Saudi Medical Journal[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Translational Barriers to AAV and CRISPR Gene Therapy in Diabetes.
Alharbi AG
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237969 · Full text
Gene therapy targets diabetes pathophysiology rather than symptoms, yet clinical translation is slower than preclinical success. This review synthesizes 143 registered trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2010-2025) identifying s...
Gene therapy targets diabetes pathophysiology rather than symptoms, yet clinical translation is slower than preclinical success. This review synthesizes 143 registered trials (ClinicalTrials.gov, 2010-2025) identifying systematic implementation barriers. Despite >15 years of development, 83% of trials remain in Phase I-II. Only zimislecel achieved Phase III outcomes (83% insulin independence at 12 months, n=12, requiring immunosuppression). VM202 for diabetic neuropathy failed Phase III despite positive extension results. Three systematic barriers emerged: (1) human transduction efficiency is 6-8.7-fold lower than preclinical models; (2) pre-existing immunity excludes 58-78% of candidates; (3) manufacturing capacity serves <2.5% of target population (40-400 years to treat at maximum capacity). These constraints explain why ex vivo cell therapies advanced to efficacy trials while in vivo gene delivery remains in Phase I despite longer development timelines. Research priorities should emphasize non-viral delivery systems offering scalable manufacturing and universal hypoimmune donor cells to address access barriers.
Semaglutide in Metabolic Medicine: .
Aljabri AA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237968 · Full text
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus affect over 800 million and 537 million individuals worldwide. Semaglutide, a weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has advanced treatment of pathophysiological processes l...
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus affect over 800 million and 537 million individuals worldwide. Semaglutide, a weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has advanced treatment of pathophysiological processes linked to metabolic dysregulation. This review consolidates evidence on its mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness across established and emerging applications, safety, and prospects for personalized therapy. Clinical studies have shown that semaglutide sustains glycemic control, promotes substantial weight loss, and provides cardiovascular and renal protection. Recent FDA clearance marks the first therapeutic alternative for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis among the emerging applications. Pharmacogenomic insights facilitate personalized therapy; however, clinical applications remain in experimental stage. Gastrointestinal side effects are the main tolerability concern, but the risk-benefit profile underscores its increasing significance in metabolic therapy. Therapies for diabetes and obesity are cost-effective; however, global accessibility challenges persist. Future priorities include refining combination medicines, promoting precision medicine, and addressing healthcare inequities to augment population-level effects.
Bilateral Lower Palpebral Conjunctival Protrusion in a Patient With Traumatic Unilateral Carotid-Cavernous Fistula.
Chowdhury SM, Ababtain OA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237967 · Full text
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Epidemiological mapping of drug-susceptible and resistant tuberculosis in 30 WHO high-burden countries: .
Ishaqui AA, Ahmad SA, Alam S … +12 more , Kumar N, Farooq J, Orayj K, Ahmad R, Zawiah M, Mohammed M, Imran M, Khalil AAA, Kaddoura MA, Alshahrani SM, Iqbal A, Maqsood MB
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237966 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to drive infectious mortality worldwide. The study characterized the evolution of drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant TB (X...
OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to drive infectious mortality worldwide. The study characterized the evolution of drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) in 30 WHO high-burden countries, linking current patterns to long-term trends, age structure, and forward-looking scenarios to 2043. METHODS: Using GBD 2023 estimates for 1990-2023, we extracted incidence, mortality, and DALYs as age-standardized rates (ASR) per 100,000 with 95% uncertainty intervals. Temporal dynamics were summarized with Estimated Annual Percent Change (EAPC) and extended linearly to 2043. GBD incidence and mortality were compared against WHO national TB series for 2010-2023. RESULTS: Overall TB incidence ASR declined in 28/30 countries between 1990 and 2023, ranging from a 79.2% reduction in Bangladesh to a 24.9% increase in the Philippines. Mortality and DALY ASR decreased in 29/30 countries. DS-TB incidence dropped in 28/30 settings, while MDR-TB incidence rose in 28/30, from -62.5% in China to +23,603% in Kyrgyzstan. The MDR/RR-TB burden shifted toward older adults (≥55 years) in countries such as China (+22 percentage points), whereas youth contributions remained high in Nigeria (~40%). Projections assuming constant EAPC suggest continued DS-TB declines but sustained MDR-TB in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. CONCLUSION: The MDR-TB remains concentrated and often increasing with limited detectable XDR-TB. Age-tailored interventions, universal drug-susceptibility testing, scale-up of all-oral second-line regimens, and adherence support are critical to reverse resistant-TB trajectories while preserving gains against DS-TB.
