Cognitive Neuropsychiatry[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Association between metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of analytical observational studies.
Azami M, Afraie M, Mohammadzadeh P … +4 more , Moradkhani A, Shanazari M, Soltanian D, Moradi Y
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Mar · PMID 40392146 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The potential link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the risk of dementia or cognitive impairment remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association between MetS and cognitive decline through a...
BACKGROUND: The potential link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the risk of dementia or cognitive impairment remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the association between MetS and cognitive decline through a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the existing literature. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus and Embase up to January 2023. Eligible studies included cohort and case-control designs. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 17. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies comprising 5,727,594 participants were included. The pooled relative risk (RR) of cognitive impairment among individuals with MetS was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.25-1.43), indicating a significant association. Subgroup analyses revealed that the NCEP-ATP III criteria more effectively identified this relationship compared to other diagnostic methods. The association appeared strongest in Asian populations, followed by European and American groups. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis supports a significant association between MetS and cognitive impairment. Geographic variation in the strength of this relationship may be influenced by differences in diagnostic criteria and lifestyle factors. The findings underscore the importance of early screening and the development of region-specific public health interventions to mitigate cognitive decline in individuals with MetS.
Decision-making balance in suicide: an active inference account.
Krupnik V
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 May · PMID 40377298 · Publisher ↗
Suicide is a behaviour whose motivation is challenging to explain as it can neither be rewarded nor punished since the agent no longer exists. The conventional explanation is that suicide is motivated as an escape from u...
Suicide is a behaviour whose motivation is challenging to explain as it can neither be rewarded nor punished since the agent no longer exists. The conventional explanation is that suicide is motivated as an escape from unresolvable psychological pain. However, despite suicide's high availability, its rates are very low (about 0.014% in the US). This speaks to high ambivalence as an essential feature of the suicidal mind. To explicate the ambivalence of the suicidal mind, suicide has recently been framed within the active inference framework (AIF). AIF appears to be appropriate for conceptualising suicide because it is a theory of choice behaviour under uncertainty that, in suicide, cannot be resolved or, validated by experience. Moreover, AIF is based on the free-energy principle, which is proposed as a principle underwriting the very existence of sentient systems. In this paper, we frame suicidal decision-making as the balance between the expected free energy of survival vs. suicide action policies. Based on this frame, we develop intuitions about the dynamics of suicidal decision-making. These intuitions are then proposed as guides for future research into suicidal decisions as well as suicide prevention.
My life story: self-defining memories in Korsakoff syndrome.
El Haj M, Questel F, Moustafa AA
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 May · PMID 40368642 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Self-defining memories are emotionally intense memories that help people define who they are. While such memories play a central role in self-concept and emotional well-being, little is known about how they a...
BACKGROUND: Self-defining memories are emotionally intense memories that help people define who they are. While such memories play a central role in self-concept and emotional well-being, little is known about how they are affected in Korsakoff's syndrome (KS). METHODS: We invited patients with KS and healthy control participants to retrieve self-defining memories, which were then analysed for specificity (specific vs. general events), emotional valence (positive vs. negative) and integration of meaning (whether the memory was connected to a broader understanding of the self or life experience). RESULTS: The analysis demonstrated no significant differences between patients with KS and controls in terms of specificity. However, compared with control participants, patients with KS produced more negative and non-integrated self-defining memories. Within-groups comparisons demonstrated more specific than general self-defining memories in patients with KS and control participants. These memories were mainly negative in patients with KS and positive in control participants, non-integrated in patients with KS but integrated in control participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate no difficulties in patients with KS to retrieve specific self-defining memories; however, these memories seem to be mainly related to negative events and enduring concerns or unresolved conflicts.
"String hallucinations": a case of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) with multimodal visual and somatic disturbances.
Okello G, Poole N, Chung D
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Mar · PMID 40319408 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary condition primarily caused by mutations on the NOTCH3 gene, leading to hypoperfusion and...
