant enzymes' reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were investigated. Lipid peroxidation's malonaldehyde (MDA) level was also assessed. Results from the current study showed a significant decrease in CHOL and LDL levels at all the doses tested (p<0.05) compared with control. Telfairia occidentalis produced a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL level in all the tested doses compared with control However, TG was significantly decreased at 100mg and 150mg/kg compared with control (p<0.05). TO aqueous leaf extract produced a significant decrease (p<0.05) in AST level in all the tested doses compared with control. ALT level was significantly decreased (p<0.05) at 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg doses compared with control while ALP level significantly elevated (p<0.05) in all the doses tested compared with control. Creatinine level was significantly reduced at 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg doses when compared with control (p<0.05). The results from the antioxidant analysis revealed a significant increase in SOD, GSH and CAT with concomitant reduction in MDA's lipid peroxidation when compared with control (p<0.05). The current findings revealed that Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract is anti-hyperlipidemic, possesses hepato-reno effect and antioxidant potentials. However, care has to be taken during its use as it has ability to elevate LDL and the activities of liver enzymes at higher doses which may be deleterious to the body system.
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