Understanding the Cost Consequences of Pharmacist Roles in Managing Long-Term Illnesses: A Systematic Review.
Iqbal MZ
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237965 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This review looked at how different pharmacist-led services influence medication spending and other economic outcomes for people living with long-term illnesses. METHODS: To gather the evidence, we followed th...
OBJECTIVE: This review looked at how different pharmacist-led services influence medication spending and other economic outcomes for people living with long-term illnesses. METHODS: To gather the evidence, we followed the PRISMA 2020 approach and a comprehensive search was conducted using multiple sources, including Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, the Directory of Open Access Journals, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We included studies that examined pharmacist involvement in medication management such as MTM, medication reconciliation, deprescribing efforts, or full medication reviews and that reported some form of cost or economic outcome in chronic disease care. We left out non-English work, conference abstracts, case reports, and papers without accessible full text. After screening all records, 1420 studies met the inclusion criteria. These ranged from randomized trials to cohort studies, pre-post designs, and a few economic modeling analyses. We evaluated methodological quality using the MMAT (2018), and for the modeling work, we applied the Drummond checklist. RESULTS: Across the different study types, pharmacist involvement generally led to fewer medication-related problems, better adherence, and more appropriate medication use. Several studies showed that these changes translated into lower overall costs for example, through fewer adverse drug events, fewer hospital visits, or by switching patients to more affordable but clinically appropriate therapy options. Some economic evaluations even suggested that these interventions saved more money than they cost. Programs that combined medication review with patient education, deprescribing, and follow-up tended to show the clearest benefits. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the findings indicate that involving pharmacists more directly in the medication management of individuals with chronic conditions leads to better clinical results and more favorable economic outcomes. These findings support the idea of involving pharmacists more closely within chronic-care teams.
Critically Ill Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department; Outcome Review in a Tertiary Care Center.
Jamjoom M, Reda LS, Altirkistani BA … +6 more , Ahmed STA, Alasmari SA, Almehmadi AA, Atiah AL, Boker FA, Maddah RA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237964 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Critically ill patients presenting to the emergency department require prompt recognition and prioritized care due to the severity of their conditions. Reviewing their clinical outcomes helps guide future plan...
OBJECTIVE: Critically ill patients presenting to the emergency department require prompt recognition and prioritized care due to the severity of their conditions. Reviewing their clinical outcomes helps guide future planning and resource allocation. This study aims to highlight the outcomes of patients triaged as CTAS I and II in the emergency department of a tertiary care center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare center, National Guard Health Affairs, in Jeddah. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of factors (including length of stay) and outcomes for a total of 505 critically ill patients (CTAS Levels I and II) who presented to the emergency department from January 2023 to December 2023. RESULTS: A total of 505 patients were included in this study, out of which 325 (64.4%) were males. The most reported co-morbidities were diabetes mellitus 169 (33.5%) and Hypertension 173 (34.3%). The majority of 435 patients (86.1%) were CTAS level 2, while 70 (13.9%) were CTAS 1. The mean ED length of stay was 5.5 hours.347 out of 505 patients required hospitalization (68.7%), and the mean of hospitalization by days was 13 (±23.5%). 8.5% of these patients died of which14.3%were CTAS 1, and 7.6% were CTAS2. CONCLUSION: As demonstrated above, most critical ED cases were comprised of males; this trend may be attributed to higher health risks among them. Furthermore, most critical ED visits were related to cardiac issues, with shortness of breath being the most reported symptom. The mortality rate for these ED patients was 8.5%. Additionally, the average length of stay (LOS) in ED was 5.5 hours. Other studies have demonstrated that this is associated with a lower mortality rate compared to others with longer LOS.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Overweight, Obesity, and Failure to Thrive in Pediatric Inpatients: Prevalence, Diagnostic Practices, and Management Approaches at a Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Al Alwan IA, AlShammari EA, AlAbdulkarim AA … +4 more , Ajeebi AA, AlHazimi AA, AlHamied NA, AlAsmari DY