INTRODUCTION: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary condition primarily caused by mutations on the NOTCH3 gene, leading to hypoperfusion and ischaemic events, with two-thirds of cases having lacunar infarcts mostly within the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. Here, we focus on an individual with CADASIL who had a thalamic stroke, which preceded symptoms of visual and somatic disturbances. METHODS: A single-case report is used to describe the visual and somatic disturbances experienced by a 52-year-old gentleman following a left-sided thalamic stroke, who is genetically heterozygous for c449A > G p.(Tyr150Cys) mutation in the NOTCH3 gene consistent with CADASIL, as well as their response to various psychotropic medications, through information gathered from the patient's clinical records. RESULTS: After trialling several antidepressants, and a trial of a cholinesterase inhibitor, there was no perceived benefit reported; with only lamotrigine, previously prescribed for thalamic pain, and olanzapine, providing the least amount of distress associated with their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: As the management of CADASIL appears to focus on symptom control, this case highlights the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms driving such unusual perceptual disturbances to inform potential future treatments.
Basal ganglia contributions to social cognition: evidence from movement disorders.
Eddy CM
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Jan · PMID 40213824 · Publisher ↗
Over the last few decades many studies have demonstrated that various populations with movement disorder exhibit a variety of difficulties with social cognition. This brief review paper summarises the major findings of s...
Over the last few decades many studies have demonstrated that various populations with movement disorder exhibit a variety of difficulties with social cognition. This brief review paper summarises the major findings of social cognitive research conducted in various hypo- and hyper-kinetic movement disorders (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Tourette syndrome), with a focus on findings that may shed new light on the functions of the basal ganglia. Task impairments include more predictable difficulties with embodied processes involving the motor system, such as problems with facial expressions and other non-verbal gestures. The cognitive and emotional changes associated with broader frontostriatal dysfunction may also explain some deficits, particularly difficulties with verbal tasks or perspective taking, with impacts varying according to the type of disorder and disease stage. Most intriguingly, transdiagnostic comparisons reveal patterns implying that the role of the basal ganglia in social cognition may be more important than previously recognised. Movement disorders show remarkable overlap in terms of atypical intention attribution across various tasks, as well as relationships between social cognition and behavioural or motivational symptoms (e.g., apathy; anhedonia; impulsivity). The possible mechanisms underlying these similarities are explored with a view to guiding future research.
Emotional experiences in male and female participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls: an experience sampling method study.
Caselani E, Martinelli A, Grigis C … +6 more , Zamparini M, Toffol E, Harvey PD, Malvezzi MC, de Girolamo G, DIAPASON consortium
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Jan · PMID 40172496 · Publisher ↗
AIM: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are associated with disturbances in emotional experience, but sex differences and comparisons to healthy controls (HC) remain poorly explored. This exploratory study used Exper...
AIM: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are associated with disturbances in emotional experience, but sex differences and comparisons to healthy controls (HC) remain poorly explored. This exploratory study used Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to examine emotional variability, instability and daily/hourly patterns of positive and negative emotions across sexes in SSD and HC. METHODS: A total of 103 SSD participants (47.9%) were compared to 112 HC (52.1%), matched for sex and age. Data on sociodemographics, clinical status, functioning and quality of life were collected. ESM assessed emotional experiences over one week. RESULTS: For positive emotions, HC males reported higher levels on weekdays and morning-to-midday hours, whereas no sex differences emerged in SSD. Males with SSD showed greater weekly variability in positive emotions than HC males, while no significant differences were found among females. For negative emotions, females with SSD exhibited greater daily variability than female HC, with no significant sex differences within HC or SSD. Regarding emotional instability, female HC displayed higher instability than HC males, while no significant sex differences emerged in SSD. CONCLUSION: This study shows significant sex differences in emotional experiences among SSD and HC, with different sex patterns in SSD. Targeted, sex-specific interventions are crucial for improving emotional regulation and treatment outcomes in SSD. ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN21141466.
Subjective visual (but not auditory) function is associated with anomalous perceptual experiences in community-dwelling older adults.
Kelsall-Foreman I, Bucks RS, Weinborn M … +1 more , Badcock JC
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 Nov · PMID 40009441 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: With an increasingly ageing population, understanding sensory impairments and their consequences in older adults is important. METHODS: The current study sought to examine the contemporaneous relationships...