Saudi Med J · 2026 Apr · PMID 42237963 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, diagnostic accuracy, and inpatient management of pediatric weight abnormalities at a tertiary children's hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using a retrospective cohor...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, diagnostic accuracy, and inpatient management of pediatric weight abnormalities at a tertiary children's hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using a retrospective cohort design. METHODS: The study analyzed medical records of pediatric inpatients aged 2-14 years admitted to King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH) in 2023. Data collected included anthropometrics, dietary history, physical activity, diagnostic workup, and treatment plans. Overweight and obesity were classified using BMI percentiles, while FTT was identified via weight-for-age and growth percentile criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze diagnostic accuracy and factors influencing missed diagnoses. RESULTS: Of 7,771 admissions, 760 patients (9.6%) had weight abnormalities: 60.3% with FTT, 24.2% obese, and 15.5% overweight. FTT was more accurately diagnosed (38%) than obesity (28%) or overweight (13%). Documentation of dietary intake was detailed in only 9.6% of cases; physical activity and screen time were universally undocumented. Obese children more frequently underwent metabolic testing and were referred to endocrinology, while FTT patients often received high-calorie formulas and follow-up with dietitians. Logistic regression revealed age group and dietary history documentation were significantly associated with diagnostic accuracy ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study highlights underdiagnosis of overweight and obesity, suboptimal documentation practices, and inconsistent inpatient management of pediatric weight disorders. Despite standard anthropometric measurements, weight abnormalities are often overlooked during acute hospital care. FTT receives comparatively more clinical attention, while overweight and obesity remain underrecognized.
From Text to Test: Pre-Lecture Reading Boosts Medical Students' Comprehension and Retention.
Alfahaad HA, Alasmary MY, Masuadi EM … +2 more , Magzoub MEM, Schmidt HG
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628975 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Medical students frequently attend lectures without prior review of the related literature when preparing for examinations. It raises the question of whether studying the material in advance could enhance thei...
OBJECTIVE: Medical students frequently attend lectures without prior review of the related literature when preparing for examinations. It raises the question of whether studying the material in advance could enhance their learning outcomes during lectures. METHODS: A total of 102 medical students from a Saudi Arabian university took part in this research. Participants were assigned to one of 2 cohorts: one read a 4-page passage before a 15-minute lecture, while the other attended the lecture before reading the passage. Knowledge acquisition was measured using a test that assessed their ability to recall concepts administered 3 times-prior to the session, post reading, and after attending the lecture. This design allowed for a comparison of the effects of each sequence of learning activities. RESULTS: This study revealed that the combined approach produced notably greater attainment than lecture alone ( < 0.001). When the order was compared, reading prior to the lecture yielded notably better results ( < 0.05) than lecture followed by reading. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the usual approach among medical students, preparing by reading before attending lectures leads to improved learning performance.
Influence of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease on Pattern and Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Abdulkhalik E, Ibrahim N, Sidhom S … +11 more , Alqurashi HH, Alghashmari K, Alotaibi M, Alqurashi A, Alzahrani M, Alqahtani S, Alshalan A, Althumali N, Aljohani M, Alzahrani S, Ramadan HK
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628974 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and hepatic fibrosis on the pattern and management of patients who had acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Re...
OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and hepatic fibrosis on the pattern and management of patients who had acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Retrospective records of patients with ACS included demographic, electrocardiographic, and laboratory data of platelets count, glycated hemoglobin, lipogram, liver and cardiac enzymes. Ultrasound was used to evaluate fatty liver. Coronary angiography data included the number, site and percentage of the coronary arteries occluded. The type and outcome of treatment of ACS were recorded. Laboratory markers were measured to evaluate fibrosis. RESULTS: The study recruited 259 patients, and the majority were males. MASLD was detected in 123 (47.5%). The ST segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was reported in 42.9% and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) in 30.1%. MASLD patients had frequent STEMI (38.2%) and NSTEMI (31.7%) with more involvement of left main coronary artery (10.6%). Patients with MASLD and higher fibrosis showed involvement of multiple coronary arteries and needed revascularization but without significant difference from non-MASLD. Left anterior descending and right coronary arteries were significantly involved in higher fibrosis. CONCLUSION: STEMI and NSTEMI were frequent in MASLD. People with MASLD and hepatic fibrosis had more incidence of occlusion of multiple coronary arteries and needed cardiac intervention.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Registry at King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (JIAR-KASCH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alqanatish JT, Almojali AI, Algbaiwi WM … +4 more , Alqahtani AS, Alrasheed AA, Alnasser LA, Alsuwairi WM
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628973 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: To establish and maintain a comprehensive, up-to-date registry of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) cases, and to outline the methodology used in creating it. METHODS: Retrospective and prospective data col...
OBJECTIVES: To establish and maintain a comprehensive, up-to-date registry of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) cases, and to outline the methodology used in creating it. METHODS: Retrospective and prospective data collection commenced in August 2021, using the Hospital Information System to identify electronic medical records of JIA patients. All individuals diagnosed with JIA and receiving follow-up care at King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH) in Riyadh were included. A broad range of variables covering sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, laboratory results, imaging findings, and therapeutic medications were recorded in the REDCap platform. Data collection update occurs every 6 months. RESULTS: By December 2024, the registry included 240 patients. The median age at presentation was 8 years (IQR: 4-11). Most patients (79%) were from the central region of Saudi Arabia, while the remainder were distributed across other regions. Oligoarthritis was the most common subtype (32.9%), followed by systemic JIA (25.8%). Among the biologic agents used to treat JIA, anti-TNF agents were the most frequently administered (62.5%), followed by anakinra (17%) and tocilizumab (13%). CONCLUSION: The JIAR-KASCH provides an in-depth profile of JIA epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management in Saudi Arabia. It also provides a framework that can guide the development of similar national registries, particularly in pediatric rheumatology, facilitating robust data collection and long-term disease monitoring.
Prevalence of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease among Individuals with Celiac Disease in a Primary Care Setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Alrasheed MI, Jnaid H, Alrasheed FK … +4 more , Alsharidi TR, Alrasheed AI, Alobaid SA, Sulaiman NA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628972 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: Celiac disease (CD) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, leading to an immune response that damages the small intestine. Research shows a link between CD and autoimmune thyroid...
OBJECTIVES: Celiac disease (CD) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, leading to an immune response that damages the small intestine. Research shows a link between CD and autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD). This study seeks to determine the prevalence of AITD among adult and pediatric patients with CD in the primary care setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed electronic health records of individuals diagnosed with CD from January 2016 to December 2023 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. Collected data encompassed patient demographics, diagnostic approaches, thyroid function assessments, thyroid autoantibody profiles, and therapeutic interventions. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, with statistical significance defined at a p < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of 408 individuals diagnosed with CD, 76 (29.6%) adults and 24 (15.9%) pediatric patients were found to have thyroid-related disorders. Among those with thyroid conditions, AITD was identified in 34.2% of adults and 37.5% of children, with Hashimoto's thyroiditis emerging as the most prevalent subtype. The majority of cases were diagnosed through blood and thyroid antibody testing. Adult patients were significantly more likely to receive thyroid medication than pediatric patients (p = 0.01). Additionally, nonadherence to a gluten-free diet was common across both age groups. CONCLUSION: CD patients in Saudi Arabia are at high risk of AITD, especially hypothyroidism, necessitating regular thyroid screenings to support integrated care and early diagnosis.
National Heart Center/Saudi Heart Association 2025 Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention and Risk Assessment.
AlRahimi JS, Al Saif SM, Hussain-Alkhateeb L … +11 more , Albarrati AM, Alshammeri OM, Alghamdi TS, Al Faraidy KA, Al-Qunaibet AM, Alnaji NA, Alfawaz RA, Alharbi WM, AlHabeeb WA, Alnouri FM, Tash AA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628971 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: To develop an evidence-based clinical guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Saudi Arabia, tailored to local epidemiology and healthcare needs. METHODS: A multidiscip...