INTRODUCTION: With an increasingly ageing population, understanding sensory impairments and their consequences in older adults is important. METHODS: The current study sought to examine the contemporaneous relationships between subjective sensory functioning (vision and hearing) and different types of anomalous perceptions (anomalous body-centred self-experiences and anomalous external experiences) in community-dwelling older adults ( = 244, = 71.86 ± 7.65, range = 52-91, 67.6% female) using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Poorer self-reported visual functioning was associated both with more anomalous body-centred self-experiences and more anomalous external experiences. However, no associations between self-reported hearing function and anomalous perceptions of any kind were found. Further, those reporting higher levels of loneliness self-reported poorer visual functioning and more anomalous body-centred self-experiences. The potential mediating role of loneliness was also explored. However, the relationship between self-reported visual function and anomalous perceptual experiences was not mediated by loneliness. CONCLUSIONS: The current cross-sectional findings suggest that poorer self-reported visual-but not hearing-function may be a risk factor for the experience of anomalous perceptions in older adults. Future research should examine these associations using objective measures of hearing and vision and longitudinal designs.
The Brain-Wellness Nexus: exploring neurobiological mechanisms and evidence-based interventions for stress resilience in neurodivergent populations.
Belaich R
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Jan · PMID 39982427 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Research into brain mechanisms and their impact on quality of life has gained significant traction, emphasising stress management, cognitive enhancement, and emotional well-being as essential components. OBJE...
BACKGROUND: Research into brain mechanisms and their impact on quality of life has gained significant traction, emphasising stress management, cognitive enhancement, and emotional well-being as essential components. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the relationship between brain health and overall wellness, focusing on neurobiological mechanisms and evidence-based interventions that enhance stress resilience in neurodivergent populations. METHODS: A comprehensive review of neuroscience and psychological literature was conducted, including neuroimaging and behavioural studies to assess the effectiveness of various interventions. RESULTS: Findings indicate that targeted strategies - such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), cognitive training, and lifestyle modifications - significantly improve stress resilience, cognitive abilities, and emotional regulation. Key brain regions involved include the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing evidence-based interventions fosters improved quality of life through enhanced brain wellness. Future research should focus on scalable approaches that are inclusive of diverse populations.
Depth inversion illusion and its relationship to positive symptoms in clinical and non-clinical voice hearers.
Erickson MA, Li C, Bansal S … +3 more , Waltz J, Corlett P, Gold J
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Jan · PMID 39969991 · Full text
Among people with schizophrenia (PSZ), positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are often conceptualised as resulting from abnormal top-down modulation of sensory information. PSZ often exhibit reduced susc...
Among people with schizophrenia (PSZ), positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are often conceptualised as resulting from abnormal top-down modulation of sensory information. PSZ often exhibit reduced susceptibility to visual illusions compared to healthy control subjects (HCS), suggesting that top-down impairments yield enhanced perception of stimuli that would otherwise be distorted by contextualising visual elements. However, it remains unknown whether resistance to illusions is uniquely associated with positive symptoms, or if it is associated with some other aspect of serious mental illness. To examine this question, 77 PSZ, 50 HCS, and 40 individuals who hear voices and hold unusual beliefs but do not have a psychiatric illness (nonclinical voice hearers; NCVH) completed a hollow mask illusion task. HCS reported experiencing the illusion significantly more often than PSZ and more often than NCVH at the trend level, whereas the latter two groups did not differ from one another. Additionally, there was no consistent association between illusion perception and symptom severity for either PSZ or NCVH. We interpret these results to indicate that resistance to visual illusions may mark a vulnerability for experiencing voices and holding unusual beliefs; however, it may not be associated with the severity of these symptoms.
Identifying overlapping and distinctive traits of autism and schizophrenia using machine learning classification.
Pablo JN, Shires J, Torrens WA … +3 more , Kemmelmeier LL, Haigh SM, Berryhill ME
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2025 Mar · PMID 39969967 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) share some symptoms. We conducted machine learning classification to determine if common screeners used for research in non-clinical...
INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) share some symptoms. We conducted machine learning classification to determine if common screeners used for research in non-clinical and subclinical populations, the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised (SPQ-BR), could identify symptoms. METHODS: 1,397 undergraduates completed the SPQ-BR and AQ. Random forest classification modelled whether SPQ-BR item scores predicted AQ scores and factors, and vice versa. The models first used all item scores and then the least/most important features. RESULTS: Robust trait overlap allows for the prediction of AQ from SPQ-BR and vice versa. Results showed that AQ predicted 2 of 3 SPQ-BR factors (disorganised, interpersonal), and SPQ-BR successfully predicted 2 of 5 AQ factors (communication, social skills). Importantly, classification model showed that AQ could not predict the SPQ-BR factor, and the SPQ-BR could not predict 3 AQ factors (imagination, attention to detail, attention switching). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the SPQ-BR and AQ measure overlapping symptoms that can be isolated to some factors. Importantly, where we observe model failures, we capture distinctive factors. We provide guidance for leveraging existing screeners to avert misdiagnosis and advancing specific/selective biomarker identification.
The co-occurrence of functional neurological disorder and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
Tamilson B, Poole N, Agrawal N
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 Nov · PMID 39888594 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Recent studies reveal increasing interest in the link between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), prompting a systematic review and meta-analysis of their co-occurrence....
BACKGROUND: Recent studies reveal increasing interest in the link between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), prompting a systematic review and meta-analysis of their co-occurrence. METHOD: The review covered a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases up to November 2024, focusing on peer-reviewed studies of ASD and FND co-occurrence. Twenty-four studies qualified for inclusion. RESULTS: The study included 11,324 participants, predominantly female (73.4%). It estimated the proportion of ASD in FND populations to be 0.10 (95% CI: 0.07-0.15), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 97%, < 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed variation among different age groups and diagnoses. The proportion of ASD was 0.09 in adults and 0.10 in children with FND, 0.15 in adults and 0.19 in children with Functional Tic-Like Behaviours (FTLB), and 0.07 in children with Functional Seizures (FS). CONCLUSION: Many studies have reported the co-occurrence of ASD in FND, suggesting a higher-than-expected rate of 10%. Emerging themes exploring the overlapping determinants of FND and ASD, are discussed. However, the significance of this correlation and the overlapping determinants that might explain it, require further research due to the heterogeneity in methodologies, settings, conditions studied and findings. The presence of publication bias warrants cautious interpretation of the results.
Theory-driven assessment of cognitive flexibility in bulimia nervosa: a preliminary study.
Heled E, Goshen K, Kushnir T … +2 more , Gur E, Maron-Olerasho S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 Nov · PMID 39835609 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cognitive flexibility (CF) is defined as the ability to switch efficiently between different concepts or tasks. Empirical evidence of CF in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN), offers conflicting conclusion...
BACKGROUND: Cognitive flexibility (CF) is defined as the ability to switch efficiently between different concepts or tasks. Empirical evidence of CF in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN), offers conflicting conclusions, attributed to how CF is conceptualized and operationalized. The aims of the current study were to compare CF performance of women with BN to healthy controls, utilising a CF model that includes three subtypes termed: task switching, switching sets and stimulus-response mapping. In addition, to examine the association between CF subtypes and BN clinical characteristics. METHODS: Sixty-two women (twenty-eight with BN and thirty-four healthy controls) with a mean age of 24.4, completed a CF cognitive battery. Performance was measured by response time and accuracy. RESULTS: The BN group's response time was worse only on task switching, but was significantly more accurate on stimulus-response mapping. There was no significant correlation between CF scores and BN clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Women with BN present with an impairment only on higher CF demands, whereas their performance at lower-level CF tends to be more accurate. Additionally, CF is independent of clinical characteristics, thus supporting evidence that it may reflect a trait nature in BN.
Towards a unified, yet pluralistic, account of Capgras' delusion.
Poole NA, Wilkinson S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 Nov · PMID 39829084 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: In this paper, we present a new way of thinking about what is going on in cases of Capgras delusion which is a more varied presentation than represented in the literature. We do this by reflecting on the fu...
INTRODUCTION: In this paper, we present a new way of thinking about what is going on in cases of Capgras delusion which is a more varied presentation than represented in the literature. We do this by reflecting on the fundamental nature of identification, and then draw some lessons from this for understanding misidentification in general and Capgras delusion cases in particular. What emerges, through the conceptual tool of "mental files", is a unified, yet pluralistic, account of delusional misidentification of the Capgras type. In other words, it allows us to see the delusion for what it really is and to understand what all such instances have in common (hence unified), while also accommodating the great heterogeneity in cause, aetiology and clinical presentation (hence pluralistic). METHODS: We apply the innovation of mental files and the idea that misidentification is fundamentally about file mismanagement to provide a better understanding of Capgras delusion. RESULTS: We demonstrate how the mental files account allows us to more plausibly accommodate the variety of clinical cases that more traditional approaches fail to account for. It also points us in the direction of as-yet-undeveloped aetiological models. CONCLUSIONS: The mental files approach provides us with a unified, yet flexible, framework, and as such furthers our understanding of misidentification and the Capgras delusion.