OBJECTIVES: To develop an evidence-based clinical guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Saudi Arabia, tailored to local epidemiology and healthcare needs. METHODS: A multidisciplinary task force comprising cardiologists, public health specialists, and epidemiologists from different healthcare sectors in Saudi Arabia developed the guideline. Evidence synthesis was based on a comprehensive literature review and adaptation of international guidelines, particularly the 2021 European Society of Cardiology recommendations, contextualized to the Saudi setting. RESULTS: The guideline provides recommendations for both primary and secondary CVD prevention. Primary prevention emphasizes risk assessment incorporating genetic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, as well as lipid and glucose profiling. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, smoking cessation, physical activity, weight management, and psychosocial support, are prioritized. Pharmacologic therapy targets lipid levels, blood pressure, and glycemic control, tailored to individual risk categories. For secondary prevention, strategies include post-event risk stratification, comorbidity management (diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease), and optimization of pharmacologic therapy for coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. Lifestyle interventions, supervised cardiac rehabilitation, and routine follow-up for complication monitoring and treatment adjustment are integral components. CONCLUSION: This guideline presents an updated, evidence-based framework specifically designed for the Saudi population, underscoring prevention, lifestyle modification, and optimized pharmacologic management to address the rising burden of CVDs.
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Saudi Arabia: .
Aljabri AA, Alharbi AG
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628970 · Full text
Colorectal cancer has become a major public health concern in Saudi Arabia. It is the most prevalent cancer among men and the third most prevalent among women. Although screening for people aged 45-75 is recommended by n...
Colorectal cancer has become a major public health concern in Saudi Arabia. It is the most prevalent cancer among men and the third most prevalent among women. Although screening for people aged 45-75 is recommended by national recommendations, screening uptake is still below 10%, and less than 1% of older persons have a colonoscopy. With regional differences that vary from age-standardized rates of 3.2 per 100,000 in Jouf to 21.8 per 100,000 in Riyadh among men, approximately 29% of cases are detected at late stages. Therefore, we assessed the epidemiological, social, and health-related systemic structures preventing effective colorectal cancer screening in the region. Important barriers to colorectal cancer screening include a lack of public knowledge, cultural taboos, healthcare system constraints, and gaps in physician knowledge. Although some initiatives, such as fecal immunochemical testing, appear promising, screening rates remain exceptionally low. Furthermore, the alarming increase in early onset colorectal cancer in individuals aged <50 years underscores the need to screen high-risk individuals at younger ages. This review highlights the pressing necessity for a nationwide colorectal cancer screening initiative, which should encompass the creation of a national registry, focused public education campaigns to overcome cultural obstacles, mobile screening units for rural regions, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnostics to enhance the existing 5-year survival rates of 44-52%.
Research Productivity on Obesity in the Arab World: .
Adnan Samkari J, Azam Malik A
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628969 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To examine obesity research trends in Arab countries to inform policies and interventions. METHODS: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database accessed via King Abdulaziz Universit...
OBJECTIVE: To examine obesity research trends in Arab countries to inform policies and interventions. METHODS: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science database accessed via King Abdulaziz University's electronic library. Publications on obesity research in Arab countries from 2004 to 2023 were analyzed using R-Bibliometrix. Key parameters included publication volume, leading authors and institutions, funding sources, keyword co-occurrence networks, and collaboration patterns. RESULTS: Obesity-related research output in Arab countries demonstrated consistent growth from 2004 to 2023, with a threefold increase in publications since 2015. Regional and international collaborations have intensified, although disparities in research productivity persist across nations. Key themes include prevention strategies, socio-cultural determinants, and policy-oriented interventions. CONCLUSION: The increasing number of studies shows that more academics are interested in obesity in Arab countries. However, it is still challenging to turn findings into policies and actions that will have an effect. To eradicate the obesity epidemic, future efforts should focus on more funding, collaborative research, and a multidisciplinary approach is necessary.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Regulation to Alleviate Sickle Cell Disease Severity: A Promising Therapeutic Approach.