The effect of apathy on quality of life and caregiver burden in patients with dementia.
Kılıçaslan K, Tulek Z, Gurvit IH
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 Nov · PMID 39812009 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Apathy is one of the common neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia (PwD). The aim of this study is to determine the impact of apathy on the patient's quality of life (QoL) and caregiver's burden...
INTRODUCTION: Apathy is one of the common neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia (PwD). The aim of this study is to determine the impact of apathy on the patient's quality of life (QoL) and caregiver's burden among PwD. METHODS: Sample of this cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of 88 PwD attending the outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Istanbul and their family caregivers. The evaluation battery included Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale (QoL-AD). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 73.1 ± 11.7, and the time since diagnosis was 3.9 ± 3.1 years; 64.8% had Alzheimer's type dementia, and 53.4% (n = 47) had mild dementia. The mean AES-C score was 52.9 ± 10.2, QoL-AD score was 28.4 ± 5.6 and CBI score 32.6 ± 25.9. Apathy was associated with medical comorbidity, stage of dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, functional status and depression. Apathy was found to be predictor of the QoL-AD and also related with CBI. CONCLUSIONS: In dementia patients, apathy was associated with patients' functional status, quality of life, and caregiver burden. It is recommended that patients be evaluated for apathy and its impact on activities of daily living, quality of life and caregiver burden.
People with autistic traits are more likely to engage with misinformation and conspiracy theories in a simulated social media context.
Georgiou N, Balzan RP, Delfabbro P … +1 more , Young R
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39718936 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: People with higher levels of autistic traits are shown to be more likely to endorse conspiracy theories and misinformation on traditional methods of measurement (e.g., self-report). However, such research has...
BACKGROUND: People with higher levels of autistic traits are shown to be more likely to endorse conspiracy theories and misinformation on traditional methods of measurement (e.g., self-report). However, such research has been limited by the lack of a naturalistic measure of misinformation and conspiracy theory endorsement that resembles social media platforms. METHOD: This study included measures of autistic traits, performance measures of critical reasoning and other notable covariates, to assess how participants performed in a simulated social media environment via the Misinformation Game, and whether they actively engaged with misinformation content. RESULTS: The results confirmed via a multiple mediation model (i.e., path analysis) that particular autistic traits, such as a lower ability to engage with imagination and higher attention to detail, were directly associated with false post engagement on the Misinformation Game and conspiracy theories. The relationship between autistic traits, conspiracy theories and misinformation was also partially mediated by scientific reasoning skills. LIMITATIONS: This study was partially based on self-report methodology and did not use an entirely clinical sample. CONCLUSION: There are particular autistic traits associated with the endorsement of misinformation and conspiracy theories which illustrate tendencies that could be focussed upon in future research to how best avoid misbeliefs.
Delusional belief about location ("reduplicative paramnesia").
Coltheart M, Davies M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39714352 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: People admitted to hospital as inpatients following head injury or stroke sometimes form the delusional belief that they are located somewhere else-often, near or in their home. This delusion was first desc...
INTRODUCTION: People admitted to hospital as inpatients following head injury or stroke sometimes form the delusional belief that they are located somewhere else-often, near or in their home. This delusion was first described by Pick, who named it "reduplicative paramnesia"; we argue instead for the term "location delusion". METHODS: We carried out a literature search and identified 112 cases of location delusion published since Pick's original 1903 case. RESULTS: We found that, in this cohort of patients, the belief about being located elsewhere than the hospital is elaborated into more specific delusional beliefs about just where the patient is located (e.g., beliefs that involve mislocation of the hospital). We identified eight specific location beliefs and offered a two-factor motivational explanation of these eight forms of location delusion. The patient wishes to be somewhere more congenial, that wish becomes a hypothesis (as occurs in normal belief formation), and then, because these patients have impaired ability to evaluate hypotheses, the hypothesis is accepted and maintained as a (delusional) belief. CONCLUSION: Our previous papers on the two-factor theory of delusional belief focussed on fully neuropsychological delusions. Here we propose that this theory can also explain delusions generated by motivational influences.
Neuroimaging assessment of basal ganglia volumes in Tourette Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ertürk H, Ertürk E, Aktepe E … +1 more , Süzen LB
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39671252 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of studies indicate that anatomical, physiological, and histological differences in the basal ganglia(BG) lie in the etiology of Tourette Syndrome(TS). However, the fact that there are...
INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of studies indicate that anatomical, physiological, and histological differences in the basal ganglia(BG) lie in the etiology of Tourette Syndrome(TS). However, the fact that there are very few studies on the anatomy of the BG in TS, small sample sizes, and unclear information as a consequence of these studies' contradictory findings is a significant gap in the scientific literature. The current systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to examine the differences in BG volumes between TS and controls. METHOD: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO(CRD42023445845). Pertaining studies were ascertained via a search of the published literature in academic databases. The software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis was utilised for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 527 articles were reached, and after the exclusion stages, 8 articles remained for the current systematic review and 7 articles for the quantitative meta-analysis. After evaluating each component of the BG individually, no difference was found between the BG volumes of controls and TS. CONCLUSION: The failure to discover the predicted volume difference can be explained by either the severity of the tic or the exclusion of comorbidity. The difference in BG volume is likely related to TS cases with more severe tics and severe comorbidities.
How disrupted interoception could lead to disturbances in perceptual reality monitoring.
Dijkstra N, Convertino L, Garfinkel S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39511981 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Can neurocognitive performance account for dimensional paranoid ideation?
Wong A, Baughman FD, Mullan BA … +3 more , Heslop K, Dauer E, Haywood D
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39499139 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Paranoid ideation underlies numerous psychological disorders and has debilitating effects on daily life. Deficits in neurocognition are highlighted as a contributing factor to paranoid-related disorders, but t...
OBJECTIVE: Paranoid ideation underlies numerous psychological disorders and has debilitating effects on daily life. Deficits in neurocognition are highlighted as a contributing factor to paranoid-related disorders, but the impact on the symptom-level experience of paranoid ideation is unclear. This study aimed to employ a dimensional approach to understand the association between neurocognition and the severity and presence of paranoid ideation. METHODS: 400 participants, representative of the general population of the USA, completed an online questionnaire consisting of the Brief Symptom Inventory-53, and demographic and clinical questions. The participants then completed four computerised neurocognitive tasks measuring working memory, shifting, inhibition, and speed of processing. RESULTS: Speed of processing accounted for unique variance in the severity of paranoid ideation with a small effect size, after controlling for covariates. Working memory, shifting, and inhibition could not uniquely or collectively, account for paranoid ideation. Neurocognitive performance could not distinguish between individuals with and without paranoid ideation experiences. CONCLUSIONS: This research supports the body of literature that speed of information processing may be a key feature of paranoid ideation. Future research should employ non-linear dynamic methods to better understand the potential interactions between neurocognitive components and how this may relate to paranoid ideation.
Conspiracy mentality in autistic and non-autistic individuals.
Roels S, Begeer S, Scheeren AM … +1 more , van Prooijen JW
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2024 · PMID 39254641 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Belief in conspiracy theories has emerged across times and cultures. While previous accounts attributed conspiracy beliefs to mental health conditions, accumulating research suggests that conspiracy theories...
BACKGROUND: Belief in conspiracy theories has emerged across times and cultures. While previous accounts attributed conspiracy beliefs to mental health conditions, accumulating research suggests that conspiracy theories are common among the general population. In the present study we examined whether conspiracy mentality - that is, a general predisposition to believe conspiracy theories - differed between a group of autistic adults and a general population sample. METHODS: This study included an autistic sample (= 682) and a general population sample ( = 4358). Participants' conspiracy mentality was measured using the Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ). RESULTS: A one-way ANCOVA (controlling for participants' age, gender, educational level, and ethnicity) revealed no difference in conspiracy mentality between an autism and a community sample. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that being autistic, or having more autistic traits, does not predict conspiracy mentality. These findings underscore that autism does not predispose people to conspiracy theories and suggest that autism is neither a risk factor for, nor a protective factor against, conspiracy mentality.
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