Chathoth S
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628968 · Full text
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Chronic anemia, hemolysis and vasculopathy are the most common symptoms that arise from hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization, whic...
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Chronic anemia, hemolysis and vasculopathy are the most common symptoms that arise from hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization, which is the primary event of SCD. The above process can lead to erythrocyte sickling. Therapeutic options for SCD remain limited, and novel therapies are still being evaluated for their effectiveness in particular populations. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a significant bioactive sphingolipid, acts as a potent signal mediator, modulating several cellular functions. The potential role of erythrocyte-S1P in enhancing SCD severity has been previously reported by multiple studies. Therefore, the present review article aimed to summarize the effects of S1P on the progression of SCD and provide strategies to modulate this process. More specifically, it focused on erythrocyte-S1P as a potential target for reducing the complications associated with SCD, thus paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for SCD.
Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography and Neonatal Hemodynamics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: .
Homedi A, Ali Ali K, Almehaid A … +9 more , Alrahili M, Mandurah A, Almahdi M, Alamer F, Bazbouz E, Algarni S, Alshehri A, Alsehli F, Bakri H
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628967 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a newly established targeted neonatal echocardiography (TNE) and Neonatal Hemodynamics consultation service on the assessment and management of neonates. METHODS: This is a descriptiv...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a newly established targeted neonatal echocardiography (TNE) and Neonatal Hemodynamics consultation service on the assessment and management of neonates. METHODS: This is a descriptive retrospective cohort study that included all neonates who underwent TNE consultations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from October 2023 and September 2024. Clinical indications, diagnostic findings, and subsequent management were analyzed. RESULT: A total of 237 TNE consultations were performed for 105 neonates. The mean gestational age was 29.9 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1433 grams. On average, 19.8 echocardiographic scans were performed per month. The leading indications for consultation were assessment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (43%), acute pulmonary hypertension (16.4%), screening for chronic pulmonary hypertension (18.6%), neonatal hypotension (17.7%), heart function (0.8%), and central line assessment (3.4%). Among the cohort, 83 neonates (79%) received targeted interventions based on TNE findings. Of these, 38 neonates (36.2%) born at <30 weeks' gestation were treated with pharmacologic agents for PDA closure. Twenty-three neonates (22%) received inhaled nitric oxide and inotropes for acute pulmonary hypertension, while 22 neonates (21%) received inotropes or vasopressors for neonatal hypotension. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a dedicated TNE consultation service was associated with high utilization and had a measurable impact on clinical decision-making. While PDA assessment remained the most common indication, a substantial proportion of consultations supported management in cases of pulmonary hypertension and hypotension.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Stroke Patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2024) Detailing Dual Center Experience.
Alkutbi AM, Abdulhamidayoub O, Mosaedalshareef F … +8 more , Alwadi MM, Alqurashi RI, Almaghrabi RI, Alharbi NF, Alhazmi OM, Alzabidi ZH, Alsolaimani NS, Alqarni SF
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628966 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Te evaluate the outcomes of Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) -treated AIS patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and explores predictors of functional recovery. Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard of ca...
BACKGROUND: Te evaluate the outcomes of Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) -treated AIS patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and explores predictors of functional recovery. Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), though patient outcomes can vary based on regional and clinical factors. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) and King Fahad Hospital Jeddah (KFHJ), including AIS patients treated with EVT between January 2020 and July 2024. Neurological status was assessed using the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and clinical outcomes were evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days, where scores of 0-2 indicated good outcomes. Data on demographics, treatment times, recanalization success, and peri-procedural complications were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 219 patients were included. Mean NIHSS scores on admission were similar across centers (14.6 ± 5 at KAUH vs. 15.5 ± 5.1 at KFHJ), while mRS scores at 90 days were slightly better at KAUH. The average time from last known well to hospital arrival was approximately 231 minutes across both centers. Door-to-puncture times were shorter at KFHJ (87.7 ± 61.2 minutes) compared to KAUH (114 ± 48.2 minutes). Successful recanalization (TICI 3) was achieved in 76.7% of cases, with higher rates at KAUH (87%) than KFHJ (72.1%). Functional independence (mRS 0-2) at 90 days was achieved in 33.5% of patients and was associated with younger age (=0.05) and lower baseline NIHSS scores (<0.001). CONCLUSION: EVT is technically effective for AIS in the Saudi population, with recanalization rates comparable to global benchmarks. However, functional outcomes remain suboptimal due to delayed presentation, high rates of metabolic comorbidities, and post-procedural complications. Efforts to improve early stroke recognition, reduce pre-hospital delays-such as through the implementation of mobile stroke units-and control vascular risk factors are essential to improving patient outcomes.
Gender Differences in Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Methamphetamine Use in Saudi Arabia.
Adam HM, Abouzed M, Aljadani AH … +4 more , Alrasheedy BB, Alarfaj MA, Alshammari SR, Almuqahwi MS
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628965 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: To explore gender-related variations in sociodemographic factors, clinical presentations, and psychosocial characteristics among methamphetamine users in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional...
OBJECTIVES: To explore gender-related variations in sociodemographic factors, clinical presentations, and psychosocial characteristics among methamphetamine users in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the electronic health records of 1,181 patients (91% male, 9% female) treated at multiple Erada Mental and Addiction Centers across Saudi Arabia (2020-2024). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, methamphetamine use patterns, psychiatric comorbidities, and psychosocial functioning were collected and analyzed using validated tools, including the Addiction Severity Index, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventory, and Quality of Life Scale. RESULTS: Female participants were younger than males (mean age 25.3 vs 28.5 years; < 0.001) and initiated methamphetamine at a later age (21.4 vs 19.2 years; < 0.001). Females had greater proportion of daily use (65.4% vs. 60%, = 0.035) but consumed smaller amounts per day (1.5 vs. 1.8 g, = 0.041). They also exhibited higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities, including depression (50% vs. 30.0%, < 0.001) and anxiety (40% vs. 20%, < 0.001), and reported more severe psychosocial impairments, including lower quality of life (54.8 vs. 62.4, < 0.001), higher unemployment rates (59.8% vs. 30%, < 0.001), and more family conflicts (65.4% vs. 50%, < 0.001). In contrast, Legal issues were more common among males (40% vs. 29.9%, = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Female methamphetamine users demonstrate greater vulnerability with earlier onset, more psychiatric comorbidities, and worse psychosocial outcomes. Targeted interventions are needed for female methamphetamine users in Saudi Arabia.
Obesity as a Health Priority: .
Hammami R, Alsnag M
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628964 · Full text
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Intensive Care Units in Saudi Arabia: .
Zakai SA
Saudi Med J · 2026 Jan · PMID 41628963 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize research on the prevalence and distribution patterns of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) across Saudi Arabia. It also seeks to evaluate molecular resis...
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize research on the prevalence and distribution patterns of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) across Saudi Arabia. It also seeks to evaluate molecular resistance profiles, identify associated risk factors, assess antimicrobial susceptibility, and examine infection control strategies within these critical care settings. METHODS: A systematic analysis was conducted, including cross-sectional, retrospective, and genomic studies from various tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The review focused on epidemiological trends, molecular characterization of CRE strains, clinical correlates, and the outcomes of implemented intervention strategies. RESULTS: The findings indicate a high and steadily increasing prevalence of CRE, often exceeding 40% in ICUs. The predominant carbapenemase genes identified were blaOXA-48 and blaNDM, with evidence of clonal dissemination of high-risk strains. Key risk factors for CRE colonization and infection include ICU admission, use of invasive devices, prior antibiotic exposure, and comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes. CRE isolates demonstrate extensive multidrug resistance, with colistin and tigecycline remaining effective options; however, emerging resistance to these agents has been reported. Although infection control measures like active surveillance and environmental cleaning are prioritized, their overall effectiveness remains under-evaluated and inconsistently documented. CONCLUSION: The high and rising prevalence of CRE in Saudi Arabian ICUs underscores the urgent need for standardized molecular diagnostics, comprehensive surveillance systems, and targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs. Implementing these strategies is crucial to reducing CRE transmission, overcoming resistance challenges, and improving patient outcomes in critical care environments.
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